Peran

Mikroorganisme di
Lingkungan
Pertemuan-2

Februari 2017
Siklus
Karbon
• Atmosphere 78% nitrogen
• Not in directly accessible form for
organisms
• Made usable by fixation

• Most terrestrial N in soil

• 95-99% in organic compounds
• Made usable by mineralization
 Siklus
Nitrogen
Proses yang
terlibat:
1.Fiksasi
Nitrogen
2.Pembusukan
3.Nitrifikasi
4.Denitrifikasi
 A. Nitrogen fixation
1. Atmospheric: lightning
• Oxidation of N2
2. Industrial
production of N fertilizer
N2 + H2 → NH3
3. Biological (soil organisms)

(industrial fixes 85% as much N as organisms)

 2 groups of N-fixing
microorganisms
A. Nonsymbiotic, autotrophic:
(use solar energy)

Cyanobacter (formerly known as blue-green algae) in anaerobic;

Azotobacter in aerobic

5-50 lbs....../acre/year
B. Symbiotic, in association with legume plants
(plants supply energy from
photosynthesis)

1. Rhyzobium
2. Bradyrhizobium Infect root hairs and
root nodules of legumes
 Rhizobium Alfalfa root nodule

Infection and
nodule
formation
Dazzo & Wopereis, 2000

Root hair curling around rhizobia

Rhizobia reproduce
in infection threads
M. Barnett

Bacteroids filling a single cell

Dazzo & Wopereis, 2000

Michael Russelle - USDA-ARS

Plant Science Research Unit
Gage and Margolin, 2000 Vance et al., 1980
 B. Mineralization
(ammonification)
Heterotrophic microorganisms

Decomposition

Organic N compounds broken

down to ammonia; energy
released for microorganisms
to use
 ammonification
Organic N + O2→CO2 + H2O +NH3 + energy
 C. Nitrification
Oxidizes ammonia to nitrate; 2 step
oxidation process:

1. Nitrosomonas:
NH3→NO2- (nitrite) + energy

2. Nitrobacter:
NO2-→NO3- (nitrate) + energy
 D. Denitrification
Completes N cycle by returning N 2 to atmosphere
(prevents N added as fertilizer from being “locked” in roots and
soil)

Requires energy; Reduction of nitrate/nitrite

NO2 or NO3 + energy→N2 + O2 (many steps)

Denitrifying bacteria and fungi in anaerobic conditions

Oxygen
 Phosphorous Cycle
 P often limiting factor for plants:
 low in parent materials
 inclination to form low-soluble inorganic compounds

 After N, P is most abundant nutrient in microbial tissue

 Differs from N cycle
1. No gaseous component

2. N goes into solution as nitrate

• Stable, plant-available
But P reacts quickly with other ions and converts to
unavailable forms
 Available P in soil solution:
• as H2PO4- or HPO4-2 ion

• Microbes constantly consume and release P to soil

solution
 Unavailable forms of P depend on
soil pH:
• High pH: calcium phosphate CaHPO4
• Stable in high pH
• Soluble in low pH
• E.g., rhizosphere, so plants can get it
• Can be transformed to less-soluble Ca-P form (apatite)
• Low pH: iron and aluminum phosphates
• Highly stable
• Slightly soluble in low pH
 Role of mycorrhizae in P cycle:
Can infect several plants:

Hyphae connect plants ; conduits for nutrients

Fungi get E from plant ‘s photosynthesis.

 Questions
1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan fiksasi?

2. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Fiksasi Nitrogen?

3. Apakah tumbuhan memerlukan nitrogen? Mengapa?

4. Bagaimana nitrit berubah menjadi nitrat di tanah?

5. Sebutkan nama bakteri yang dapat mengubah nitrat di tanah

menjadi nitrogen di atmosfer!