Environmental Engineering

Unit III – Sewerage System: Collection and Transmission

Sources of wastewater generation & Effects

 Sanitary Engineering
 It is the branch of public health engineering
dealing with collection, conveyance,
treatment and disposal of wastes (garbage,
sullage, sewage).
 The main purpose of sanitary engineering is
to maintain such environment as will not
affect the public health in general.
Introduction
Sources of Wastewater Generation
or
Types of Sewage
 Domestic Sewage
 Industrial Sewage
 Storm Sewage
 Domestic Sewage
It consists of liquid wastes originating from
urinals, latrines, bath-rooms, kitchen sinks, wash
basins, etc., of the residential, commercial or
institutional buildings.

 Industrial Sewage
It consists of liquid wastes originating from the
industrial processes of various industries such
as dyeing, paper making, etc., The quality of the
industrial sewage depends upon the types of
industry & the chemicals used in their process
waters.
 Sanitary Sewage = Domestic Sewage +
Industrial Sewage

 Storm Sewage or Storm Drainage

The run-off resulting from the rain storms
during rainy seasons is called as Storm
Sewage.
 Effects or Impacts of Wastewater
 Groundwater Pollution
 Soil Pollution
 Public Health
 Agriculture
 Climate Change
 Sea Shore & Marine Life
Effects to the public health:

 Wastewater contains pathogenic

microorganisms lead to dangerous
diseases to humans and animals.
 Hazardous matter such as heavy metals
that are toxic.
 Produces odorous gases and bad smell.
Effects to the Environment:

 Raw Wastewater leads to septic conditions in the

environment and consequently leads to the
deterioration of surface and groundwater quality
and pollutes the soil.
 Raw wastewater is rich with nitrogen and
phosphorus (N, P) and leads to the phenomena of
EUTROPHICATION.
 EUTROPHICATION is the growth of huge
amounts of algae and other aquatic plants leading
to the deterioration of the water quality.
 Nutrients increase acidification of freshwater
 Raw wastewater is rich with organic matter
which consumes oxygen in aquatic environment.
 Raw wastewater may contains toxic gases and
volatile organic matter.
 Impacts of wastewater use in Agriculture

 Loss of Water Security

 Loss of Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services
 Loss of Food Security
 Loss of Fisheries, Livelihoods
 Loss of Blue Carbon sinks
 Economic loss :
◦ Healthy reefs can produce up to 35 tons of
fish/km2/year
 Impacts on climate Change

 High-intensity rainfall events leading to surface

runoff and transport of salts and contaminants
from soils irrigated with untreated or
inadequately treated wastewater to nearby
good soils irrigated with freshwater or rain-fed.
 Wastewater generates methane (21 times more
powerful than CO2) and nitrous oxide (310
time more powerful than CO2).
 CH4 & NO2 will rise 25% and 50% respectively
in just a decade.
 Systems of Sewerage

 Separate Sewerage System

 Combined Sewerage System
 Partially separate sewerage system
 I. Separate Sewerage System

 In this system the sanitary sewage and storm water are

carried separately in two set of sewers.

 The sewage is conveyed to waste water treatment

plant (WWTP) and the storm water is discharges into
rivers without treatment.

 The separated system is suitable when separate outlet

for storm water is available and the topography is such
that storm water can be disposed of in natural drains.
 Advantages of Separate Sewerage System

 The load on treatment plant is less as only sewage is

carried to the plant.

 The size of sewer is small, so easy to construct.

 When less pumping is required, the system proves to be

economical.

 Natural/storm water is not unnecessarily polluted by

sewage.
 Disadvantages of Separate Sewerage
System
 Cleaning of sewer is difficult due to their small size.

 The self cleansing velocity is not easily obtained.

 The storm sewers come in operation in rainy season

only. They may be chocked in dry season by garbage.

 Maintenance cost is high

 Sewage sewers are provided below storm sewer which

causes greater depth and pumping at waste water
treatment plant (WWTP).
II. Combined Sewerage System
In this system the sewage and storm water are carried
combine in only one set of sewer to the waste water
treatment plant and to the disposal.
 Advantages of Combined Sewerage
System
 Easy cleaning because of larger diameter

 Reasonable maintenance cost

 Strength of sewage is reduced due to dilution of

sewage by storm water

 This system requires only one set of sewer making

it economical
Disadvantages of Combined Sewerage System
 In storm or rainy season sewer may overflow and the
sewer may damage causing serious health risks
 The combine sewer gets silted and becomes foul in dry
days
 Load on treatment plant is more because storm water is
also carried there
 The storm water gets polluted unnecessarily
 The system becomes uneconomical when pumping is
needed.
 III. Partially separate sewerage system
This system is the compromise between separate
and combine system taking the advantages of both
systems.
Advantages of Partially Separate Sewerage
System
 It combines the good features of both systems.

 The silting is avoided due to entry of storm water.

 The storm water from houses is easily disposed off.

 The sewers are of reasonable size.

Disadvantages of Partially Separate
Sewerage System

A very small fraction of bad features of

combined system are there in partially
separated system.