Pain Assasment and Management

Pain
“An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or
described in terms of such damage”

Acute Chronic Pain

Adequately Treated Often Under treated

Taxonomy Subcommittee for the IASP; Merskey H, et al. Pain. 1986(suppl 3):S1-226.
Pain Mechanism
 Assessment of Pain
Ask about pain regularly

Believe the patient reports of pain

Choose pain control appropriately

Deliver medications on an "around- the-clock" basis with

adequate "breakthrough" doses

Evaluate result frequently and empower patients and

family
American Pain Society, 1999
Pain Intensity Assessment Tools
 Pain Assessment Scales

Uni-Dimensional Scale Multi-Dimensional Scale

• Only measures pain intensity • Both intensity (severity) and

• Appropriate for acute pain
• The most common scale used in
outcome assessment (Analgesic
efficacy)
unpleasantness (affective)
• Appropriate for chronic pain
• Research /pathophysiology
• Should be used in clinical outcome
assessment

Verbal Rating Scale (VRS)

McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)
None, mild, moderate, severe
The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)
The Memorial Pain Assessment Card
Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Pictorial Scale
 Visual analog scale

No
No Worst
pain pain

0–10 Numeric pain intensity scale “Wong-Baker Faces” scale

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No Moderate Worst 0 1 2 3 4 5
pain pain Imaginable

1. Portenoy RK, Kanner RM, eds. Pain Management: Theory and Practice. 1996:8-10.
2. Wong DL. Waley and Wong’s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing 5th ed. 1997:1215-1216.
3. McCaffery M, Pasero C. Pain: Clinical Manual. Mosby, Inc. 1999:16.
Photographic/Numeric Pain Scale
Multi-Dimensional Pain Assessment Scales
COMFORT SCALE
Pain Management
 Kesimpulan

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