COGNITIVE TRACKING RADAR

Submitted To : Dr. Bazil A Raj Submitted By: UPASANA GARG

Assistant Professor (M.Tech- R&C )
Department of Electronics Engineering
Reg No. : 17-20-14
Ramitha Rajesh
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics Engineering

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 RADAR : RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING Device.

Used for remote sensing with numerous well-established applications in

surveillance, tracking, and imaging of targets,

• Main task :

 Transmission of the waveform signal to the environment.

 The signal hits the target and echoes are produced.

 The echoes return to the receiver unit where the range and position
of the target are calculated.

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 • With the emergence of new and versatile Systems , flourishing in
statistical signal processing, stochastic control, and information theory ,
traditional radar systems are now far from a reliable and accurate
tracking capability .

• Hence , the design and implementation of a next-generation of tracking

radar systems is required in the name of cognitive tracking radar .

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 Cognition as a Process
According to Fuster:

• ‘COGNIT’ is an item of knowledge about the world, the self, or the relations
between them. Its network structure is made up of elementary representations
of perception or action that have been associated with one another by learning
or past experience.

• PERCEPTION is part of the acquisition and retrieval of memory, memory

stores information acquired by perception, language and memory depend on
each other; reasoning is one of the special forms of cognitive actions.
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• Followed by action taken by the actuator in the environment in response to feedback information computed
by the receptor.

• Perceptual memory in the perceptor .

• Executive memory in the actuator, and the reciprocal coupling between them via the working memory. the
function of memory is to predict the consequences of actions in the system.

• Attention to prioritize the allocation of available resources in the system.

• Intelligence , the ability of the system to continually adjust itself through an adaptive process by responding
to new changes in the environment , with new forms of action being created through a decision-making
mechanism based on intelligent choices in the face of uncertainties in the environment.

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 Cognition in radar
• The unique neural computational capability of the human brain inspires the cognition process in radar
systems which will be dynamic in nature.

• In cognitive radar, the cognition refers to understanding the environment, and modifying the system
parameters accordingly.

• Both the transmitter and the receiver parameters are updated in the course of time by virtue of learning
from the unknown environment,

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For a radar to be cognitive, it has to satisfy four processes :

• PERCEPTION–ACTION CYCLE for maximizing information gain about the radar environment
computed from the observable data:

• MEMORY for predicting the consequences of actions involved in illuminating the environment and
parameter selection for environmental modelling.

• ATTENTION for prioritizing the allocation of available resources in accordance with their importance.

• INTELLIGENCE for decision-making, whereby intelligent choices are made in the face of environmental
uncertainties.

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 Implementation and working
• For the implementation of a cognitive radar we have a cognitive waveform-selection algorithm that can
optimally pick the transmit waveform from a prescribed library, in response to information fed back from
the receiver to the transmitter.

• The main task in a Cognitive Radar is how to optimally design the transmit-waveform iteratively to fully
utilize the information fed back to it from the radar receiver.

• The dynamic waveform signal-selection procedure in the transmitter that responds to the relevant
information fed back from the receiver.

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 target

Receiving Antenna
Transmitting Antenna

Bellman Filtering Bayesian Filtering

(Transmitter) (Receiver)

Feedback Information

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 At receiver’s section

• For preserving the information about the target and the environment, a Bayesian filter is required
in the receiver. Considering the nonlinear and gaussian nature of the environment, CUBATURE
KALMAN FILTER can be the closest known approximation to the discrete-time Bayesian filter .

• This filter propagates the posterior of the state-estimation error covariance matrix, which, in
conceptual terms, is the best that we can find for state estimation.

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 • The optimal Bayesian filtering performs two steps one after another :

1. Time update : propagation of the old posteriori density at the current time without
incorporating the current measurement.

2. Measurement update : here combining the priori prediction and current measurement
takes place.

• The time update advances the state estimate followed by measurement of a new observation .

• The measurement update then becomes the starting point for next update step.

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 At Transmitter’s section
• Any action taken by the transmitter will be viewed as an optimal response to the environment as
perceived by the receiver. With optimal control of the receiver in mind.

• The transmitter, the primary function here is to optimally control the receiver through selection of the
transmitted waveform in response to feedback information from the receiver. Provided that the
waveform parameters are selected optimally.

• The transmitter is equipped with a library composed of a prescribed set of waveforms.

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 CONCLUSIONS
 Cognitive radar is a complex correlative-learning system.

 Control-based Perception is performed in the receiver

 Perception-based Control is performed in the transmitter

 Feedback information links them together.

 Memory acts as the stabilizer guarding against the cumulative destabilizing tendency of the local and
global feedback loops distributed across the cognitive radar.

Cognitive radar is an intelligent decision-making system, capable of risk management by selecting

intelligent choices in both the transmitter and receiver in the face of environmental uncertainties .

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 Thank you
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