Reproduction and

Embryonic
Development

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 Witiyasti Imaningsih, S.Si, M.Si. (Asti)

Field of study : Microbiology

Biology Department Math and Science

Faculty of Lambung Mangkurat University

microbe_ok@yahoo.co.id

Pasword : 12345678

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 Fertilization Process
• Ripe ovum is released by the ovary, then its
caught by the cilia found in the funnel of tuba
fallopi
• On the other hand, the sperm that enters to
vagina will swim to cervix throught the uterus
and goes to tuba fallopi to fertilize the ovums.
Many sperm die in that journey.

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 The continu….
• The ovum that already exist in the tuba fallopi
is ready to be fertilized. So after the sperm
arrives at the tuba fallopi, one sperm will
penetrate the ovum, but what enters to the
ovum is only the head of sperm, while its tail
keep lying outside.
• Sperm nucleus joins with the ovun nucleus.
The joining of sperm nucleus and ovum
nucleus is called fertilization process.

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 • If one sperm has entered to ovum, then
another sperm cannot enter becouse ovum
forms membrane cannot be penetrated by
another sperm.
• Ovum will die if in 24 hours after
ovulation,that ovum is not fertilized.

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 Fertilization

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 …….
• Together with the ripening of ovum in the
ovary, the uterus wall cells thicken and contain
many blood vessels.
• When zygote of fertilization product comes and
sticks, the uterus is ready to receive it without
disturbance.
• On the contrary, if there is no fertilization, then
the uterus wall that has thickened and contains
blood vessels will be broken and dissolve, so
bleeding happens and this is called
menstruation
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
The embryo and placenta take shape during the
first month of pregnancy

• Pregnancy
– It begins at conception and continues until birth
(Ini dimulai pada saat pembuahan dan berlanjut sampai kelahiran)
– Human gestation is 266 days
(38 weeks or 9 months)

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 • Human development begins with fertilization
in the oviduct

Cleavage starts

Fertilization
of ovum

Ovary
Oviduct

Secondary
oocyte
Blastocyst
(implanted)
Ovulation
Endometrium

Uterus

Figure 27.16A

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 • The embryo floats in the fluid-filled amniotic
cavity (Embrio mengapung dalam rongga berisi cairan ketuban)

• In the
Mother’s blood
beginning, Placenta
vessels
Allantois
food and Yolk sac
Amniotic
oxygen are cavity
Amnion
absorbed by Embryo

the embryo
from the Chorion

blood vessel Chorionic

villi
that is found
in uterus wall
Figure 27.16F
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 • The placenta connects the embryo with uterus
wall through the central chord that contains
blood vessel of artery and vena, so food
substance and oxygen are absorbed from its
mother through placenta.
• The wide placenta surface has function for
substance exchange between embryo and its
mother.
• The oxygen, food and antibody in the mother’s
blood difuses to embryo’s blood.

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 • The embryo will keep growing and developing
to be a fetus because of fission and cell
differentciation.
• The time required until the baby born is 40
weeks.

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 • The placenta allows for a variety of substances
to pass from mother to fetus
– Protective antibodies
– HIV
– Drugs (prescription and nonprescription)
– Alcohol
– Chemicals in tobacco smoke

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Human development from conception to birth is
divided into three trimesters
• First trimester
– First three months
– The most rapid changes occur during the first
trimester

Figure 27.17A, B

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 • The age of 4 weeks (1 month) : growth of eye
and ear parts in fetus is seen.
• The age of 8 weeks (2 month) : The fetus has
been similar to a baby, but his head a little
enlarges. The parts of eye, hand, ear, nose,
hand fingers and foot can be seen clearly
• The age of 10 weeks : the fetus look like a baby
with length of about 6 cm, the size of the head
is larger than his body, visible development of
eye, ear, nose, hand fingers, foot and mouth.

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 • Second trimester
– Increase in size of fetus
– General refinement of human features

Figure 27.17C, D

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 • The age of 24 weeks (6 months) : his
development is considered perfect.
• The age of 32 weeks (end of 8 months): the size
of the fetus body has reached 40 cm.
• The age of 9 month and 10 days (end of 40th
weeks) the fetus is ready to born.

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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 • Third trimester
– Growth and
preparation for
birth

Figure 27.17E

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 Disease in Human Reproduction
System
• Disease in human reproduction system can be
caused by microorganism in form of virus or
bacteria
• These diseases are also called sexual diseases
that are commonly transmitted through sexual
relationship.
• The sexual diseases can attack both men or
women
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 AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)
• AIDS is a disease caused by HIV (Human Immuno
Deficiency Virus)
• HIV is a virus that attacks human body immunity
system, while AIDS is a condition where HIV has
destroyed the body immunity system of someone
for a long period.
• Commonly AIDS will appear after HIV attacks the
body immunity system for more than 5-10 years.

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 • HIV is different from another virus that actively
attacks someone and easily spreads throught
various media like influenza virus that easily
spreads by ordinary physical contact or throught
the air.
• Infection of HIV is very specific, it is found in
sexual liquid, milk and blood.
• So its infection can be throught syringe used by
HIV sufferer, throught blood transfusion, pregnant
mother that suffers HIV to the baby in her womb,
also commonly through sexual relationship

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HIV

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 • HIV is not infected through social contact, like
shaking hand, talking, walking, and so on,
because this virus will die after several hours
lying outside the body.
• Therefore, we maynot isolate the person who
positifely suffers HIV, on the contrary, we
should even strengthen his mental because not
all HIV sufferers are persons with broken
moral.

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 Meanwhile signs and symptons that appear if
someone suffers AIDS are as follows.
• Body immunity decreases
• Lymphocyte decreases
• Body weight decreases
• Body is weak continuously without cause
• Hot and cold fever like flu disease
• Releases a lot of sweat at night
• Has a headache continuously
• Lymphatic gland is swollen for more then 3
months
• Dry cough
• Out of breath
• Chronic diarrhea

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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Until now, AIDS has no medicine so commonly the
sufferer end in death. Therefore the prevention is
important to do. The prevention of this is
emphasiaed on moral behaviour of social
behaviour. The tendency to be infected by this
disease for a person with high religious obedience
is very little. On the contrary, in sexual worker
women, the possibility to be infected is very high.

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 The Gonorrhea
• Gonorrhea is a sexual disease that is caused by
bacteria. This bacteria spread entire body, causing
pain in joints and causing sterility.
• The symptoms of this disease are secretion of pus-
like liquid, and frequent urinating. This disease
can be cured if immediately treated by using
antibiotic medicine.

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 Gonorrhea bacteria

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 The Syphilis
• Syphilis is a sexual disease that is caused by
bacteria. Symptoms of the disease are as follow:
a. Injury in sexual organ, rectum, tongue, and lips
but that injury doesn’t cause pain
b. The swelling of lymphatic gland on she thigh
c. Pain in bones and joints
d. Eruption of skin on the body, particularly on foot
and hand.

Symptoms of this disease can disappear. But bacteria

that cause this syphilis disease remain inside the
body and can attack the brain after several years,
causing blindness and madness.

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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 The Genital Herpes
• Sexual disease that is caused by a virus. The
virus that causes this disease is simplex herpes.
• The symptoms of this disease are the
appearance of itches (gatal) or pain (sakit) on
the genitals and open wound (luka terbuka) or
watery blisters (lepuhan berair).

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Herpes
virus

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