HELLO!

GOOD
AFTERNOO
N!
Construction Method and
Project Management
BLOCK A
1
CONSTRU
CTION
EQUIPME
NT
HEAVY
EQUIPMENT

executing
Specially designed for
construction tasks, most frequently ones
involving earthworks operations.

3
Equipment
System
Implement Structure

Traction Power Train

Control & Information

4
EARTH-
1
MOVING
EQUIPMEN
T 5
“ Heavy duty vehicles
designed for construction
operations which involve
earthworks.

66
EXCAV
What is an

ATOR
7
 EXCAVATOR

It is a heavy duty equipment that can progressively

excavate various types of soils. Excavators are
vehicles equipped with a digging bucket attached
to the end of an extendable arm.

8
What is its
PURPOSE?

9
 EXCAVATOR

It is used to dig holes, demolish buildings, and lift

and load heavy supplies among others.

10
bulldoze
What is a

r
11
 bulldozer
A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous
tracked tractor) equipped with a
substantial metal plate (known
as a blade). It is typically equipped at
the rear with a claw-like device
(known as a ripper) to loosen
densely compacted materials.
12
What is its
PURPOSE?

13
 bulldozer

It is used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or

other such material during construction or conversion work.

14
What is a

Motor
grader ?

15
Motor grader

A grader, also commonly referred to as a road

grader or a motor grader, is a construction
machine with a long blade used to create a flat
surface during the grading process.

16
What is its
PURPOSE?

17
 Motor grader
Graders are used for scarifying the uneven and
inefficient surfaces of the roads, lawns, landscapes,
etc. They are used for the leveling of soil or land so
that the new or next layers of soil, gravel aggregates, and
asphalt or bitumen can be spread uniformly
throughout.

18
TYPES OF
motor
grader 19
 Rigid frame motor
grader
Rigid frame motor grader
has only one axle. Axle
is unable to turn left
or right about a point.

20
articulated frame motor
grader
Articulated frame motor
grader has a hinge in
between the front and
the rare axle. That type
of grader is most commonly
used where small space is
available during turning.
21
What is a

trencher ?

22
 trencher
It is also called Ditcher, or Digging Wheel, excavation
machine employing a wheel fitted with rim buckets,
or with a boom or ladder on which an endless chain
of buckets or scrapers revolves. The machine is
self-propelled on rubber tires or crawlers
(continuous metal treads driven by wheels).

23
What is its
PURPOSE?

24
 trencher

It is used to dig trenches, especially for laying

pipes or electrical cables, for installing
drainage, or in preparation for trench warfare.

25
TYPES OF
trenchers
26
 Wheel trencher

It is composed of a toothed
metal wheel. It is cheaper
to operate and maintain than
chain-type trenchers.

27
 chain trencher
A chain trencher cuts with a digging
chain or belt that is driven around a
rounded metal frame, or boom.
It resembles a giant chainsaw. This
type of trencher can cut ground that
is too hard to cut with a bucket-
type excavator, and can also cut
narrow and deep trenches.
28
 micro trencher
It is a "small rockwheel" specially
designed for work in urban area. It is
fitted with a cutting wheel that
cuts a micro trench with smaller
dimensions than can be achieved
with conventional trench digging
equipment.

29
 portable trencher

It is lightweight (around 200

pounds) and are easily
maneuverable compared to other
types of trenchers.

30
Tractor mount
trencher
A tractor mount trencher is a
trenching device which needs a
creeping gear tractor to
operate.

31
2
EARTH-
COMPACTING
EQUIPMENT 32
“ Machines that expel air
from a soil mass in order
to achieve a higher density
by compaction.

33
33
TWO TYPES OF
COMPACTION EQUIPMENT

Heavy Soil Compaction Equipment

Light Soil Compaction Equipment

34
 SOIL
COMPACTI
ON
EQUIPMEN 35
TYPES OF HEAVY SOIL
COMPACTION EQUIPMENT

SMOOTH-WHEEL ROLLERS SHEEP-FOOT ROLLERS

PNEUMATIC-TYRED ROLLERS VIBRATORY ROLLERS

GRID ROLLERS

36
SMOOTH-
What is a

WHEEL ?

ROLLER
37
SMOOTH WHEEL
ROLLER
It consists of large steel drum at the
front and one or two drums at the rear end.
Depending upon the number of wheels
on rear it can be divided into two types.

38
 TWO TYPES OF SMOOTH WHEEL
ROLLER

▰ Tandem roller
▻ It has one wheel at the
front and one wheel at
the rear end. Its weight
varies from 2 to 8 tons.

39
 TWO TYPES OF SMOOTH WHEEL
ROLLER

▰ Three wheeled rollers

▻ It has one wheel at the
front and two-wheel at the
rear end. Its weight varies
from 8 to 10 tons.

40
What is its
PURPOSE?

41
SMOOTH WHEEL
ROLLER
Smooth wheel rollers are for compacting gravels,
sands and such materials where crushing is required.
The depth of layer which can be satisfactorily
compacted depend on the type of soil, and the
weight of the roller and nature of the
work.
42
WORKING
CAPACITY
Of the equipment

43
 WORKING CAPACITY

▰ 100 % ground coverage under the wheelbase.

▰ Contact pressure up to 380 kpa
▰ Optimum working speed is 3 to 6 kmph.
▰ Nearly eight passes are adequate for compacting 20 cm layer.

44
SHEEP-
What is a

FOOT ?

ROLLER 45
 SHEEP FOOT
ROLLER
This type of roller consists of a
drum having many round
or rectangular shaped
protrusions or “feet” on it.
These rollers are also
called tamping rollers.

46
What is its
PURPOSE?

47
 SHEEP FOOT
ROLLER
Sheep-foot rollers are used for
compacting fine grained
soils such as heavy clays and silty
clays. It is also used for compaction
of soils in dams, embankments,
subgrade layers in pavements and
rail road construction projects.
48
WORKING
CAPACITY
Of the equipment

49
 WORKING CAPACITY

▰ Area of each protrusion can vary from 30 to 80 cm2.

▰ The coverage area is about 8 to 12%.
▰ The thickness of compacting layer is kept about 5 cm
more than the length of each foot.

50
 WORKING CAPACITY

▰ The density of the consolidated soil should be about 1.48 kg/cm3.

The top layer has to be finished with a smooth wheel roller.
▰ Pressure on the feet may be increased by filling the drum with wet
sand or some other material, which may be 4 to 7kg/cm2 for light
rollers and up to 25 to 70 kg/cm2 for giant rollers.

51
Pneumatic
What is a

tired ?

ROLLER 52
PNEUMATIC TIRED
ROLLER
This type of roller consists of
a heavily loaded
wagon with several rows of
four to six closely
spaced tires. This is also
called rubber tired
roller.
53
What is its
PURPOSE?

54
 PNEUMATIC TIRED
ROLLER
It is used for compaction of
coarse grained soils with
some fines and at least suitable
for uniform coarse soils and rocks.
It is also used in pavement
subgrade works both
earthwork and bituminous works.
55
WORKING
CAPACITY
Of the equipment

56
 WORKING CAPACITY

▰ Tire pressure may be up to about 7 kg/cm2

▰ The coverage area is about 80%.
▰ The maximum density can be achieved by 8 passes of
the roller. The optimum speed of roller is between 6 to
24 km/h.

57
What is a

VIBRATOry
ROLLER ?

58
 VIBRATORY
ROLLER
This type of roller is fitted with
one or two smooth
surfaced steel wheels 0.9
m to 1.5 m in diameter and 1.2
m to 1.8 m wide. Vibrations are
generated by the rotation of
an eccentric shaft inside.
59
What is its
PURPOSE?

60
 VIBRATORY
ROLLER
It is used for compacting
granular base courses. It
is sometimes used for
asphaltic concrete
work.

61
WORKING
CAPACITY
Of the equipment

62
WORKING
CAPACITY

▰ Working speed of roller 2.0 to 6.0 km/h which

gives the best results.

63
What is a

grid
ROLLER ?

64
 GRID ROLLER

It has a cylindrical heavy

steel surface consisting of
a network of steel bars
forming a grid with squire
holes and may be ballasted
with concrete blocks.

65
What is its
PURPOSE?

66
 GRID ROLLER
It is used for compaction of
weathered rocks, well
graded coarse soils. It is
not suitable for clayey soils,
silty clays and uniform soils. The
main use of this is in subgrade
and sub-base in road
constructions.
67
WORKING
CAPACITY

▰ They are generally towed units and can operate at

speeds between 5 and 24 km/h.

68
WORKING
CAPACITY
Of the equipment

69
 light SOIL
COMPACTI
ON
EQUIPMEN 70
TYPES OF LIGHT SOIL
COMPACTION EQUIPMENT

VIBRATING PLATE COMPACTORS VIBRO TAMPERS

71
VIBRATING
What is a

PLATE
COMPACT ?

OR 72
VIBRATING PLATE
COMPACTOR
The usual weights of these
machines vary from 100 kg
to 2 tons with plate areas
between 0.16 m2 and
1.6 m2.

73
What is its
PURPOSE?

74
VIBRATING PLATE
COMPACTOR
It is used for compaction
of coarse soils with 4 to
8% fines. This equipment is
used for small areas.

75
VIBRO
What is a

TAMPE
?

R 76
 VIBRO TAMPER

This machine is suitable for

compaction of all types of soil
by vibrations set up in a
base plate through a spring
activated by an engine driven
reciprocating mechanism.

77
What is its
PURPOSE?

78
VIBRO TAMPER

It is used for compaction

of small areas in
confined space.

79
RENTAL
COST
OF ROAD ROLLER

80
RENTAL COST

Based from the interview:

ROAD ROLLER - ₱1, 500 per hour
(With diesel and operator)

81
3
HAULING
EQUIPMEN
T 82
“ Used on the job site to
move materials from place
to place.

83
83
TYPES OF HAULING
EQUIPMENT
CRANES LOADERS

TRUCKS SHOVELS

EXCAVATORS
84
What is a

CRANE ?

85
CRANEs

Generally equipped with wire ropes, sheaves,

and a hoist.

86
What is its
PURPOSE?

87
CRANEs

Cranes are used to lift and move materials

and supplies during construction. They are useful
for demolishing buildings and other structures.

88
TYPE
S OF
CRAN
89
 MOBILE CRANE
It consists of a steel truss or
telescopic boom mounted
on some kind of mobile platform.
The boom is hinged at the
bottom and can be raised
or lowered by cables or
hydraulic cylinders.
90
 ROUGH TERRAIN
CRANE
It is mounted on an undercarriage
that has four rubber tires
and is designed to be use off
road. The outriggers can extend
vertically and horizontally to
stabilize and level the
crane when it is lifting a large
load.
91
 CRAWLER CRANE
It has its boom mounted on
an undercarriage fitted with
a set of crawler tracks that
provide both stability and
mobility. Crawler cranes range
in lifting capacity from about 40
to 3,500 short tons.
92
 TOWER CRANES
When fixed to the ground, this
type of crane will often give the
best of height and lifting
capabilities. They are also
used when constructing tall
buildings.
93
What is a

LOADER ?

94
 LOADERS

It can be track-based or
wheel-based, and the
selection depends on the
terrain to be worked on.

95
What is its
PURPOSE?

96
LOADERS

It is used to load loose materials, such as sand,

dirt, or gravel, and take them to another machine, such
as a dump truck or conveyor belt. Loaders can also be
used to transport other machinery.

97
TYPE
S OF
loader 98
 BACKHOE LOADER

It consists of a tractor-like
unit fitted with a loader-style
shovel/bucket on the front and a
backhoe on the back.

99
 SKID STEER
LOADER
A small, rigid-frame, engine-
powered machine with lift
arms used to attach a wide
variety of labor-saving
tools or attachments.

100
What is a

TRUCK ?

101
TRUCKS

Their high travel speeds allow for quicker transportation

of materials when traveling on established roads. Their low
hauling costs also allow for flexibility when determining
the total hauling capacity or in the event of a change in
destination/route.

102
What is its
PURPOSE?

103
TRUCKS

They are designed to transport loose

materials (such as sand, gravel) for
construction.

104
TYPE
S OF
trucks 105
 DUMP TRUCKS
It is used to move clay, dirt, soils,
and sands. Side and rear dump trucks
dispose of materials through the
body attached to the chassis of
the truck. Bottom dump trucks have
two gates that open from the bottom to
dispose of materials.

106
 HAULING TRUCK

It is used to transport a
fleet of equipment (for
general, military, or service
construction) from one
location to another.

107
POWE
What is a

R
SHOV ?

108
POWER SHOVELS

They are designed for mining and handling of

ores and overburden rock into transport
vehicles as well as for dumping and loading
operations in storages and in continuous flow
production cycles.

109
What is its
PURPOSE?

110
POWER SHOVEL

It is used for digging and loading rocks

and soil for mineral extraction.

111
TYPES OF
POWER
SHOVELS 112
CRAWLER MOUNTED
POWER SHOVEL

113
WHEEL MOUNTED
POWER SHOVEL

114
4
HOISTING
EQUIPMEN
T 115
“ Equipment used for vertical
lifting of freely suspended,
heavy, and bulky loads and for
moving it to another location
at a reasonable distance.

116
116
TYPES OF HOISTING
EQUIPMENT
FORKLIFT TRUCK

HOIST

117
What is a

Forklift
truck ?

118
FORKLIFT TRUCK

Uses two power-operated

horizontal prongs (forks) that
can be raised and lowered for
loading, transporting, and unloading
goods, particularly goods stacked on
wooden pallets.

119
What is its
PURPOSE?

120
 FORKLIFT TRUCK

A powered industrial truck used to lift and move

materials over short distances.

121
What is a

hoist ?

122
hoist

Concrete pumps are used on most of the larger construction

projects as they are capable of pumping at very high
volumes and helps in placing concrete faster and
more accurately with less labor than any other method.

123
What is its
PURPOSE?

124
 hoist

A device used for lifting or lowering a load by means

of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or
chain wraps.

125
TYPE
S OF
HOIST 126
 Chain hoist

Basically, chain hoist consists of chain

rope and pulley that is used to
move the load from up to down.

127
 Electric hoist
Electric hoist is modernized
form of chain and boom
hoist mostly used in the
industries for fast working. It
saves labor costs by
handling maximum
loads at a time with no
damage threats. 128
CONVEYIN
5
G
EQUIPMEN
T 129
“ Machines and Equipment
which moves materials
from one location to
another.

130
130
TYPES OF
CONVEYING
EQUIPMENT
BELT CONVEYOR

BUCKET CONVEYOR

131
BELT
What is a

CONVE
?

YOR 132
BELT CONVEYOR

It consists of two or more

pulleys, with an endless loop of
carrying medium – conveyor belt –
that rotates about them and
supported at regular intervals
by a series of rollers called idlers.

133
What is its
PURPOSE?

134
BELT CONVEYOR

Used to transport large volumes of

resources and agricultural materials, such as
grain, salt, coal, ore, sand, overburden and
more.

135
BUCKE
What is a

T
CONVE ?

136
BUCKET
CONVEYOR
The structure of bucket conveyor
consists of drive and return
station, body tube with guide
and conveyor belt. Its materials are
fixed to the rubber conveyor belt.

137
What is its
PURPOSE?

138
BUCKET
CONVEYOR

It is used to transport flow able bulk materials

vertically and can elevate a variety of bulk materials
from light to heavy and from fine to large lumps.

139
6
AGGREGATE
PRODUCTION
EQUIPMENT 140
“ Production of good quality
of sandstone aggregates.

141
141
TYPES OF AGGREGATE
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

JAW CRUSHERS HAMMER CRUSHERS

IMPACT CRUSHERS CONE CRUSHERS

142
What is a

Jaw
crusher ?

143
 Jaw crusher

It can be described as
obbligato machine in
mining, building construction,
construction wastes crushing,
hydropower and water resource,
railway and highway construction
and some other industries.
144
What is its
PURPOSE?

145
Jaw crusher

Used as primary crusher in quarry

production lines, mineral ore crushing plants
and powder making plants.

146
What is a

Hammer
crusher ?

147
 Hammer crusher

This machine adopts theories

of traditional crushing
machines and grinding
mills. It makes up the shortage
of common mills, and it is the
best choice to produce coarse
powder at big capacity.
148
What is its
PURPOSE?

149
hammer crusher

Fits for producing 0-3MM coarse powder

products.

150
What is a

IMPACT
crusher ?

151
 IMPACT crusher

It is widely used in many

industries, like chemical,
metallurgy, road and bridge
construction and sand
making and so on.

152
What is its
PURPOSE?

153
IMPACT crusher

Used to deal with materials whose size below

500mm and whose compression strength
less than 360Mpa.

154
 Impact crusher
▰ PRIMARY IMPACT CRUSHER
▻ Used for crushing of medium hard materials such as limestone
with the L.A. test higher than 30% usually for a single-stage
primary crushing in cement plants where vertical mills are used
for raw material grinding.
▰ SECONDARY IMPACT CRUSHER
▻ Used in the second or third stages of crushing for medium
hard or hard materials.

155
What is a

Cone
crusher ?

156
 Cone crusher
It is a development of the
secondary gyratory
crusher, which is merely a
small gyratory crusher designed
to break the product of the
primary machine down to about
1½-in.
157
What is its
PURPOSE?

158
cone crusher

It is quite excellent in hard material

crushing and the final product has good
sharp.

159
7
EQUIPMENT USED
IN CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
160
“ Used for concrete spraying
applications at the
construction sites.

161
161
TYPES OF equipment used in
concrete

CONCRETE MIXERS CONCRETE VIBRATORS

CONCRETE PUMPS SHOTCRETE MACHINE

CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT

162
CONCR
What is a

ETE
?

MIXER 163
 CONCRETE MIXER

Cement, sand and other

aggregates are loaded in a
hydraulically operated
hopper and then poured into
the mixing drum for final mixing.
They can be unloaded by tilting
the drum.
164
What is its
PURPOSE?

165
Concrete mixer

A device that homogeneously combines

cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel,
and water. A typical concrete mixer uses a
revolving drum to mix the components.

166
CONCR
What is a

ETE
?

vibrator 167
 CONCRETE
VIBRATOR
These machines and an
assortment of attachments are
designed for multiple
applications. The machines
range in sizes from small battery
powered wands to larger plug in
versions that are used on very
deep pours.
168
What is its
PURPOSE?

169
Concrete vibrator

Help release trapped air pockets and

excess water from the concrete mix to
prevent possibly compromising problems in
medium to high slump concrete.

170
What is a

Concrete
pump ?

171
CONCRETE
PUMPS
Concrete pumps are used on most of the larger construction
projects as they are capable of pumping at very high
volumes and helps in placing concrete faster and
more accurately with less labor than any other method.

172
What is its
PURPOSE?

173
CONCRETE PUMPS

Machine used for transferring liquid

concrete by pumping.

174
TYPES OF
concrete
pumps 175
 BOOM
CONCRETE pump
It uses a remote-controlled
articulating robotic arm
(called a boom) to place
concrete accurately and is
attached to a truck or longer units
are on semi-trailers.
176
 LINE pump
Requires steel or flexible
concrete placing hoses
to be manually attached to the
outlet of the machine. Those
hoses are linked together
and lead to wherever the concrete
needs to be placed.
177
What is a

Shot Crete
machine ?

178
 Shot crete machine
Is concrete or mortar
conveyed through a hose and
pneumatically projected
at high velocity onto a
surface, as a construction
technique. It is typically
reinforced by conventional steel
rods, steel mesh, or fibers.
179
What is its
PURPOSE?

180
SHOT CRETE
MACHINE
Used for concrete spraying applications
at the construction sites. These are usually
employed for wet and dry concrete spraying
applications.

181
CONCRET
What is a

E
BATCHING ?

182
 CONCRETE
BATCHING PLANT

heart of the concrete batching plant is the

The
mixer, and there are many types of mixers such as
Tilt Drum, Pan, Planetary, Single Shaft and Twin shaft
mixer.

183
184
What is its
PURPOSE?

185
CONCRETE
BATCHING PLANT
Concrete used for the construction is
produced by proper mixing of all
the ingredients like sand, gravel, water
and cement and then transported to
concrete construction site ready to be poured
for use.
186
TYPES OF
BATCHING
PLANTS 187
 DRY MIX
CONCRETE
PLANT
Weighs sand, gravel and cement in weigh batchers via digital
or manual scales. All the ingredients then are discharged into a
chute which discharges into a truck. Meanwhile, water is either
being weighed or volumetrically metered and discharged
through the same charging chute into the mixer truck. These
ingredients are then mixed for a minimum of 70 to 100
revolutions during transportation to the jobsite.

188
 WET MIX
CONCRETE
PLANT
Combines some or all of the above ingredients (including water)
at a central location into a Concrete Mixer - that is, the concrete
is mixed at a single point, and then simply agitated on the way to
the jobsite to prevent setting (using agitors or ready mix trucks)
or hauled to the jobsite in an open-bodied dump truck.

189
PILE-
8
DRIVING
EQUIPMEN
T 190
“ Used to drive piles (poles) into
soil to provide foundation
supports for buildings or other
structures.

191
191
 Pile driver

Pile driver uses a weight placed above a pile

(pole). The weight is raised, which may involve the use
of hydraulics, steam, diesel, or manual labor. When the
weight reaches its highest point it is released,
and hits the pile, driving it into the ground.

192
What is its
PURPOSE?

193
Pile driver

A pile driving equipment is used to drive

these piles into soil to provide
foundation support for buildings or other
structures.

194
TYPES OF
pile driver
195
 Drop hammer
It consists of a heavy ram in
between the leads. The ram is
lifted up to a certain
height and released to
drop on the pile. It is used in
the cases where only a small
number of piles are driven.
196
 Single acting
hammer
In a single acting hammer a heavy
ram is lifted up by steam or
compressed air but dropped
by its own weight. The energy
of a single acting hammer is equal
to the weight of the ram
times the height of fall.

197
 double acting
hammer
The double-acting hammer employs
steam or air for lifting the
ram and for accelerating
the downward stroke. The
energy of a double-acting hammer is
equal to the weight of the ram
times the height of fall.

198
 Diesel hammer
They use gasoline for fuel. To start
the operation, the ram is raised,
and the fuel is injected. As the
ram is released, the ram falls
and compresses air and
fuel.

199
 Diesel hammer
They use gasoline for fuel. To start
the operation, the ram is raised,
and the fuel is injected. As the
ram is released, the ram falls
and compresses air and
fuel.

200
 Vibratory hammer
The principle of the vibratory driver
is two counter-rotating
eccentric weights. The driving
unit vibrates at high
frequency and provides two
vertical impulses, one up and
one down. The downward pulse acts
with the pile weight to increase the
apparent gravity force.
201
Available pile
driving
equipment
Phil Works at Balatas, Naga City

202
RENTAL
COST
OF PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
Engr. Alvin Pahuyo

203
INTERVIEW

204
RENTAL COST

KOBELCO CRANE
₱5,500 per hour
Operator, helper and
diesel included

205
RENTAL COST

DELMAG HAMMER
₱2,500 per hour

206
WORKING
CAPACITY

▰ An average of 20 piles a day(8 hours operation) is

being driven to the soil at a depth of 9 m of a 25tons
hammer

207
SAFETY
MEASUR
ES
SAFETY
MEASURES
1. Make certain you’ve been suitably and adequately
trained on the equipment you’re using by qualified,
skilled people.
2. Be conscious, stay alert and know your equipment’s
blind spots – whether you’re the operator or just
working around it.

209
SAFETY
MEASURES
3. Correspond with people working near you – either via
two-way radios or a spotter who’s been trained on
standard hand signals. Never presume people know
what you’re going to be doing. If ignored this can
endanger the safety of everyone

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 SAFETY
MEASURES
4. At all times wear high-visibility clothing and steel-toed
boots.
5. At all times wear your seat belt. It seems apparent, but
it’s easily forgotten. In case of a rollover this can be a
life saver.

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 SAFETY
MEASURES
6. Don’t mount or alight the equipment while it’s moving.
7. Never surpass the load that a machine is rated to
carry.
8. Always load and unload equipment on level ground to
reduce the risk of rollovers, and keep the area clear.

212
 SAFETY
MEASURES
9. Climb on and off equipment properly. Falls are
still the number one cause of injury, so never
jump off equipment and always use three-
point contact (both feet and one hand or one
foot and both hands on the holds at all times)
when climbing on or off equipment.
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 SAFETY
MEASURES
10. Always do a walk around and inspect the
equipment before you start using it. Inspect
tires, tracks, components and other apparatus
for fractures, damage or something caught in
them.

214
 SAFETY
MEASURES

11. Always load and unload equipment on level

ground to reduce the risk of rollovers, and
keep the area clear.

215
 SAFETY
MEASURES
11. When exiting the vehicle, park on level ground.
Relieve pressure from all hydraulic controls.
Wait for all motions to stop, safely dismount
using the 3-point contact rule. Remove the key
from unattended vehicles

216
COMMO
N
PROBLE
MS
COMMON PROBLEMS

OPERATOR EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS

218
OPERATO
R
QUALIFIC
ATIONS
OPERATOR
QUALIFICATION

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