Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
About me
2
• Motivation to study about Industrial Gas Turbines
• Types of combustors
• Design requirements
3
Energy Outlook Report
US DOE
4
Trend of world’s energy consumption (Data from US Department of Energy)
1 Quadrillion BTU = 45M Tons Coal or 1T ft3 Natural Gas or 170M Barrels of crude oil
1 Barrel crude oil = 42 gallon = 6.1 GJ of energy
World’s energy requirement can largely be classified into Electric power, transportation energy
5
Trend of world’s electricity consumption (Data from US Department of Energy)
Fossil fuels: Coal, gasoline, diesel, natural gas and other petroleum products
Alternative sources of energy: Wind turbines, solar panels, hydroelectric, nuclear,
geothermal, tidal, and list goes on…
Alternative fuels: Ethanol, bio-diesel, biomass, coke oven gas, syngas, municipal waste,
landfill gases, anything rotting…
6
There is a very well established energy infrastructure based
on fossil fuels in US and across the globe.
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How does this story relate with Gas Turbines Combustion systems?
“Strictly speaking, energy is not “consumed”, but rather is converted into different forms.”
Types of engines
- Power generation: Gas Turbines, Steam Turbines, Nuclear, Hydro
-Transportation : diesel, gasoline, aircraft engines (based on gas turbine
cycles)
Steam turbines are similar to gas turbines but they have different principles of
operation. Nuclear power plants use nuclear energy to make steam which rotates
the steam turbines.
9
Gas Turbines find their applications in
10
• Solar Turbines Incorporated, a subsidiary of Caterpillar
Company is a world leading producer of mid-range (1 MW –
25 MW) industrial gas turbines for use in power generation,
natural gas compression, and pumping systems.
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Our units are used for power generation, gas compression,
and mechanical drive applications
12
Harbor Drive Facility
13
Gas Turbines OEMs
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Output 7.7 MW
Output 1.2 MW Output 4.6 MW Thermal Eff. 34.8%
Thermal Eff. 24.5% Thermal Eff. 29.9%
15
Latest addition…
Output 22.3 MW
Thermal Eff. 40%
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Power Generation
Single Shaft
Output
Turbine Engine Shaft Power
3)Expansion
(Turbine)
2) Combustion
1) Compression
Two Shaft
Output Turbine Engine
Shaft Power
Mechanical Drive
17
Simplistic Gas Turbines working principles
18
Power generation for gas fields in Siberia
19
Solar’s presence in San Diego
- two, soon to be three, Titan 130's at UCSD
- two Taurus 60's at SDSU
- some recuperated Saturns at landfills in
San Marcos and Santee
- a Saturn genset at the Hotel Del
- a Mercury 50 at the VA hospital
- two Mercurys at Qualcomm
- two Centaur 40s at the Balboa Naval
Hospital
- a Taurus 60 at the Children's Hospital
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List of companies and their products
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Difference between Heavy Duty and Aeroderivative Turbines
Industrial Aero-derivatives
Overhaul Life 48,000 hours 30,000 hours
Hot section inspection 8000 hours 6000 hours
Overhaul Life On-site Gas generator removal
Engine weight Heavy Duty Light
Fast start capability No Yes
Tolerance to poor fuel Fair Poor
Ease of automation Good Good
Suitable for off-shore Fair Good
Power Up to 325 MW Up to 55 MW
Thermal Efficiency 25-39% 25-42%
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Evolution of products : Uprates
26
Performance of Gas Turbines is limited by
1. Component efficiencies
2. Turbine working temperature
27
What makes Gas Turbines attractive for Industrial prime movers?
Advantages
• Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating engines
• Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power rating
• Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines
• Low operating pressures
• High operation speeds
• Low lubricating oil cost and consumption
• High reliability
• Goes for 30-50K hours before first overhaul. Usually runs for 100K-300K hours (10+
years) life cycle
Disadvantages
• Cost is much greater than for a similar-sized reciprocating engine since the material
must be stronger and more heat resistant. Machining operations are more complex
• Usually less efficient than reciprocating engines, especially at idle
• Delayed response to changes in power settings
These make GT less suitable for road transport and helicopters
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Some Basics
29
Gas Turbine components
Inlet system Collects and directs air into the gas turbine. Often, an air
cleaner and silencer are part of the inlet system. It is designated for a
minimum pressure drop while maximizing clean airflow into the gas turbine.
Compressor Provides compression, and, thus, increases the air density for
the combustion process. The higher the compression ratio, the higher the
total gas turbine efficiency . Low compressor efficiencies result in high
compressor discharge temperatures, therefore, lower gas turbine output
power.
Combustor Adds heat energy to the airflow. The output power of the gas
turbine is directly proportional to the combustor firing temperature; i.e., the
combustor is designed to increase the air temperature up to the material
limits of the gas turbine while maintaining a reasonable pressure drop.
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Gas Producer Turbine Expands the air and absorbs just enough energy from
the flow to drive the compressor. The higher the gas producer discharge
temperature and pressure, the more energy is available to drive the power
turbine, therefore, creating shaft work.
Power Turbine Converts the remaining flow energy from the gas producer
into useful shaft output work. The higher the temperature difference across the
power turbine, the more shaft output power is available.
Exhaust System Directs exhaust flow away from the gas turbine inlet. Often a
silencer is part of the exhaust system. Similar to the inlet system, the exhaust
system is designed for minimum pressure losses.
31
What drives Research and Development work in Gas Turbines?
32
Simplistic Gas Turbines working principles
33
mFqRcomb
Shaft power
34
Consider Centaur and Mercury
Known
P ratio = 10
TIT = 1350 K
Compressor Eff. = 0.86
Turbine Eff. = 0.89
Heat exchanger effectiveness = 0.8
Ambient temperature and pressure, 300 K, 1 bar
Specific heat Cp = 1.005 kJ/Kg-K
Specific heat ratio = 1.4
Calculate (a) Compressor outlet temperature (b) Turbine out temperature (c)
Compressor work (d) Turbine work (e) back work ratio (f) Efficiency for ideal, actual,
and recuperator engine
35
First Law: Q h2 h1
1 2
2
V2 V12 W
V2
Stagnation enthalpy h0 h
2
Compressor work h2 h1 c p (T2 T1 )
h3 h4 c p (T3 T4 )
Turbine work
1
1
T2 P2
T3
r
For isentropic process
T1 P1 T4
36
net work output cp (T3 T4 ) cp (T2 T1 )
Thermal Efficiency
energy input cp (T3 T2 )
1
1
1
r
37
Equipment efficiencies
3
T02' T01
C T
T02 T01
4
2 4’
2’
1
T01 P02
1
T02 T01 1
C P01
S
Process 1-2’ and 3-4’ ideal
Process 1-2 and 3-4 actual
T03 T04
T
T03 T04'
1
1
T03 T04 T T03 1
03 04
P / P
38
Recuperator
3
T
Heat exchanger effectiveness 5
4
2 4’
2’
T05 T02 6
T04 T02 1
39
Variation of Cp with temperature
40