NOBEL LAUREATES OF CHEMISTRY

YEAR - 2016

 Submitted to : Prof. V.R. Pedireddi

 Submitted by : Utkarsh Mishra
 Roll no. : 19CY05010 (M.Sc. Chemistry, 1st year)
 HISTORY OF NOBEL PRIZE :
On 27th November 1895,at the Swedish-Norwegian

club in Paris, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and set aside the
bulk of his estate to establish the NOBLE prizes ,to be awarded
annually without any distinction of nationality.
From 1901,this prize is being awarded to those who had
done their best to benefit the mankind in the fields of physics,
chemistry, medicine, literature and peace.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible
For selection of laureates for this prize every year.
CONTENT :-
About Nobel Laureates…

Historical background of
topic…

Individual contribution of
Nobel laureates…
 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016 was awarded jointly to Jean-
Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa "for the
design and synthesis of molecular machines."
 Born on : 18th May 1951 in
Netherlands
Bernard Lucas Feringa is a dutch
synthetic organic chemist. He has
specialisation in molecular
nanotechnology and
homogeneous catalysis.

He has completed his PhD. at the

BEN FERINGA university of Goningen.
 Born on : 24th May 1942 in Scotland
Sir James Fraser Stoddart is a
Scottish chemist who is presently a
member of department of
chemistry at Northwestern
University in United States.
Along with Nobel Prize, he has
been awarded with Davy Medal,
Albert Einstein World Award of
Science and many more.
JAMES STODDART
 Born on : 21st October 1944 in Paris.
Jean-Pierre Sauvage is a French
coordination chemist and
presently working at Strasbourg
University.
He has done his specialisations in
supramolecular chemistry. He has
earned his PhD. degree from the
Université Louis-Pasteur.
JEAN SAUVAGE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . . .
 The idea of molecular machines was first thought by Richard
Feynman(the nanotech geek of his time).He was convinced
that it is possible to build machines with dimensions on the
nanometre scales.

 Afteryears of setbacks, many people gave up hope but the

major breakthrough came after 1980s when Sauvage,
Stoddart and Pierre took the control of the molecules and
opened a new dimension in the world of chemistry.
 JEAN-PIERRE SAUVAGE GATHERS MOLECULES
AROUND A COPPER ION :
 Whileworking on photochemistry, his research group
constructed a molecular ring by using a ring shaped and one
crescent shaped molecule binded up together by a copper
ion(this ion is removed after serving its purpose).
…and this proved to be the first step towards molecular motor:
 The2 interlocked rings served the whole definition of a machine
and in 1994, Pierre’s research group succeeded in producing a
catenane in which one ring rotated in a controlled manner with
respect to other ring when the energy was added.
FRASER STODDART THREADS A MOLECULAR
RING ONTO A MOLECULAR AXLE :
 In 1991, Stoddart threads a molecular research group built a ring
shaped molecule that is mechanically attached to an axle, by using
an open ring that lacked electrons and a long rod (axle) that had
electron rich structures and these are known as rotaxanes.
 When the heat was given to this system, the ring jumped forward and
backwards-like a tiny shuttle, in a completely controlled manner.
 In 1994, his research group has also developed molecular lift and an
artificial muscle (that can fold a gold lamina of nanometre
dimensions) and computer chips.
BEN-FERINGA BUILDS THE FIRST MOLECULAR
MOTOR:

 In
1999, Ben Feringa produced the 1st molecular motor that was
mechanically constructed to spin in a particular direction.
The molecule was composed of 2 flat chemical strutures that
were joined with a double bond between 2 carbon atoms.
 This motor works when it is exposed to the UV-light.
 In
2014, this motor has been optimised to work in a more efficient
way and after that it spins at 12 million revolutions per second.

MOLECULAR MOTOR
AWAY FROM EQUILIBRIUM – TOWARDS A
NEW AND VIBRANT CHEMISTRY…
 Just like the molecules of life, Sauvage’s, Stoddart’s and Feringa’s artificial
molecular systems perform a controlled task. Chemistry has thus taken the
first steps into a new world. Some applications of these molecular machines
or nano gears:
1. Their potential impact on the future has been likened to that of
microprocessors, which revolutionized computing through the
miniaturization of central processing units.
2. In the development of tiny robots that detect disease or deliver drugs to a
specific site in the human body.
3. One of the most striking examples is the development of a molecular robot
that can grasp and connect amino acids.
Along with these there are many other vast applications of this branch in the
present and in the upcoming time. They will prove to be one of the best
development for the betterment of the mankind.
 : SUMMARY & OUTLOOK :
Today, we are at the dawn of a new revolution that will bring us yet
another giant leap forward. Humankind has always striven to push the
limits of machine construction and of what machines can do, and as a
consequence attempted to build miniaturised machines of ever
smaller size.
All these important developments since the early 1980s, in which
Sauvage, Stoddart and Feringa have incorporated the mechanical
bond and unidirectional rotation into functional molecular machinery,
constitute a true foundation for the entire field.

...THANK YOU…