 Major types of equipment found in

transmission and distribution substations are:

◦ Transformers
◦ Regulators
◦ Circuit breakers and reclosers
◦ Air disconnect switches
◦ Lightning arresters
◦ Electrical buses
◦ Capacitor banks
◦ Reactors
◦ Static VAR compensators
 It is an essential component of an electric
power system
 Come in different shapes and sizes
 Power transformers are used to convert high
voltage power to low voltage power and vice
versa.
 Step up transformers: used by generating
Plants to raise the voltage of generated power
for transmission over long distances.
 Step down transformers: convert the power to
subtransmission or distribution voltages, for
further transport and distribution.
 Distribution transformers: are used on
distribution lines to further convert
distribution voltages down to voltages
suitable for residential, commercial, and
industrial consumption.
 Instrument transformers: used to connect
high-power equipment to low power
electronic instruments for monitoring system
voltages and currents at convenient levels.
Instrument transformers include CTs and PTs.
 Regulating transformers: used to maintain
proper distribution voltages.
 Phase shifting transformers: used to control
power flow between tie lines.
 The two physical laws stated in earlier
chapters combine to form the basis of a
transformer.
 Physical law #1 states that a voltage is
produced on any conductor in a changing
magnetic field.
 Physical law #2 states that a current flowing
in a wire produces a magnetic field.
 Transformers combine these principles by
using two coils of wire and a changing
voltage source.
 The current flowing in the coil on one side of
the transformer induces a voltage in the coil
on the other side.
 The voltage on the opposite side of a
transformer is proportional to the turns ratio
of the transformer, and the current on the
other side of the transformer is inversely
proportional to the turns ratio of the
transformer.
 The figure below shows a transformer having
4 turns on primary side and 2 turns on
secondary side.
 The relation between voltage, current and
number of turns is given by the following
equation:

 Example: a transformer has 4 turns, 240 V on

primary side find the number of turns on the
secondary side assuming that the voltage on
secondary side is 120 V.