Development

LIFS 1902 – General Biology II

Video 4 – Human development

Chapter 22
 Development

1) Fertilization and early stages of animal development

• Cellular, tissue and organ stages
2) The processes of development
• Cellular differentiation
• Morphogenesis including pattern formation
3) Human embryonic and fetal development
 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development
In humans, about nine months elapse from
conception (fertilization followed by
implantation) to birth.
Development before birth is divided into two
phases.
o Embryonic development - months one
and two
• Development of major organs
o Fetal development - months three to
nine
• Refinement of organ systems
 Human Embryonic Development
Embryonic development encompasses the
first two months of development
following fertilization.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFfqLs94iHc 2:46
 Human Embryonic Development
Embryonic development encompasses the
first two months of development
following fertilization.
Before implantation, human development
comprises:
1. Ovulation, the secondary oocyte (23
chromosomes) leaves the ovary. A single
sperm nucleus enters the oocyte.
2. Fertilization occurs in the uterine tube.
As the zygote (46 chromosomes) moves
along the uterine tube,
3. These are the cleavage stages.
4. A morula is formed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFfqLs94iHc 2:46
Human Embryonic Development

5. The blastocyst forms and

6. Implants itself in the uterine lining.
After implantation, secretion of human
chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stops
menstruation to take place.

Pregnancy test
 Human Embryonic Development
Blastocyst

From: Heins et al., (2004) Stem Cells 22(3):367-76

https://www.ck12.org/workbook/CK-12-
Biology-Workbook/section/25.3/
 Human Embryonic Development
Blastocyst
Trophoblast:
-Layer of cells that form outer layer of
embryo.
-Provide nutrients to the developing
embryo.
-Develops into the chorion and then into
fetal side of placenta.
-Helps embryo become implanted into
uterine lining.
From: Heins et al., (2004) Stem Cells 22(3):367-76
 Human Embryonic Development
Blastocyst

https://wstwinregistry.org/for-twins/zygosity/identical-vs-fraternal-twins/
 Human Embryonic Development – Extraembryonic Membranes
Extraembryonic Membranes (lie external to the
embryo).
For land animals, they provide oxygen and waste
removal, prevent desiccation, and provide a
cushion. They include:
Chorion: develops into the fetal side of the placenta
(gas exchange).
Yolk sac: the earliest site of blood cell formation and
forms germ cells (nourishment).
Allantois: forms part of the umbilical cord and
embryonic bladder (collects nitrogenous waste).
Amnion: contains the amniotic fluid (protection).
Extraembryonic membranes are also present in
birds and reptiles - indicates our evolutionary
relationship to them.
Human Embryonic Development

At first, the embryo contains no organs,

only tissues. Then, development of the
extraembryonic membranes occurs. At
14 days, the amniotic cavity is above the
embryonic disk, and the yolk sac is below.
The yolk sac is the first site of blood cell
formation.

At about 18 days, the chorion develops

villi (chorionic villi), which are very
important in gas exchange between the
mother and child.
Human Embryonic Development

Provide a large surface area for

gas exchange.
Human Embryonic Development
The allantois and yolk sac, two more
extraembryonic membranes, are
positioned inside the body stalk as it
becomes the umbilical cord.
Human Embryonic Development
At 35+ days, the embryo
has a distinct head region
and tail region.
The umbilical cord contains
blood vessels between the
Tail embryo and the chorion
(placenta).
-Oxygenated, nutrient-rich
blood transported to fetus
Head via one umbilical vein.
-Low oxygen, nutrient-
depleted blood
transported from fetus via
two umbilical arteries.
 Human Embryonic Development
At the fifth week. The embryo is curled so that
the head touches the heart and liver, and the
heart starts to beat.
The organs of the gastrointestinal tract are Head
forming.
The arms and the legs develop from the limb
buds.
The bones of the tail retreat and become those
of the tailbone.
The first pair of pharyngeal pouches becomes
the auditory tubes.
The second pair becomes the tonsils
The third and fourth pairs become the thymus
and the parathyroid glands.
Human Fetal Development

The 3rd and 4th months:

1. The head is relatively large, the nose is
flat, and the eyes are far apart.
2. Epidermal structures develop.
• Eyelashes, hair on head, eyebrows,
fingernails, and nipples
3. Cartilage begins to be replaced by
bones.
4. The sex of the individual may be
determined.
 Human Fetal Development
Lanugo (downy hair)
The 5th -7th months:
Vernix
1. The mother begins to feel movement.
2. Fetal skin is covered by fine hair called
lanugo.
3. The skin is also covered with a thick,
cheesy coating called the vernix caseosa.
4. Eyelids are open.
5. Survival is now possible if birth occurs
prematurely (~12 in., 3 lb by the end of the
7th month).

Vernix
Human Development – in 2 min

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1qvUPYDnOY 2:31
The Three Stages of Parturition (Birth)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=samWyTjFmS8 2:27
Development

End of Module