PRESENTATION

ON

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
By-
Deepshikha
 INTRODUCTION
Poly(oxy-1,2ethanediyl),α-hydro,hydroxyl;carbo waxes

Polyethylene
Glycols
Polymers of
ETHYLENE
OXIDE and
water and their
ethers.
PEG other names

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) also known as :

• polyethylene oxide (PEO)
• polyoxyethylene (POE),
• tradename Carbowax.
PRODUCTION
• Interaction of ethylene oxide with water,
• Ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers,
• At temperature range of 120 to135 °C
• The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts.
• Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants.

• HOCH₂CH₂OH + n(CH₂CH₂O) → HO(CH₂CH₂O)n+1H

The reaction is catalyzed by
• Magnesium,
• Aluminium,
• Calcium-organo element compounds.
• To prevent coagulation :dimethylglyoxim .

low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol are prepare by

alkali catalyst:

• Sodium hydroxide NaOH,

• Potassium hydroxide KOH,
• Sodium carbonate
PEG SOLUBILITY
PEG is soluble in :
• Water,
• Methanol,
• Benzene,
• Dichloromethane .

Insoluble in :
• Diethyl ether
• Hexane.
General property

AVERAGE MOISTURE
Melting HYDROXYL
Types Appearance Ph. MOLECULAR CONTENT
point VALUE
WEIGHT MAX.

PEG-200 Clear viscous colorless liquid 4.0-7.0 190-210 <65°c 500-550 1.0%

PEG-300 Clear viscous colorless liquid 4.0-7.0 290-310 <15°c 340-394 1.0%

PEG-400 Clear viscous colorless liquid 4.0-7.0 390-410 4-8°c 264-300 1.0%

PEG-600 Clear viscous colorless liquid 4.0-7.0 590-610 15-17°c 176-200 1.0%

PEG-1000 White waxy solid 4.0-7.0 950-1050 37-38°c 105-120 1.0%

PEG-1500 White waxy solid 4.0-7.0 1450-1550 44-45°c 70-90 1.0%

PEG-2000 White flakes 4.0-7.0 1950-2050 45-46°c 50-70 1.0%

PEG-4000 White flakes 4.0-7.0 3800-4200 53-56 °c 30-36 1.0%

PEG-6000 White flakes 4.0-7.0 5500-6500 55-63 °c 16-20 1.0%

CHARACTERSTICS

 Highly compatible to various kinds of organic compounds.

PEG is compatible with most organic solvents, and has excellent water-solubility.

 High boiling point.

Effective as a non-volatile solvent because of its high boiling point.

 Easy control of the degree of condensation.

As the degree of condensation is properly governed, PEG has a broad spectrum of products
ranging from rigid solids to oily liquids.

 Controllable hygroscopic property.

Every PEG type surfactant has excellent hygroscopic property,

As the degree of condensation increases, the hygroscopic property is degreased.

PHARMACEUTICAL USES
• Polyethylene glycols are widely used in a variety of
pharmaceutical formulations including:
• Parenteral
• Topical
• Ophthalmic
• Oral
• Rectal preparations.

• Polyethylene glycols are stable, hydrophilic substances .Glycols

are water soluble and easily removed from the skin by washing;
they are therefore useful as ointment bases.

• Solid grades are generally employed in topical ointments.

• Aqueous polyethylene glycol solutions can be used either
as suspending agents or to adjust the viscosity and
consistency of other suspending vehicles
• Liquid polyethylene glycols are used as water-miscible
solvents for the contents of soft gelatin capsules.
• In concentrations up to approximately 30% v/v, PEG 300
and PEG 400 have been used as the vehicle for
parenteral dosage forms.
• In solid dosage formulations, higher molecular weight
polyethylene glycols can enhance the effectiveness of
tablet binders and impart plasticity to granules.
• Useful for the preparation of dosage forms such as
lozenges.
• Polytheylene glycols can also be used to enhance the
aqueous solubility or dissolution characteristics of poorly
soluble compounds.
• In film coatings, solid grades of polyethylene glycol can
be used alone for the film coating of tablets or can be
useful as hydrophilic polishing materials.
• Polyethylene glycol grades with molecular weights of
6000 used as lubricants, particularly for soluble tablets.
STABILITY AND STORAGE
• Polyethylene glycols are chemically stable in air and in
solution. ,although grades with a molecular weight less than
2000 are hygroscopic.
• Polyethylene glycols do not support microbial growth, nor do
they become rancid.
• Polyethylene glycols and aqueous polyethylene glycol solutions
can be sterilized by autoclaving, filtration or gamma irradiation.
• Nitrogen reduces the possibility of oxidation of PEG.
• Polyethylene glycols should be stored in well-closed containers
in a cool, dry place.
• Stainless steel, aluminum, glass or lined steel containers are
preferred for the storage of liquid grades.
INCOMPABILITY
• The anti- bacterial activity of certain antibiotics,
particularly penicillin and bacitracin, is reduced in
polyethylene glycol bases.
• The preservative efficacy of the parabens may also be
impaired due to binding with polyethylene glycols.
• Physical effects caused by polyethylene glycol bases
include softening and liquefaction in mixtures with
phenol, tannic acid and salicylic acid.
• Discoloration of sulfonamides and dithranol can also
occur
• Sorbitol are precipitated from mixtures.
SAFETY

• Polyethylene glycols are widely used in a variety of

pharmaceutical formulations.
• Generally, they are regarded as nontoxic and non -irritant
materials.
• However, adverse reactions to polyethylene glycols have
been reported and relatively low toxicity, any toxicity
appears to be greatest with polyethylene glycols of low
molecular weight.
Application In Industries
Rubber industries:
As PEG has good water-solubility even in its solid state, it is used as a
releasing agent for foam rubber, latex rubber, etc.

Textile industries:
used as a softener, antistatic agent, scouring, dyeing
Paper industries:
PEG has a softening effect on paper.
Metal industries:
PEG improves grinding effects by being added to the grinding
powder and it is used as a raw material for anti corrosion and the cleaning of
metals

Wood industries.

Resin and Paint industries.

Research for new clinical use:
• PEG when labeled with a near-infrared fluorophore has been used in preclinical
work as a vascular agent, lymphatic agent, and general tumor-imaging
agent by exploiting the Enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) of
tumors.

• High-molecular-weight PEG, e.g., PEG 8000, has been shown to be a dietary

preventive agent against colorectal cancer in animal models.

• Research is being done in the use of PEG to mask antigens on red blood
cells. Various research institutes have reported that using PEG can mask
antigens without damaging the functions and shape of the cell.

• Research is also being done on the use of PEG in the field of gene therapy.

• PEG is being used in the repair of motor neurons damaged in crush or

laceration incidence in vivo and in vitro
 REFERENCES
• J. Kahovec, R. B. Fox and K. Hatada (2002). "Nomenclature of regular single-strand organic polymers".
Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 ( 1921–1956.
• Polyethylene glycol, Chemindustry.ru
• Victor O. Sheftel (2000). Indirect Food Additives and Polymers: Migration and Toxicology. CRC. pp. 1114–
1116.
• T. L. Krause and G. D. Bittner (1990). "Rapid Morphological Fusion of Severed Myelinated Axons by
Polyethylene Glycol". PNAS 87 (4): 1471–1475.
• Di Palma, Jack A.; Cleveland, Mark vB.; McGowan, John; Herrera, Jorge L. (2007). "A Randomized,
Multicenter Comparison of Polyethylene Glycol Laxative and Tegaserod in Treatment of Patients With
Chronic Constipation". The American Journal of Gastroenterology 102 (9): 1964.
• D. E. Corpet, G. Parnaud, M. Delverdier, G. Peiffer and S. Tache (2000). "Consistent and Fast Inhibition of
Colon Carcinogenesis by Polyethylene Glyol in Mice and Rats Given Various Carcinogens". Cancer
Research 60 (12): 3160–3164.
• R. B. Borgens and D. Bohnert (2001). "Rapid recovery from spinal cord injury after subcutaneously
administered polyethylene glycol". Journal of Neuroscience Research 66 (6): 1179–1186.
• Tonya Johnson (21 April 2004). "Army Scientists, Engineers develop Liquid Body Armor".
• Rameez, Shahid; Alosta, Houssam; Palmer, Andre F. (2008). "Biocompatible and Biodegradable
Polymersome Encapsulated Hemoglobin: A Potential Oxygen Carrier". Bioconjugate Chemistry 19 (5):
1025.
• Kreppel, Florian; Kochanek, Stefan (2007). "Modification of Adenovirus Gene Transfer Vectors With
Synthetic Polymers: A Scientific Review and Technical Guide". Molecular Therapy 16 .