CABLE

TOOL
DRILLING
ROTARY
• One of the earliest methods of drilling is cable
tool drilling but now it is obsolete.
• In this method, drilling is accomplished by the
up and down motion of steel bit which is
alternately raised by a steel cable and allowed to
fall, delivering sharp, successive blows to the
bottom of hole.
CABLE TOOL DRILLING
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
CABLE TOOL DRILLING
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Less operating cost.  Soft formation
 Drill faster in hard cannot drill.
formations.  Drilling has to be
stopped to remove
cuttings.
 ROTARY DRILLING
• The first rotary drilling rig was developed in France in
1860s
• The rotary drilling works on the principle of rotating
a bit and at the same time cuttings are removed with
the help of drilling mud.
• HOISTING SYSTEM
• ROTATING SYSTEM
• CIRCULATING SYSTEM
• POWER SYSTEM
Hoist means “to lift up” and the two main
purposes of hoisting systems are;
• to hoist the drill pipes in and out of the
hole.
• to pull up on the drill pipe while drilling in
order to keep it in tension.
 HOISTING SYSTEM
Upward force
Heavy pipes called “drill (pull)

collars” attached to the

Drill pipe
bottom of the string apply
Drill
weight and the “drill pipes”, collar

which has relatively thin walls, Downward

force
(weight)
would buckle. To avoid
bit
buckling, upward pull is
necessary to keep it in tension.
• Derrick / Mast
• Blocks
• Drilling line
• Drawworks
• Derrick or mast is a steel tower, having a
height of 120 ft (36 m).
• The purpose of derrick or mast is to
support the traveling and crown blocks to
hold the enormous weight of drill stem.
DERRICK / MAST
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DERRICK AND MAST

DERRICK MAST
 Derrick is used in  Mast is used in
off-shore drilling. on-shore drilling.
 Derrick can not  Mast is portable i.e.
move. it can move.
 BLOCKS
Blocks are the set of pulleys and the
space between the pulleys is known as
sheaves.
 TYPES OF BLOCKS
 CROWN BLOCK
 TRAVELLING BLOCK
 CROWN BLOCK
Crown block is
present at the top
of derrick or
mast and never
moves.
 TRAVELING BLOCK
Traveling block
travels up and
down in the
centre of derrick
or mast.
DRILLING LINE
 TYPES OF DRILLING LINE
 DEADLINE
Drilling line from supply reel to crown block is called
deadline, this line cannot move due to deadline anchor.
 FASTLINE
Drilling line from drawworks to crown block is called
fastline and it can move. Drum brake is used to stop
fastline.
 DEADLINE ANCHOR
Dead line can’t move due to deadline anchor.
 DRILLING LINE
Drilling line runs from supply reel to the crown block
and passes through one sheave then it goes down to
the traveling block and wraps around it through one of
its sheaves and returns back to crown block. To
multiply the strength of hoisting system, drilling line
back and forth several times between two blocks.
Finally, drilling line coming from traveling block goes
to drawworks drum. The drum spools the drilling in or
out, thus raising or lowering the traveling block.
 DRAWWORKS
Drawworks houses a large drum around which
drilling line is wrapped. As the drum rotates one
way or other, it raises or lowers the traveling
block.
Rotating system includes all the equipments that
makes the bit turn.
• Swivel • Top drive
• Kelly • Drill pipe
• Kelly bushing • Drill collar
• Master bushing • Drill bit
• Rotary table
Swivel hangs from the
drilling hook on the
bottom of the traveling
block. Swivel does not
rotate itself but allows
everything below it to
rotate.
Kelly is attached to a
threaded connection on
the bottom of the swivel.
Kelly is a special section
of pipe that is usually
40ft (12m) long. Kelly is
square or hexagonal in
shape.
The four or six sided
kelly fits inside a
corresponding square
or hexagonal opening
in a device called kelly
bushing.
Kelly bushing in turns fits into a
part of rotary table called master
bushing.
Powered gears in the rotary table
rotate the master bushing. As the
master bushing rotates, kelly
bushing also rotates. The square or
hexagonal opening in the kelly
bushing fits against the square or
hexagonal kelly and causes the kelly
to turn. The turning kelly rotates the
drill pipe.
The rotary table supplies necessary torque to
turn the drill stem. Driller can lock the
rotary table to keep it from turning when
necessary such as when installing a new bit.
When the crew removes the kelly,
the hole left in the master bushing
accommodates a special set of
gripping devices called slips. Slips
have teeth like gripping elements
called dies that fit around the drill
pipe to keep it from falling into
hole when kelly is disconnected.
Top drive hangs from the traveling block and has its
own heavy-duty motor. Motor turns a threaded drive
shaft that connects directly to the top of drill stem to
turn it. Rigs with top drive do not need kelly, kelly
bushing and master bushing. They do retain the rotary
table, but only as a place for the crew to hold the drill
stem in place with the slips. The main advantage of top
drive is that pipe can be added three joints at a time.
Adding three joint stands of pipe saves time in making
connections.
The heavy seamless tubing used to rotate the bit and
circulate the drilling fluid.
LENGTH – 30ft (9m)
DIAMETERS – 4, 41/2, 5 inches
WEIGHT – 30ft pipe weighs 498lb(226kg)
A heavy, thick-walled tube, usually steel, used between
the drill pipe and the bit in the drill stem. It is used to
put weight on the bit so that the bit can drill.
LENGTH – 30ft (9m)
DIAMETERS – 7inches
WEIGHT – 30ft drill collar weighs 11 tons.
Tool joints are steel rings that are welded to each end
of a joint of drill pipe. One tool joint is a pin (male)
connection and other is a box (female) connection.
The pin of one joint fits into the box of another joint.
At the bottom of drill stem is the bit, which drills the
formation rocks and dislodges it so that drilling fluid
can circulate the fragmented material up to the
surface. The driller chooses the bit according to the
hardness of formation to be drilled.
• ROLLER CONE BIT
Roller cone bits usually have three cone-shaped steel
devices that are free to turn as the bit rotates. Roller
cone bits have either milled teeth or tungsten carbide
inserts. Roller cone bits work by gouging or crushing.
• FIXED HEAD BIT
It has fixed head which rotates with drill string.
Diamond bits work by shearing or slicing. Diamonds
in the diamond bit may be either natural or manmade
(synthesis diamond). Disadvantage of diamond bit is
that it is not efficient at high temperature.
• Mud pumps are the heart of circulating system. Mud
pumps pick the mud from mud tanks in which mud is
stored and sends it through stand pipe and rotary
hose.
• Stand pipe is a rigid pipe that conducts mud from the
pump and send to flexible rotary hose.
• The flexible rotary hose is connected to the swivel or
top drive. The rotary hose is made flexible so it can
move upward and downward with swivel or top drive.
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
• From swivel, mud goes into kelly and enters the drill
pipe and then goes down drill string and shoots out of
bit nozzles. When the mud shoots out of the rotating
bit, it lifts the cutting off the bottom and returns
through annulus.
• Mud with cuttings leave the well through a pipe
called mud return line. Cuttings fall on the screen of
shale shaker and mud flows through the screen into
mud pit.
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
• Cuttings from shale shaker fall into reserve pit.
• Mud is recycled and returned to mud tank.
• Shale shaker removes coarse (large) cuttings. For fine
(small) cuttings mud passes through desander and
desilter. If the mud contains gas, degasser removes it.
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
A drilling rig needs power to run the
circulating, rotating and hoisting systems.
This power comes from engines (mostly
diesel engines). The rig also needs some
methods of transferring the power from
engines to a particular component, such as
mud pumps, drawworks or rotary table.
• ELECTRIC DRIVE
As the engine runs, generator generates electric
power. Cable transmits the power to electric
motors and motors drive the equipment.
• MECHANICAL DRIVE
In mechanical drive rig, a huge collection of
pulleys, belts and chains (collection called
compound) connect diesel or gas engines to
equipments.
 RIG COMPONENTS
1. Crown Block
2. Catline Boom and
Hoist Line
3. Drilling Line
4. Monkey board
5. Traveling Block
6. Top Drive
7. Mast
8. Drill Pipe
9. Doghouse
10. Blowout Preventer
11. Water Tank
 RIG COMPONENTS
12 Electric Cable Tray
13 Engine Generator Sets
14 Fuel Tanks
15 Electric Control House
16 Mud Pump
17 Mud Components Storage
18 Mud Pits
19 Reserve Pits
20 Mud Gas Separator
21 Shale Shaker
22 Choke Manifold
23 Pipe Ramp
24 Pipe Racks
25 Accumulator
• CATLINE BOOM AND HOIST LINE
A structural framework erected near the top of the derrick for lifting
material.
• MONKEY BOARD
Monkey board is derrickman’s working platform.
• DOGHOUSE
A small enclosure on the rig floor used as an office for the driller or
as a storehouse for small objects.
• BLOWOUT PREVENTER
Kick can be controlled by shutting it.
• WATER TANK
Is used to store water that is used for mud mixing, cementing, and
rig cleaning.
• ELECTRIC CABLE TRAY
Supports the heavy electrical cables that feed the power
from the control panel to the rig motors.
• ENGINE GENERATOR SETS
A diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), natural gas, or
gasoline engine, along with a mechanical transmission and
generator for producing power for the drilling rig. Newer
rigs use electric generators to power electric motors on the
other parts of the rig.
• FUEL TANKS
Fuel storage tanks for the power generating system.
• ELECTRIC CONTROL HOUSE
On diesel electric rigs, powerful diesel engines drive large
electric generators. The generators produce electricity that
flows through cables to electric switches and control
equipment enclosed in a control cabinet or panel.
Electricity is fed to electric motors via the panel.
• MUD PUMP
A large reciprocating pump used to circulate the mud
(drilling fluid) on a drilling rig.
• MUD COMPONENTS STORAGE
Hopper type tanks for storage of drilling fluid components.
• MUD PITS
A series of open tanks, usually made of steel plates, through
which the drilling mud is cycled to allow sand and
sediments to settle out. Additives are mixed with the mud
in the pit, and the fluid is temporarily stored there before
being pumped back into the well.
• RESERVE PITS
Cuttings which are separated from mud are placed there.
These cuttings are helpful in analyzing the formation. In
the end, cuttings are proper disposed off.
• MUD GAS SEPARATOR
A device that removes gas from the mud coming out of a
well when a kick is being circulated out.
• SHALE SHAKER
A series of trays with sieves or screens that vibrate to
remove cuttings from circulating fluid in rotary drilling
operations. Cuttings fall on the screen of shale shaker and
mud flows through the screen into mud pit.
• CHOKE MANIFOLD
The arrangement of piping and special valves, called
chokes, through which drilling mud is circulated when the
blowout preventers are closed to control the pressures
encountered during a kick.
• PIPE RAMP
An angled ramp for dragging drill pipe up to the drilling
platform or bringing pipe down off the drill platform.
• PIPE RACKS
A horizontal support for pipes.
• ACCUMULATOR
It is used in operating the blowout preventers.