Chapter 8 – Leveling, Cont.

 Adjustment of Circuits
 Precise Leveling
 Profile Leveling
 Cross-sectioning
Adjustment of Circuits
 Misclosure
Difference between determined and known elevation
 Error adjusted by proportioning misclosure
 Proportion based on sources of errors
 Distance from start – better
 Number of set-ups
Adjustments are Cumulative
 Given: Misclosure = 0.05’ over 5 set-ups
 Assume: each set-up contributed equally
 Adjustment for each set-up
= -Misclosure/No. of Setups
= -0.05/5 = -0.01’
 Adjustment to the 4th point
= -0.01*4 = 0.04’
Precise Leveling
 Shade the level
 Three-wire leveling
 Precise Level Rods
 Double-rodded Lines
Profile Leveling
 Used in route surveys
 Route: definite beginning and end points
 Follows a baseline or center line
 Determine terrain along a center-line
 Tells you nothing about cross-section
 Location reference – Stationing
 Assign an arbitrary starting point
 Every 100’ is one station
 Sta 6+53.25 is 653.25’ from the assigned start
 Don’t assign start point to 0+00
Profile Leveling
 Elevations needed every 100’, 50’ or 25’
 Rough elevations – nearest 1/10th
 Too many set-ups if each point is a BM
 Take intermediate shots – IFS
 Find TP at acceptable limits of sight
Profile Leveling
Profile Drawing
 Scales not the same: V & H
 Fit a smooth curve
 Assume: no intermediate shots means
straight grade between
Cross-sectioning
 Determines elevations along a line
perpendicular to centerline
 Prism glass
 Wing-ding
 Shots at pre-determined distances
 Rod-person chooses additional points
Cross-sectioning Notes
 Often laid out bottom to top
 Centerline appears as IFS
 All other shots shown on grid
 Reading/Distance, e.g. 3.2/16
 Rod Reading = 3.2
 Rod located 16’ right or left
 Elevations calculated from last HI
Cross-sectioning Notes
Borrow-Pit Cross Sections
 Lay out a grid
 Every 25’, 50’, etc.
 Use lath to find grid points
 Label A1, B3, etc.
 Shots at grid points are IFS
Borrow Pit Cross Sections