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fixation of
nitrogen
Plants are:
• Capable of making all necessary organic
compounds from inorganic compounds and
elements in the environment (autotrophic)
• At low pH in intermembrane
space, lumen, or vacuole:
– NH3 reacts with H+ to form
ammonium
Remember: Nitrogen – the most
important mineral nutrient in the
soil
• Nitrogen is frequently limiting in in
terrestrial systems terrestrial systems
• Chlorosis progresses
from light green to
yellow.
• Growth is immediately
restricted and plants
soon become spindly
and drop older leaves. http://plantsci.sdstate.edu/woodardh/soilfert/Nutrient_Defi
ciency_Pages/soy_def/SOY-N1.JPG
Nitrogen assimilation
NO3 NO2 NH4+ amino acids
nitrate nitrite ammonium
• Lipochitin oligosacharides
with a chitin-b-1,4 linked N-
acetyl-D-glucosamine
– (B) Rhizobia get caught and curl, degrade the root hair cell wall
allowing the bacterial cells direct access to the outer surface of the
plant plasma membrane
Nodule formation involves
several phytohormones
• (C) Then the infection thread forms
– Formed from Golgi depositing material at the tip at the site of
infection. Local degradation of root hair cell wall also occurs
• (D) Infection thread reaches the end of the cell, and thread plasma
membrane fuses with plasma membrane of root hair cell
– Then bacterial cells are released into the fused plasma
membranes
Nodule formation involves
several phytohormones
• (E) Rhizobia are released into the apoplast and enter the middle lamella,
– This leads to the formation of a new infection thread, which forms
an open channel with the first
• (F) Infection thread expands and branches until it reaches target cells
– Vesicles composed of plant membrane enclose bacterial cells and
they are released into the cytoplasm
Nodule formation involves several
phytohormones
• At first bacteria continue to grow with vesicles
expanding by fusing with smaller vesicles
• Following an as yet determined chemical signal from
the plant, bacteria stop dividing and differentiate
– Forms nitrogen-fixing organelles called bacteroids
• The nodule itself develops a vascular system
– To exchange fixed nitrogen for nutrients from the
plant
• And a layer of cells to exclude O2 from the rood
nodule interior
The nitrogenase enzyme complex
fixes N2
• Biological nitrogen fixation produces ammonium
(NH3) from molecular nitrogen.
• For Nitrogen:
• Assimilation is but one in a series of steps that
constitute the nitrogen cycle.
• The principal sources of nitrogen available to plants
are nitrate (NO3-) and ammonia (NH4+).
• Nitrate absorbed by roots is assimilated in either
shoots or roots
– depending on nitrate availability and plant species
Summary
• In nitrate assimilation, nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite
(NO2-) in the cytosol via the enzyme nitrate reductase.
• Then nitrite is reduced to ammonium (NH4+) in roots by
nitrite reductase.