KINSHIP

It refers to the “web of

social relationships” that
humans form as part of a
family, which is the
smallest unit of society.
WHAT is FAMILY?

1. It is a socioeconomic unit
This implies that the family
acts as the primary support
group for its members as they
participate in the social
processes within a society.
2. It can have one or more
parents.
In the society that you grow up in,
family usually consists of two parents-
a father and a mother. However, this
is not the norm for other societies
who would have one parent, a mother
or a father, or multiple parents due to
multiple marriages.
3. It can have parents who
are not married.
Although, the marriage of parents is
important in religious countries such
as the Philippines, it is not a
prerequisite in other societies. Hence,
as long as individuals are socially and
economically interdependent, they
can be considered a family.
4. It can have parents with
same gender.
Although same sex marriage
is illegal in most countries,
including the Philippines, some
societies allow for the
marriage of individuals with the
same sex.
5. It should have at least
one child.
One of the most crucial
elements of a family is the
existence of children. Without
a child, a couple remains to be
a couple and not a family.
TWO PRIMARY PURPOSES OF A
FAMILY

1.To orient the individual of

the norms of the society,
and
2.To provide physical support
as the individual matures.
Kinship Characteristics
female

male

deceased female

deceased male

female “ego” of the diagram

male “ego” of the diagram

Kinship Relationships
is married to

is cohabiting with

is divorced from

is separated from

adopted-in female

adopted-in male

is descended from

Is the sibling of
KINSHIP SYMBOLS
 KINSHIP by BLOOD
One factor that allows an individual to
identify another individual as a family
ember is through consanguinity,
popularly called as blood relatives.
This type of kinship links individuals
based on their genetic relations.
1. UNILINEAL DESCENT
This allows an individual to be
affiliated to the descent of one sex
group only-either male or the female.
There are two types of unilineal
descent:
a. Matrilineal descent
b. Patrilineal descent
 a. Matrilineal Descent
It leads an individual to trace kinship
relations through the female’s line.
This implies that the surname and
inheritances of a family are passed on
form one female to the other.
 b. Patrilineal Descent
An individual traces his/her kinship
through the male’s line only.
This promotes a passing down of
name and inheritance to male
offspring only, while allowing the
female offspring to be part of another
family through marriage.
 An expansion of unilineal descent
groups creates a kinship group
1. CLAN called……
This type of kinship is
observed among groups of
people who believe that they
have unilineal relations based
on a common ancestor.
2. PHRATRIES
A descent group or
kinship group in some
tribal societies.
3. MOIETY
Its function of
creating a sustainable
systematic balance
within a society.
 2. BILATERAL
DESCENT
It allows an individual to trace kinship
ties on both sides of the family.
This means that an individual can
recognize both his/her parents’
relatives as his/her own relatives.
 KINSHIP by
MARRIAGE
MARRIAGE defined as the “socially
or ritually recognized union or legal
contract between spouses that
establishes rights and obligations
between them, between them and
their children, and between them and
their in-laws”
 According to the
TSIMANE of BOLIVIA
A couple is considered
married if they sleep
together under the same
roof in a socially recognized
way for more than just a
brief period of time”
4 TYPES of FAMILIES based on
MARRIAGE SYSTEMS
1. Patrifocal
2. Matrifocal
3. Monogamous
4. Polygamous
5. Extended
1. PATRIFOCAL & MATRIFOCAL

1. This type of family is

focused on one parent: a
father (patrifocal) or a
mother (matrifocal)
3. MONOGAMOUS
1. This type of family
consists of a single
couple and their child or
children.
 4. POLYGAMOUS
This type of family consists of
several parents and their
children.
There are two types of
polygamy :
a. POLYANDRY
b. POLYGYNY
 A. POLYANDRY
It is a marriage
pattern wherein a
woman is allowed to
marry several men.
 B. POLYGYNY
It is a marriage
practice that allows a
man to marry several
women.
5. EXTENDED FAMILY
This type of family has several
married couples and their
children living in one household.
This can consist of the married
parents and their married
children living in one house.
RECONSTITUTED FAMILY
In this type of family, the current
spouses were previously married
and had children.
E.g stepmothers, half-brothers,
step-sister
7 MAJOR RESIDENCY
PATTERNS
1. Patrilocal Residence
2. Matrilocal Residence
3. Neolocal Residence
4. Avuncolocal Residence
5. Natalocal Residence
6. Matrifocal Residence
7. Ambilocal Residence
 1. PATRILOCAL
RESIDENCE
Upon marriage, the
woman is expected to
transfer to the residence
of her husband’s
father.
2. MATRILOCAL RESIDENCE
Upon marriage, the man is expected
to take residence with his wife’s
mother’s area, where they are
expected to raise their children and
integrate them to the maternal line,
creating a matrilineal descent.
3. NEOLOCAL RESIDENCE
This is an arrangement that
requires both spouses to
leave their households and
create their own at times even
in a different locality.
 4. AVUNCOLOCAL RESIDENCE
This is a complex residency pattern
as it requires two residence
transfers. Upon marriage, the couple
practices a form of virilocality and
raises their children in the household
of the WIFE'S UNCLE.
 4. NATALOCAL RESIDENCE
This arrangement allows both
spouses to remain with their own
households after marriage.
The couple will have to arrange for
meetings as the two are not living
under one household.
 5. MATRIFOCAL RESIDENCE
This type of residency rule arises
when the father is economically and
physically unable to provide support
for the family, thereby ascribing the
role of sole provider and caregiver to
the woman.
 5. AMBILOCAL RESIDENCE

This type of residence

pattern allows the couple
to choose to live either with
the wife’s mother’s area or
the husband’s father’s
area.
 TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES
Due to globalization and transnational
movements of people, families tend to
practice alternative forms of residency
patterns that are not based on lineage
perpetuation, but more so on economic
reasons such as job offers, educational
advancement, and job placements.
 POLITICAL DYNASTY
It refers to the continuous
political rule of one family.
This can be in the form of the
succession of rule or in the
occupancy of several political
positions by one family.