5/16 """ ,!

JII"""'
PR AD EE P S NEW CO UR SE CH ~
EM,ISTRY (X II )~
_ Thus, the ~ize of the co
lloidal particles is intennedia
.hose e>f suspension. These siz te bet~een that of particles
es are such that particles of tru of true solution illld
~s well as filt(?r paper where e solution can pass through. pa
as those of colloidal solution rchment membrane
. , an pass through filter paper cannot ~ass through parchme
and those of suspension can nt membrane but
through filter paper. pass neither through parchme
nt membrane nor
Co llo idal state of matter is, ·
therefore, a state in which
(l 'to 1000 nm) that they can the size of the !articles is
pass through filter pape.r but such
membrane. not through animal or vegetab
le
Thus , every substance can be
brought into the colloidal state
5 •9 • Di sti nc tio n betw ee n by adopting suitable metho
Tr ue solu tio ns, Colloid s an ds.
d su sp en sio ns
The distinction between chara
in Table 5.3. cteristics of true solutions, co
, lloidal solutions and suspensi
on is given
TABLE 5. 3. Char
acteristics of true solutio
ns, colloidal so lu tio ns an
PROPERTY TRUE d suspensions
SOLUTIONS ,' . C()Lt.'..OIDAl SO
1. Nature LUTIONS SUSPENSIONS
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
2. Particle Size Le ss tha n 1o-9 m or Heterogeneous
·(diameters) Between 10-9 to lO-Om or 1
.l iw (i.e ., <·10 A) 1000 nm (i.e., 10 A to 1000
nm to M or e tha n 10-6 m or
3. Filtrability - · · Pass thr 0 A). 1000 nm (i.e.,> lOO0(l'J\)
ough ordinary Pass through ordinary filter
filter paper as well as paper Do not pass through filter
but not through animal memb
animal ·membrane. rane. pa pe r and animal
4. Settling Do riot settle . membrane.
Do not settle.
5. Visibility . Particles are invisible. Settle on standing.
Scattering of light by the par
ticles Particles are visibl
is ob ser ve d un de r e to
ult ra- na ke d ey e or unde
microscope. r a
6. Di ffu sio n' Diffuse quickly. microscope.
Diffuse slowly .
7. Appearance Clear and transparent Do not diffuse.
Transluscent.
Opaque.
A sim ple ex am ple to unde
rstand a true solution, a sus
the so lut ion of su ga r in pension and a colloidal so
wa ter and that of water in lution is to consider
but in ca se of the latter, so lon which mud is stirred. Th e
g as the stirring is continu for me r is a true solution
as the sti rri ng is sto pp ed , ed, the mud remains in su
the lar ge r particles fall to spension but as soo~
rem ain in su sp en sio n for the bottom of the vessel. Ho
_a lon ge r time (say for sev wever, smaller particles
mud, pa rti cle s wh ich ca nn eral days). This part of wa
ot be seen even under a ter containing minute
co llo ida l so lut ion . microscope and pass throu
gh the filter paper is a
5. 10 . Di sp erse d Ph as e
an d Di sp ers io n M ed ium
Ju st as in true solution, the
substance dissolved is called
dissolved is called the sol the solute and the medium
vent, similarly in a colloida in which it is
the terms dispersed phase l sys tem, the terms solute and sol
and dispersion medium res vent are replaced by
distributed in the dispersi pec~vely. Th~s, dispersed ph
on medium in the form of ase means the substance
the medium in which the sub co lloidal particles and the dis
stance is dispersed in the for persion medium means
obtained is sometimes called m of colloidal particles. Th
a colloidal dispersion or sim e colloidal system thus
which is homogeneous, a ply called colloid. Evidently,
colloidal system is heterog unlike a true solution
phase and the dispersion eneous consisting of two ph
medium. ases _ the disperse_d
·
 --
5, 11. Classif ic at io n ot
CoHoids

-- £]0'Jioic4s are cla ssi fie d in thr

(A) B ~e d on ph ys
the dispersed ph as e an·d th
ica l sta
ee d.Iu"ere nt ways as fi0 ll
te of d "
e dis pe rsi on m e_rse d
1sepdi ph
are
as~
so
an
ows :
d dis pe rsi on m ed iu m. De pe nd ing up on
lids ' liqw·ds or gases, eig
wh eth er
• ht types of co llo ida l sy ste ms
um
A d ·th an oth er ga s fi colloidal system. Th e
are posst·ble. ga s llllXe wies alo ng with th ~nns ~ homogeneous mixture and no t a
typ 5.4.
examples of the va rio us err typ i~al ~ es are listed in Table
_Out of the va rio us typ es
of co llo ida l on are so ls (solids
sr~tem s ~t s~ m the Table 5.4, the mo st co mm
lid s) an d em pr es en t unit, we sh all
in liquids), ge ls (li qu ids in so the 'so ls' ::n~~ns (h~md~ in liquids). However, in the oned that de pe nd ing
on of Further, it ma y be menti
take up a de tai led dis cu ssi so ls are . emulSi?ns only.s as
me diu m, the
given special name follows :
upon the dis pe rsi on
r co llo id al di sp er si on s)
TA BL E 5. 4. 'ly pe s of co llo id al sy st em s (o
DISPERSION NAME · EXAMPLES
DI SP ER SE D

• t'.
2.
3.
PH AS E

Solid
Solid
Solid
So
Li
MEDIUM

Gas
lid
qu id ·
So
So
lid
l
Aerosol
sol Some coloured glasses, ge
Some paints, cell fluids, mu
Sm
.-
oke, dust
m stones
ddy water

• Gel Cheese, butter, jellies

. ·,4_ Li qu id So lid
Emulsion · Mille, ha ir cream
Liquid sprays
5. Li qu id
Ae ros ol Fog, mist, cloud, insecticide
Liquid Gas
6. r
So lid foa m Pumice stone, foam rubbe
Solid ap lather
7. Gas
· Fo am Froth, whipped cream, so
Liqu id
_8. Gas
Name of the sol
Disp er sio n me di um
Aquasol or Hydrosol
W ate r Alcosol
AJcohol Benzosol
Be nz en e Aerosol
Ga se s di um . On this
be tw ee n dis pe rse d ph as e an d di sp ers ion me
in ter ac tio n is the dis pe rsi on
(B) Ba se d on na tu re of ori es, na me ly, lyo ph ilic and lyophobic. If water
ide d into two ca teg
basis, colloidal so ls are div ophobic.
are hydrophilic and hydr
medium, the ter ms us ed -loving.
hi lic co llo id s. Th e wo rd lyophilic means liquid
1. Lyop liquid as
, ru bb er etc . wh ich when mixed with a suitable
lati.ne, sta rch so ls th us
Substances like gum, ge th e co llo ida l so l ar e ca lle d lyophilic an d th e
rm
1 th e dis pe
rsi on me di um directly fo
pl iilic sols.
_'·obtained ar e ca lle d lyo ic c~ lloids. ~ im po rta nt ch ara
cte ris tic
als o ca lle d in ~ on ),
l so l directly, they are diu m (say, by ev ap or ati
As they fo rm the co llo ida ate d fr~ m th_e d1 spe ~1 on me
dispersed ph as e is se p~ at is wh y the se
of these sols is tha t if the ng wi th the dis pei :s1 0n me diu m an d shaking. Th tat ed .
the sol can be ma de ag ain
by sim ply remixi
so ls are qu ite sta ble an d ca nn ot be ea sil y pr ec ipi
spJs are also ca lle d reve
rsible sols. Further, these
ting.
co llo id s. Th e wo rd 'ly op ho bic ' means liquid-ha
2. Lyophobic the dispe rsion medium do
s etc. when simply mixed with (as
Substances like me tal s th eir su lph ide
l so ls can ~e pr ep ar ed only by speciaJ methods
not /or,n the co llo id ai so
l. Their colloida
ph obic an d the so ls fo rm ed by them ar e ca lle d
lNIMl¥es are called lyo
discussed later). Such su
lyophoh ic so ls.
 5/18
l#a;!·S•j::1:1:j..i NE W C O UR. SE CH EM ll•ii)
. .... . IS..TR ¥ ·" II)
'"' .(X ~
· · coll ·d
As th.err 01 al sols have to be • dir t thods they are als
Lhese sols are readily precip prepared by m ec me o· called extrinsic colloids
itated (or coagulated) and he , . .
lo no t give ba ck the colloida nce are not stable. ~urther, on •
l sol by simple addition of the ce precipitated, they
:ailed irreversible sols. dispersion medrnm. Hence,
tbese sols are also
Th e greater stability of the
lyophilic colloidal sols than
:hat the former are highly hy the lyophobic colloidal sols
dr ate d in the solution. is due to the fact
Th e es se nti al points of dif .
ference between the lyoph
Table S.S. ilic sols and lyo ph ob ic so
ls are given in
TABLE S. S. Points of
difference be tw ee n lyophi
lic an d ly op ho bi c so ls
PROPERTY LYOPHILIC -SOLS
.,... · '.
.
.

1. · Ease of preparation ~
,
epared easily by dir ectly mixing with Cannot be pre pa red directly.
· · the liquid dispersion mediu Prepared
2. Stability m. by special methods only.
Th~y -'are quite stable and are
not easily They are easily precipitated
. .precipitated or coagulated. by addition
of a sm all am ou nt of
a su ita ble
3. Hydration electrolyte.
They are highly hydrated
4. Reversible and They are not much hydrated
~e ·{a re reversible in natur~ .
irreversible nature , i.e., once · They are irr ev ers ibl e in
. precipitated can reform the col nature, i.e.,
loidal sol on ce pr ec ipi tat ed ca nn ot
by simply remixing with the for m the
dispersion colloidal sol by simple addit
medium. ion of the
5. Nature of substances To,ese sol dispersion medium.
s are usually formed by the
·.or ganic substances like sta These sols are usually forme
rch, gum, d by the
proteins etc. inorganic materials like me
tals, their
6. Viscosity · sulphides etc.
Their viscosity is much higher
than that Their viscosity is almost the
of the medium. same as
7. Su rface tension that of the medium.
Their surface tension is usuall
y lower Their surface tension is nearl
than that of the dispersion me y same as
dium. that of the dispersion mediu
m.
(C) Based on the type of pa
rticles of the dispersed phase
Associated Colloids) . (Multimolecular, Macromo
lecular and
De pe nd ing up on ho w the
different substances may ha
types of colloids or colloida ve size in the range of the
l dispersions may be divide colloids the various
d into the following three ca
(1) Multimolecular colloids teg ories : '
. When on dispersion of a sub
nu mb er of atoms or smaller stance in the dispersion me
molecules of the substance dium, a large
to for m species ha vin g siz (w ith diameters less than J nm
e in the colloidal range, the ) ag gre gate together
colloids. Fo r example, ~~ old species thus for me d are ca
sol may contain particles of lle d mu ltimolecular
consists of particles co nta inm various sizes having severa
ga lho us an d or so of Sg sulph l atoms . Sulphur sol
Waals forces. ur molecules. These are he ld
together by van der
~
(2) Macromolecu lar colloids. Wh en ce rta in
macromolecules, having lar su bs tan ce s ha vin g big siz
ge molecular masses are dis e mo lec ule s ca lle d
which the molecules of the solved in a suitable liquid,
substance, i.e., the disperse they form a soiution in
substances are called macro d particles have size in the
molecular colloids. colloidal range. Such
These macromolecular sub
stances are usually polymers th
of naturally occurring macro wi very high molecular ma
molecules are st~ ch , c~~!u! sses. Examples
man made macromolecules _o~1.J?.TQ!_ein_!• .en ~y ~e s and
are polyethylene, nylon, po st ge lat ine. Examples of
ly Yrene, synthetic rubber,
etc .
 -@t#•Y.!?M.J:1=1~,,~i•;r• . •• ,
, ,, , '; 1
· ,.
' 5/19 , ,
As these molecules have large sizes d have dimension,. .· , ,.u • • ,. .....i .....- . • ,

· . all d an s comparable to those of colloidal partJ.cles,

11 · . bl
tbelf• dispersion
. . s are c e macromolecul ar co 01ds. Therr colloidal solutions are quite stable and resem e
uue solutions m many respects. I :

(3) Associat
. ed colloids - · Miceli es. ..,,h b . . ·
1. , e su stances whzch when dissolved zn a me
·
d zum at l ow I

state
concen~ations behave as no,:mal, strong electrolytes but at higher concentrations exhibit colloidal
d
properties due to th e formatio n °1_ aggregat ed particles are called associated colloids. The aggre~ate
r
particles thus formed are called llllcelles. The formation of micelles takes places only above a particula
~ratur e called Kraft temperature (Tk) and above a particular concentration called Critical Micelle
9-?'centration (CMC).1 :1e most common e.xample of associated colloids is that 1of surface active age?ts
~ u:~ as soaps and ~ynth_~~S .~~!~!gt::n!s. For soaps, the CMC is to-4 - 10-3 mol L- . Eac}:l micelle contains
at least 1oU molecufe-s~"' . --- .
Mechanism of micelle formation. Let us take the example of soap solution. Soap is sodium salt of
higher fatty acid and may be represented as RCOONa, e.g. , sodium stearate, viz., CH3 (CH 2) 16COO-Na+ or
sodium palmitate, viz., CH 3 (CH 2) 14coo-Na+. When dissolved in water, it dissociates into RCoo- and
Na+ ions. The RCOO-i ons, however, consist of two parts, i.e., non-polar long hydrocarbon chain R, called
FIGURE 5.8

\'

\.

' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - STEARATE ION

10 12 14 16 - HYDROPHILIC HEAD

S 7 9 11 13 15
3 HYDROPHOBIC TAIL
,.• b· . . nd hydr~~hi lk';ltead'6 fist~a.~ate i~~
•...
,
Hydroph o 1c t~~1 a , , · , , , , ,
FIGURE 5.9
the tail, which is hydropho bic (water repelling)
and the polar group coo-, called t~e he~d, ·- - - -·. : ::WATE~ >
· ::_< © .
Which is hydrophilic, i.e., water lovmg (Fig~
5-8).* The Rcoo-io ns are therefore, presen YV\I\MAJ!,,,,~-: .. N~+ .
' · ater
on the surface with their coo- groups· m w away : ..,,.
WATER •--·"""
....... ~~

:: : ::-: :
.-~ : -:- >:: __
... . "
._. ;~ ~

<· @•,
anct the hydrocar bon chains R staymg 5 9
from it and remain at the surface (Fig. ._ a).
Bowever at higher concentration, these ionds 0 8
do ' b t are pulle t
. not remain on the surface u (a) Stearate ion~ present on the surface ~f water
~~to the bulk of the solution. As a resu~t, a at low concentr ation of soap solution.
tgher concentr ation the RCOO- ions oh~ (h) Stearate ions pulledto gether to form
a ' 'th t eir
hn aggregate of spherica l shape Wl y a spherical _ionic micelle inside the bulk of
1_Ydrocarb on chains (represe nted by wav water·at high ,concentraii«~n (CMC.)
 /PS OL UT IO N
•---~ WATER

~. _::_ - _ OIL
'./,f.,'1M~8 . - DROPLET

~
.
,· . .
.

-:~ -·· ·
0 G
(a) Grease or oil on surface of
clo th .(b)' Stearaie i~ris.:~i:ranged,;
(c) Ion ic mi cel le foi me d su'rrou '~ro11:1i~',t ~~:oii~dr~plet
nded:by sh~atli.'~f;neg,t~f~t<=!i~J;e .
• • •
• ' • ••
.. • •~ '. :• .I
.. ·
/-.·" ••, •• ' • •

Sim ila rly , in cas e of det erg ent • ' . . ,,,;/;, ;_ ·i;, ' •.'

s, e.g., sod ium lau ryl sul pha te,

viz , CH3 (CH2)11 0S 03 Na+, the
po lar gro up is OS 03 alo ng wit
h the lon g hyd roc arb on cha i~. It
is an exa mp le of an,.anionic det
~ ani ons ass oci ate tog eth er to ergent
for m an ion ic mic elle sim ilar to -c·-c ---._. • • --- - ►•• •

./4 ~i on ic det erg ent for mi ng an ass tha t of soa p. A we ll kno wn exa mp le of
oci ate d col loi d is tha t of cet yl
CH 3(C H2 )15 (CH 3hN +B r- : Th trim eth yl am mo niu m bromide,
soa p. e me cha nis m of mic elle for ma
tio n in the se cas es is sim ilar to
that cif

Iii+\ a• Ef-.'"!M Co mp ar iso n of so me im po rta

nt ch ar ac ter ist ics of mu ltim ole
ma cr om ole cu lar an d ass oc iat cu lar ,
ed co llo ids

1. Th ey are for me d by
the The y are molecules of
. - . . ..:.

agg reg atio n of a lar ge nun ibe r of large size, They are formed by of aggregation
e.g., polymers like rubber, nylon,
ato ms or mo lec ule s wh ich ofa larg enu mb ero fio nsi nco nce n
starch, proteins, etc .
gen era lly hav e dia me ters les s than trated solution , e.g., soap sol.
1 nm,e.g., sols of gold, sulphur, etc .
2. Th eir mo lec ula r ma sse s are
not They have high molecular masses. Th eir mo lec ula r ma sse s are
ver y hig h.
3. Th eir ato ms or mo lec ule s are hel generally high.
d Du e to lon g cha in, the van der · Hig her is the con cen trat ion , ·
tog eth er by we ak van der Waals Wa als for ces hol
din g the m are gre ate r are the van der Waals
_ for ces .
_ _ _ __
____
- comparatively stronger.
____
_. , . , . ._ _
forces.
·----------· ---------
____
_ _,~ ~ l l f /
lll/ A~~'ll/llflJ
~
 5/21
FIGUR E 5.11
1 The CMC value of the surfac ta
. . .
hydrophobic cham (tail). and si nts fdepends both on the size.
of the
O
The two contributions are coun; e . tbe ~Ydrophilic domain (head) .
. .
h~drop~ob1c cnam and a higher. CMC
ractmg with a 1
for ower
CMC
. ~or a lar~er
:For sodium alkyl sulphates, a larger hydrophilic domam.
Surface
log (CMC) = A - B (No of C
where A and Bare constants.
· -atoms) i
P.

2. Variation. of some physical properties cl

e
j:)..
.. . -;
concentration (CMC) Th CM . ose to cntical nncelle CJ
• · • • · e ·i;; Osmotic
C ts detected by noting a pronou
d1scontmuity I~ _physical properties of the solution particularlynced
>,
.Cl pressu re
molar conductivity. The the 0..
· · · ' .
. typical variation of some physical properties
of an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl h .
. . .
shown m the adJoim.ng fig. 5.11. su1p ate c1ose to CMC 1s

CMC
5.12. Prep arati on of Collo idal Sols
Concentration of surfactant
. A~ discus~ed earlier, the lyophili~ sols can be prepared directly
by mixing the substance with the
~spersio~ me~mm. For example, c?ll01dal sols of starch, gelatine, gum
arabic, soaps etc. are prepared by
s1mp~y dis~olvi~g. these ~ubstances m warm water. Similarly, a colloid
al sol of cellulose nitrate is obtained
by d1s~olvmg it m a mixtu re of ~thyl alcohol and ether. The produ
ct (4% solution) obtained is called
collocbon. However, the lyophob1c sols cannot be prepared directly. Hence
, the following two types of
methods are emplo yed for obtaining the lyophobic sols.
A. Dispe rsion or Disin tegrat ion metho ds. These methods involve the
breaking of the bigger particles
to colloidal size. The methods generally employed for this purpose are
briefly described below :
(1) Mechanical disintegration. The mechanical disintegration is carried
out in a colloid mill or ball
mill or ultrasonic disintegrator. A 'colloid mill' (Fig. 5.12) consists of two
steel discs with a little gap in-
between and capable of rotating in the opposite directions at high speed
(7000 revolution per minute). A
suspension of the substance in water is introduced into the mill. The size
of suspension particles is reduced
to that of colloidal size.
(2) Electro-disintegration (Bredig 's method). This method is employed for
obtaining colloidal solutions
of metals like gold, silver, platinum etc. An electric arc is struck betwe
en two metallic electrodes suspe nded
in a trough of water. The intense heat of the arc converts the metal
into vapours which are conde nsed
immediately in the ice cold water bath resulting in the formation of
panicles of colloidal size (Fig. 5 .13).
h©•J;;J41'H FIGU RE 5.13
SUSPENSION

i +-- HOLLOW SHAFT

METAL
ELECTRODES ~"fin
- - - - DRIVING BELT
ELECTRIC ~
ARC

STEEL DISCS
ROTATING IN
OPPOSITE DIREC TIONS
Collo id Mill Brcd.ig' s metho d
\
 5/22 PRAD EEP'S NEW COUR SE CHEM ISTRY (XII) l!l!I!il
(3) Peptization.
P~ptization is a process of converting a fresh precipitate into colloidal P_artic
les by shakin g it
with the dispersion medium in the presence ofa small amount of a
suitable electrolyte. The
electrolyte added is called peptizing agent.

A few examples of sols obtained by peptization are given below :

(i) A reddish brown coloured colloidal solution is obtained by
adding small quantity of ferric chloride
solution to the freshly precipitated ferric hydroxide.
(ii) A precipitate of silver iodide can be peptized by shaking with
a dilue solution of silver nitrate or KI.
(iii) On adding insufficient quantity of very dilute
FIGUR E 5.14
HCl soluti on to the freshl y precip itated
alumi nium hydro xide, a sol of alumin ium

8
++ ++ ++
hydroxide is obtained.
Cause of peptization. As the electrolyte is added
~ ++Q + ++Q + ++Q +
- + ++ ++ +
to a freshly precipitated substance, the particles of the + + +
precipitate preferentially adsorb one particular type FRESHLY COLLOIDAL PARTICLES
PRECIPITATED OF Fe(OH h
of ions of the electro lyte (ions common with the
Fe(OH h
precipitated substance). As a result, they get dispersed
due to electrostatic repulsions. This gives particles of Preparation of colloid al sol by pcptization
colloidal size. An example of peptisation of freshly precipitated ferric hydrox
ide with ferric chloride solution
is shown in Fig. 5.14. Freshly prepared precipitates are preferred as they
are easily peptized.
B. Condensation or Aggregation methods. These methods involv e
the joining together of a large
numbe r of smaller particles to form particles of colloidal size. The
method s generally employed for this
purpose are as follows :
(1) By chemical reactions
(i) By double decomposition : When H S is passed through a dilute
2 solution of arsenious oxide in
water, a colloidal solution of arsenious sulphide is obtained.
As 2O3 + 3H2S ~ As 2S3 + 3H 2 O
(Colloid al solution)
(ii) By reduction : Gold, silver, platinum, etc. are obtained in colloid
al form by reduction of very dilute
solutio ns of their salts with a suitable reducing agents, e.g.,
2AuC1 3 + 3SnC12 ~ 2Au + 3SnC14
Gold sol
Gold sol can also be obtained by reduction of AuC1 solution with
3 fonnaldehyde and tannic acid or
with hydraz ine :
2AuCI3 + 3HCH O + 3H 20 ~ 2Au + 3HCO OH + 6HC1
Formaldehyde Gold sol Formic acid
or 4AuC1 3 + 3NH2NH2 ~ 4Au + 3N 2 + 12HC1
\ .
Hydrazine Gold sol
(iii) By oxidation : Sulph ur is obtained_ in the colloidal form when H
2S is bubble d through the solution
of an oxidis ing agent like nitric acid, bronu ne water, etc.
H 2S + Br2 ~ S + 2HBr
H2S + 2HN0 3 ~ 2H 20 + 2N0 2 + S
(iv) By hydrolysis: Fe(OH ) and Al(OH ) sols are obtained by boiling solutio
3 3 ns of their corresponding
chlori des, e.g.,
Fe(OHh + 3HC1
(Colloidal sol)
(®il#·i-i=lei:l=Mit-ii ;\1
. t ·
.;oJloida l so unon d epen?s upon the wavele n . 5/2 5
rn depends upon the size and natu th of the hght . . . •
1
f g scattere d by the collouia l particle s which m
0
~ the colour is red but w ith g r~ ~ e Particles. For exampl e, in a gold sol, if the particle s are very
tine, ' rowmg
ally golden. The colour also depe d , ·size of th e particle
·
s, the colour change s to purple, then blue an d
fi1n n s upon the ma ·m h. h
light focusse d on a mixture of 'lk
~i;ht
1
is viewed , it is red. . mi
· . nner w 1c the light is observe d. F or examp1e: for
a nd water, if reflected light is viewed , it is blue but if transID1 tted
5·14,2, Colligative Properties-Osmoti·c pressure
There are four colligat ive propert ie . •
• t and relative lowerin g of s-osmo ttc pressure, elevatio n in boiling point, depress ion in freezm ·
po:e on the numbe r of particle: a~~ur pressur~. These yropert ies depend g
upon the number of moles and
be nee the numbe r of moles re P s~nt. Col~oidal _particles have very high
average molecular masses
be . . n· i P . sent m solution will be extreme ly small Thus the value for any of, and
colhgaul v~ propeH tes or a particu lar substan ce will be smaller as compa r~ the
tn1e so ut1on. to it~ value when it is a part of
. . blowever
d , some colloid s h
· ave measur able osmotic pressur es which have ·ne d
with a reasona e egree of accurac y He been detemu
. · nee, measur . ·
the average mo1ecu1ar masses of colloida l particles. ement of osmotic pressure has been used to detenru ne
5.14,3. Mechanical Properties-Brnwnian movement
_W hen ~iewed throug h an ultram icrosco pe,
collo1dal part1cl~s are seen continu ously moving in a \ FIGUR E 5 .17

! /::

0
zig-zag way (Fig. 5.17a). Robert Brown , in 1827,
observed such a movem ent of pollen grains suspend ed
in water and hence it is called Browni an movem ent.
Thus, /
RESULTA NT ♦ \
'-
Browllian movem ent may be defined as FORCE I C])
contin uous zig-za g movem ent of the
0
colloidal particl es in a colloid al sol. Browni an movem ent

_B rownia n movem ent does not depend upon the nature of the colloid but
depend s upon the size of the
cclloidal particle s and viscosi ty of the sol. Smalle r the size and lesser the
viscosicy. faster is the movem ent
of _
the particle s.
Cause of Brownian movement. The reason for Brow ni an move ment is based
o n the fac t that the
molecul es of dispers ion medium due to their kinetic motion strike against the colloid
al particle s (dispe rsed
phase) from all sides with differen t forces . The resultant force causes them
to move (Fi g. 5.17). Howe ve r,
colloidal particle s being compar atively heavier , move with a slower speed
.
Importance o~ Brownian movement.
(i) Brown ian movem ent oppose s the force of gravity and docs not allow
the colloid al parti cles to settle
down. Thus, it is respon sible for the stability of the colloida l solution . (The
stability is also expl ai ned o n the
basis of electric al charge, as will be discussed later) .
(ii) It has also helped in the determ ination of Avogad ro' s number.
5.14.4. Optica l Proper ties-Ty ndall-effect
If a strong conver ging beam of light is passed thro~1gh a coll_o idal solutio n placed
in a dark roo m , the
path of beam gets illumin ated with a bluish light when vie wed ~t nght
a_ngles to the direc tion of the passag e
of light. The path o f the light becom es visible du ~ to scatterm g of hght
by the colloid al particle s. The
phenom enon was observ ed by Tyndal l in I 869 and 1s called T yndall effect.
Thus ,
1'y11 dal/ effect may be defined as th e scattering of light by the colloid al
particles presen i in a
colloidal sol.
The illumin ated p ath of beam is called Tyndall c~ne (F ig . S. ~8_). The
pheno meno n is al so observ ed
When a beam of light is proj ected in a c inema hall and 1t hecome s v1S1ble due to the
scatter ing by collo idal
dust particle s in the air of the room.
 5/2 6 •
lf-3#·1 •i3 3@
- - :-1 -NEWCO UR S E CH EM IST RY ( X l l ) -
.
FIG UR E 5.1 8 Ui M•i;J'-3
MICROSCOPE

0 ~l\~~
SLIT

tifr~l--~;~ti~:- TRU E SOL UTI ON CO LLO IDA

(NO SCATTERING (SCATT
L SOL
ERING
OF LIGHT) OF LIG HT)
TYNDALL CON';-~\~ING
OeO:onstration ofTyn4"all_eff
..
dis tin ctio n hetwe~.n a true.s9 hitict and
CONE SOL .
__ '_,,__ ,·_:,·~-·~•'~Ti)' aj_( ;ffff(;{};}(i''.:::·};~··:'. "• ion and . .
. '__ _ . . _a colloidal sol uti on __·_ ... .
Asim~l~-~xperi~e~~-~~··~h~: ;~ ~ Fi~. s.i9 ~ay
the sca tter ing of ligh t by a col 1 be per for me d in the laboratof)'.
loid al sol utio n and distinguish (in a dar k roo m) to see
par ticl es) and a col loid al solutio bet we en a tru e sol~t~on (fre e.
n. Th e pat h of ligh t is vis ible in fro m any dust
sca tter ing ) but no pat h is vis ible the bea ker co nta i~g col loi d~
in the bea ker con tain ing true sol sol (due to
It ma y be not ed tha t Tyn dal l effe utio n (as the re 1s no sca tten ng)
ct is obs erv ed onl y wh en the fol .
(i) Th e dia me ter of the dis per low ing two con diti ons are sati
sed par ticl es is not mu ch sm alle sfied :
ligh t use d, and r as com par ed to the wa vel eng
th of the
(ii) Th ere is a larg e dif fer enc
e in the refractive indices of the
Importance of Tyndall effect. Bas dis per sed pha se and the dis per
ed on Tyndall effect, Zsigmondy, sio n medium.
ultramicroscope. Th e set-up is sam in 1903, dev ise d an instrument call
e as shown in Fig . 5.18. An intense ed
foc uss ed on the colloidal solutio bea m of ligh t (e.g. , fro m an arc
n taken in a glass vessel and the lamp) is
the bem n. Th e ligh t scattered by n observ ed in the mic ros cop e at
eac h individual colloidal particle right angles to
Th us, num ber of colloidal particl appears as a brig ht star aga ins t a
es can be counted. Knowing the dar k background.
uni t vol um e can be determined. volume of the sol utio n, num ber
Thi s further helps to find out the of particles per
ultr am icro sco pe, we do not see average ma ss of the particles. No
the actual particles but only the te that in the
giv es no inf orm atio n abo ut the light scattered by the m. Th us, ultr
size and shape of the colloidal par amicroscope
Th e imp ort anc e of Tyn dal l eff ticles.
ect also lies in the fact tha t it hel
of the col loi dal sol utio ns. ps to con firm the het ero gen eou
s nature
5.1 4.5 . Ele ctr ica l Pro per tie s
. (a) Stability of colloidal ~Is - El
~t ri~ charge on collo~dal particl
is due to the fac t tha t the col lotd
al particles m the sol are electncal es. Th e stability of a colloidal solution
ano the r and do not coa les ce (co ly charged. Th e particles, therefo
me close to~ether) to fo ~ lar~e re, repel one
eith er pos itiv e or neg ativ e charge non-colloidal particles. Co lloi dal
. All the dispersed part:I~les m a par ticles c~
' the dis per sio n me diu m _has ru:1 colloidal solution carry the sam
equ al ~d opposite ~barge: ~or exa e ch ~;~ hil e
cha rge d wh ere as the d1spers~on mp le, arsenious sul phi de particl
me ~u m (water) !s pos1ti~ely cha es are ~at ive ly
cha rge d wh ere as the dis per sio n rged. Ferric hyd rox ide particles
me diu m (water) 1s negat.J.vely cha are positively
Us ing wa ter as the dis per sio n rged.
me diu m, the cha rge on the par
Tab le 5.7 . ticl es of som e com mo n sol s is
as given in
fi•\IT!.£ti\i'B Ch arg e on pa rti cle s of so me
co mm on so ls
· NEGATIVELY CHARGED ·-·
POSITIVELY CHARGED ·
(i) Me tall ic par ticl es (e.g.,
Cu, Ag , Au sols .). (i) Me tal hyd rox ide s lik e
Fe (O Hh , Al( OH h,
Cr( OH h, .Ca( OH )
(ii) Metal sul phi des like As 2
2S 3 , Cd S, etc. (ii) Hy dra ted metallic oxides, e.g .,
Al 0 . x
(iii ) Sta rch , gum , gel atin , clay
Fe 20 3 . x H 20, Cr 0 . x H 0 etc. 2 3 H20,
· 1c
, cha rco al, sihc · ac1'd 1 (iii) 2 3 2
so s. Oxides like Ti0 , etc.
(iv) Acidic dyes like con go red 2
, eos in sol s (iv) Ha em ogl obi n
(v) Basic dyes like methylene blue, pru
ssian blue et;_
 I/If°TI
~ i l-t1-1.iJ11um.1ur, ..._ ..
- ,af
t

•trlttd ~hnr.a t on ~olloid J r m1 th ool1 u11 1or 1l,u ,;r1MJu of t1lr.01rl,:

orJt1b1 of •\l-'t tJcl"N • 'l'h t, vmfo
i 111 ~ t'ullow~ :Po
l pi 11-1t~ll~1
,,1,mio ,111 th t' t•ol loldu
011
,,eul-,ti at
al <'l rc ·rr (/k ,u lm , 1,ullNtJd h
ti _ 11 h blns of 1h o !.!CJllt•IL Ju l vwti1Jloll wllli 1r1 u1
(/) Pdctltm ;11~~tm l " d,,u 11wt.lJu111.
tl10 dlsr,or~do n mot
(/1) b'lt1r ff'fll l •'t l/l
llum lin t' to mo~ n '~
fll fT' hy pnrl h
.ilt'N l)•om /1
0
n; Ih a l'U
,i
Jlo
cl
hJ
cc
uJ
tt·o
port1 ofor1In th o ,llH J}tm
•d l/llp oii1i1lon tu Ur1tH~fn tm
~ muthod.
own
o/' Ion \' 1~ ",, ,\'tJtu/,111 /m n- An I Il' I.J olJ ol d utlNorbR lonN uommon to trn
dn rln
llm i
P~ t't!. r,m fia l ud .,·0 ,7, , . ,w ' · · . on l of A~f tn r,rop11l'e{J by
(tli) -·1 um ., ·IllR th. e p1'C\p11rn1,lu n of lh e3 0 11 11
Intl ls'C
oddJn~ K I ~o lu llo n to A 8 N o solutl ~'1 11',•, t~•:
111
110
Nol. •· oA nm
Nll li£ hl ~K
pl
4.lO
y t ~ 111 . 1 INn, II llt,l_lnt I vo uh111·~c :
o,
NN
11' ~o llold oJ
, locJldo l011~ (
,m
I ) wlll he, utfNOl'bcd
un

of A ~I p11 1·tl ~l~s d, ~r~h

1 hr stu •fil cc, M v ~ ho
, - ► A~I ! I
AAI + I
(lh 1111 1\1)
l\ ~I hi 111.~J.!llJIRf:1!)
th,, ro llo id ul sol ol'
,
. 1

On lh o other hnnll, 11 Al,!NO ,-iolulion 10"' K ,I

i11~1
prcpur od by 11dd 1 NOa

Q(
.,., , /\ g 1 illllN I( I• N<):, 1 '
0 ht
. is in 'sllo
C',,"'..,,''"
solt1lio11 till A gN () , 1
.. ,,,,
rg t'
I<I
y ~lviug po.-iillvc:i dw
{;I

Q'
ud s,!rhNI lh c1 t'h
will ho ir lid cs : 1r 1 N0 '1 ([ ) N0 1'
.
to the l.',,lloufol 1u
1
I<I (J

NO ~
l'o sll lv l' 1i. ,I I<I• K' N<>:.,
(frn111 Ag NO 1)
c IC'l'I 0111 ions w
ill n,11111111 111 lh l' )o
h~ r cn sc,, lh q,rJ011 c,f <·o m ou
fn dl
R '' l11 n, -i in fh i;• first cns,J 1111d Pn,f,11·(,11 r 111 I 1ulNo
dc,11
H ,,
io11N fr om rlac ,w
lu
dispw-skm medium (r, llw n· hy i:ivi11g C'q1111I
nd rn se ')
NO j ions in lhc.• s, ·ru rri c;
gc 1
. lo the.~ di sp cndo11 lllc'diun1. sit iv uly ,: h111} ,c;,1d1sol of hyd1 ·at ud fo
nn<J opposite ch ur a po dr n. xi Ji.;
s,-i ,)f' l1t1I wa l er, added lo sodi11111 hy
l'l'il' ch lo rid 1., is 11dd 0d lo ~x 1.:e fol'l'ic t'h lo l'id1.1 is
Si111ilurly, if fo . if
'·11 ions. llo w ,w t•r
rm t·d dtll. ' lo 11dsorplio11 of li'l dsorptio11 of'< )I I ions .
oxide is lh t·d s,1 1 is oh l11 im ~d Ju l~In 11
y d1H1}~
solution, u 1wg11tivd '.',o i Fe ' I•
S) ~- } i"l'i >., ' ,\' "
I l ~( ., ., + II_{)
10 (l' Xl 'l'S
l'o sll ivc ly l'11 11rf,d 1-ul

d Nol
Nc~111lvd y du 11 }\<' C' OO
h) I' ,~xa 11 1p k\ in c11s0 of soap, th e R c
ag_i,:,r ga tio fl '!/'io
ll.\', lc r c1~rryin g 1h.:1,tativ
•t1 !t: ,,·j ,,llm 1·,•d hy gr ug al c i111~, H d_ us
(iv) Oi.,·.ww/ulion o/' molt'< fro111 Na"' io11s a~ul h11v ~ a km l~m·y lo ug k,_ll:Y lo d1ssoc m1 c lo form ag greg at es
~roups ~cl' dis~ol'ia
ll~d 1111.v o II lcnc
ed . Tl w p11r11clc s o! u dy e
chnrgc, us lllrc.·iuly
l .. xp l:i in
nd111M 11po11 11s nu
upos1t1011. c, I 1,.s
nc i,w ti w ch nr ~c do 1w
,{ {m rt ld~·s. I •'or c_x t~mpl
c:irryin~, po si tiv e or
_ad,wu-b ~d "' ' . ~li
1
t' ,rn ,ft,,:c
1t11tioi~. u_ y
n ,, f rlu · m o/ 1,:t:11I,,,. d trtt m ly tc ,,· lp hu .('':,I(·:
lc ~s 2:-,;_,) durn~g pr cc q~ os. l•c rric
/Ji.,·s tw ia tio r11 c lc: s, o,I su nl parll cl
(1,)
ud s( )rh ccl on ~o llo id al p11 ohy g1v111g a 11c~a11v c cl1' 111~u to collo1d nt-t
ninh ·c uk ·s ~1 .• I
II '' io ns urc losl th cr , • · ' () 1
' 1-
m ns nr c lo sl to lh u solution gjvi
;
,·
i to self d1ssoc u11io11 iitcJl1;J§I..F li
1:1
•Ii . . ),..· ,, · U 11 "Hl ,
·
, SSC ....1 ,1 1011 l pnrticl cs lift' positiv e dm
hydrnxid,~ so .
pn rt kk s. Ao I A£f" N0 3
po1~ ili vc c: l111rg ~ fo 01 Ag I I I K'. .
O ul f ltc
zt•ha 1,ott•nflRI. K"' 1 )I{ Ao''' NO j .
)i;ll'('lrokinefic or io o f charge c,.lls cd
ssc-d
~ucr Ao I ,-
Ag I
1h o nr ig . , -n s,d
Vurious lh t·r nf rs , . Ag I A(t ' NOi
l)f '
is ll) . : , 01 .
fo nm llu l nd sorptl011 (,I ions 10 Ag I i - K'" J' \
ubnve, pr e
~, CX fllnn1 11 io11 , W Ju.·n tuic IYP<' of c ot•~s th o / ,. \ /
MOB ILE/
a.-. r·he he I 011 11t(;• ,.,•1,rl: .,,c . , . FIXEO
1=1x {o MOBIi.Et OIFFUSEO LAYeA
111 t• (.;•·(ec tro ly lc 11n· ad so rh cl ld s LAYl;R
c k s, 11 th ril ls n
•fl~ed Juyt•r · It lll fll
d
sec,m LAYER OI FF USEO
LAYER
i·n lloi<ln l pn rli " ' ' 1111· 11wdiu
ni fonnl11 g II lectrical double laye
r
 - - - - -- - - - - -
-- =
t~::;:;;f:;
,,:;;
. :;§J;;:
5/28 1 ##¥--1 N EW CO UR SE CH EM
IST RYf(XII) ~
The double lay er of opp osite cha
is cal led Helmholtz electrical rges thu s formed l@(eiij;J@ a
double layer. As a + COLLOIDAL SOL_ · +
res ult , a differenc
e of potent ial exi sts between
lay er and the diffused layer. the fixed r1/ (.: ·-!.1•1 '1-- -,
. J''½ . Cy,./.C'--lIl, ~
This potential difference
is kno wn as electrokinetic
(b) Ele ctr op ho res
potential or zet a potential.
,"
;; . J,.
,, ',r: .
'1

is or cat ap ho res is. Th e

exi ste nce of the electrical cha
rge (positive or negative)
I
can be sho wn by the proces
s of 'El ect rop hor esi s' also
cal led 'Ca tap hor esi s ' wh ich
involves the mo vem ent
of colloidal particles toward
s one or the other electrode
wh en pla ced und er the inf •• •
(Fig. 5.2 2).
luence of an electric field
.....
••
•• •
The movement of colloidal particl
es under
. . •·
•
:~..••
•

· --
..
• •

.. ..,.
- ➔·"
-
-

the influence of an electric fiel .. .. ·-

d is called
••
electrop hores
,,,_, ..,
.. ..... ··
is or cataphoresis .
-·~-~
,..., ,
., .
·- --··--
As soo n · as the col loi dal
par tic les rea ch the
opp osi tely cha rge d electrode,
they get neutralised and 0 0
hen ce ~oagulated.
(a) B~fore electrophoresis'·
" ,, Ele ctr oph ore sis can be use (6) Afte~ Electrophoresis
d to find out the nature (For n~gatively · n
of the cha rge tha t the colloid char~ed col loi da l particles)
al particles carry. · tf.i
Ear lier the term use d was 'ca
taphoresi s' because most of
pos itiv ely cha rge d colloidal the colloid al sols stu die d at
particles and thus migrated tha t tim e contained
pho res is is pre fer red becaus towards cathode. Ho we ver,
e colloidal particles may mig now the ter m electro-
cat hod e dep end ing upon the rate toward s eith er of the ele
charge on the colloidal particl ctr ode , i.e. , anode or \
es.
(c) Electro-osmosis. On pla
cing a colloidal solution und
of the dispersion me diu m (wh er the influence of an ele ctr ic
ich are also electrically charge field, the particles
,I pro vid ed the colloidal particl d) move tow ards opp osi tely
es are not allowed to move cha rge d electrode,
ele ctr o-o sm osi s. Thus, as shown in Fig. 5.23 . Th is
phe nom eno n is called

FIG UR E 5.2 3

I +

SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRA
NE
Electro-osmosis
I .

Electr o-o
smosis may be defined as a
medium are allowed to move un p~enomenon in whic~ the mo
der the influence_ of an electric lecules of the dispersion
are not allowed to_move. field whereas colloidal particles
Th is phe nom eno n was obs erv
ed by Reuss (1809) and Por
ret (1816) .
*Note that the presence of a ver
y small amount of a suitable ele
ctrolyte is essential for the stability of the sol.

<le ,
 I
,I
I
- ,~ 1t'xtH11x.'\.i t\' \·,\1.t~nl~
llc' :i d, finih' :u11(,un1 I
,·r t\'I ~ ~- wh kh
Hardy &-hul:n• L3w.
Th~- ,iimntity ~,f ctw d,
11.__
~ i\,n ~,, ,n h;l \'11~! :1 '-·h ~11~rc ,)ppn~lf
(' hl th:,t
1._, f th~ \'\~1.$ .\\l .Hi
p\'.'I:ld~ ni, u, d,~ n, kl h'Y 1-.. th, W\ l ;.\S HUl''t~'
Sdt11l1.,~l.inv, th('
uf s rolk\idal Si)h1tillH d~ m ty am t ~\_\ hU h-\_ ' is
t This 1._)l'~"t'.fY?:\tll'l\ ,,f lL
of tne 1.-ullrud~tl l~lt1l\.'.lt"S
nwn (X\11\tS ,.)f whil'h ma
y ~- S(j k'\1 ~IS t\., lh?\\''S ~ rry
1i: ,:r t 1'11,i.,·< w'1id1 ai
ii: i
,:Ji ;_~ .il- ,' H
1 '°'" "-~ ul. ;.t1,
thcr t1ltl·rn 1 ti 1Y in !-r rin.~ iou.,· or
1

(i) Tiu rJ]et.:ffr-tr itm s tf 1J~;\iJ ro n"i.-la. ?'r1 ov

i,%,' tlTV r,,/J(';f ,'1M.~11fo
to h) ,u iif til r n lJ,
1

clu:irg-:e (~f'P<JSif<•
f'-"wcr to
fl,><·,·ul,uing itms uin,i: tir tilt" ,17,lt'fiJ /.Hfri__-c i ,lr; , .~r,'tu··a i.,· it;,•
(ii) Grtt1wr i.~ th t' m la
u;v ,f rlu t"t'-:J;,~ulr

w g abmJt ,,,){'J~ulnriau. l1, hid t St' !.. td\'~\ kn t l':1tio ns (Al- ➔ ) arc
1 for
d ,:n~t' li :u~ ,·n1 1.'US S\l a·' ) ca tio ns .
n~~~itiq.•ty (han l\h)lhrvulcnt (N
Thus. for l't' ~h:ulafo... n "'f in nu n mt ' llh. '-t\ ' d fr, ·ti,~ ,, 4
kn t t R:1 -'+ ) ~·tni\,n ~ wh kh tt:'tra\':t kn t I Fc(C N t!
· ani.nns ;1rc
more ~tlK' tin.' th! lll ~dirn frr ri, ' hy dl\ 'l.x id ..• ~\, t.
of posit.ivdy ,-.h:H~.'\i
S.imiJnrly. for ('Oaguh.ttil,n ,·f ftv ti, , · tlu n diY ;1knt (SOt ) anions wh
ich
, :U\' nn ,1, ·
nt ~lllt l'll ~ t N.-1:~ - ) whid
n1ore clrec tin ' th:m tii Y~tk
i,,ns.
th:u1 tnl'nvv-:i kn t lC.r-) an
in rum are more clre~tiv~ c·.s 1.,f :1 t:.-w ,·k ,m,tyr.·~ :u-
., .~iY<'n h('.lnw :
prt"'-'il•irn til'll Y!tlu
The cN10,ulotion l)f
For roo~ulnUon of n ne
.Elrrtrvlvu·
~tin-l_,· t·.ht1[1:ed
NaCl KCI
1'.+
Stl l tAs_.S,:t)
l K' I
l rt
~"~l.' 12
M.~~,,'l-
BaCI2
Ua 2+
AICl :i
A( I+

· N.,1+ 0·69 0-093 " "

Cmion .fl ).'\ 30 •8
, . -, ·
-' -
COll i.::Ulurum rr1 lue '(OH )_,
mdYt~· chargt'<f S<ll. 1''t K.:C204 K:i lFe(C N) 6 l
For ·et,aguladon of n po KN O ,: K )~ 1.)4
. KB r HC1
F.:lN·rm/ytr C .!o j - [Fe(CN)6l 3-
~l )/
BC er NO ;
An ;,,,,
.. ., P.:- . .
n-.'10 tl , 18
1 ,
·.. ~ 0·096
1-•- ive
Ct~ ,_tt11lmim1 n 1/t1t"
138
n~ uln t~,,n, n~,,,~ -~1!~1~ i0n value, to co mpare the relat
t'1~1;! ~· P~'{"-'rtit~nnl ,tt~ .-,, 1d.1! st 1 l, \\ " 11.,, c :
As C041t1lndn~ P<' \w r is inv ·tn,lv• te ,· h' r the ~!111lt ~t, lh,
l~l>Sil ttl "•:
" ,.lu f\g J)U WCl'I- ll
1. (W\' ~ 1t'1.. 1 e yf electrolyte 2
pl we r of eln :tr oly tt' l __ t\" ~u l;lt h n \ 'l th1
l \ia.~ularing 1
clectmJy• te 1
-2 (\~\.,~Ul tUlf,n V;1l\1e M
..: uh"ti.n~~ ,v,
,'- .l ,,,!'. ,w r of de('rt'(>l)1t'
' ' t" -
. T
5/30 1::.1;1·,.i=###R-i NEW COU RSE C HEM ISTR Y (XII) ~

~
_
For example, for coagulation of negative As
2S3 sol,
Coagulating power of AIC½
-C-o-agu
- Ia_tin
_ =--
g-=-p-ow
Coagulation value of NaCl
- er_o_f_N_a_C___l = Coagulation value of AICI3
= ~ = 559
0-09 3
~ • AIC13 has 559 times more coagulating pow
er than NaCl.
V 0 r a negativel y charged sol, like that of As S the coagulati . .
ng powers of tbe catzons are ID the order:
2 3
/ AJ 3+ > Ba2+ > Na+. ·
/ ~ positively charged sol like that of Fe(OH) ,
the coagulating pow ers of the anio ns are in
3 the
orde r: [Fe(CN) J4- >p oi- > soJ- > c1-
6
Coagulation can also be caused by the following
methods :
(i) By electrophoresis. In electrophoresis,
the particles of dispersed phas e m.~ve t~wa
charged electrode and get neutralised. If the rds oppositely
process is continued for sufficient time, these
particles unite and grow in size and settle dow neutral
n.
(ii) By mutual precipitation. Mutual prec
ipitation is a process in which opp osite ly
:I mix ed in prop er prop ortio charged sols are
ns to neut ralis e ·the charges of each other causing coagulation of
sols. For example, if positively charged ferri both the
c hydroxide and negatively charged arseniou
sols are mixed, both the sols get coagulated. s sulphide
(iii) By prolonged dialysis. The stability
of a colloidal sol is due to presence of a sma
electrolyte. On prolonged dialysis, the electroly ll amount of the
te is completely removed. As a result, the collo
becomes unstable and gets coagulated. . idal sol
(iv) By hea ting (boiling) or cooling. In
some cases, heating the sol resu lts into coag
coagulation of butter. When a sol is boiled, ulation, e.g.,
the adsorbed layer is disturbed because the
·ollisions on them by the molecules of the disp num ber of
ersion medium increases. Consequently, the
the part icles decr ease s. Hen charge on
ce, the stab ility decreases leading to their settling dow n as
Sim ilarl y, a precipitate.
in som e case s, cool ing the sol resu lts in coagulation, e.g., coag ulat ion of milk
! 'ling milk , fats start floating on the surface. , i.e., on
Comparison of coagulation of lyophobic and
lyophilic colloids. Lyophobic sols are less stabl
nee mor e easi ly coag ulate d than 1yop hilic e and
collo ids. This is because the stability of 1yophilic
o fact ors: sols is due to
(i) Sam e charge on all the colloidal parti
cles.
(ii) Solv atio n of the colloidal particles.
Thus, to bring about coagulation, both thes
e factors have to removed. This is don e
(i) by addi ng electrolyte. (ii) by adding suitable solvent.
Whe n a so]vent Jike alcoho] or acetone is adde
d to a hydrophilic sol, the dehydration of the
particles occurs. Now, only a small amount colloidal
of the electrolyte can bring about coagulation.
The stability of 1yophobic sol is only due to char
ge. This factor can be removed by adding only
Hence, they can be easily coagulated. electrolyte.
·
a ._ ct Ga& £4 JtSS-. .JXAJi Jt, Ai t ,£. _Q .
.
¼AWL I - 1 CL Sil.# ,, L Si __ $ _ :p
PR OB LE MS
BA SE D
ON ,WW= t•◄ •Jtt½J#•&
It involves the calculation of the .amount of elec
Calculation of trolyte in miJlimoles
required to bring about complete coagulation of
Coagulation/ one litre of the colloidal
solution.
Flocculation
Value
 ,...vu·.i:pi u,;,1,\;, \,,UQl:,U 1'1UOlr = J\J- Ulllllll1
01g
,. -- - · - -• 4 ~..
By definition, flocculation value of NaCl= SO
SUP PLE MEN T
yoU R KNO WLE DGE
tion of either positive or
Isoelectric point -Of a colloid. Lyophobic sols have a specific charge due to adsorp
case of certain lyophilic sols,
negative ions. Some lyophilic sols also have a speeific charge. However in
n. Above a certain pH
particularly proteins, the sign of charge depends upon the pH of the solutio
this.pH, they have a positive
(characteristic of ~ach sol), the particles are·negatively charged. while below
migrate up.c,\er the influence
charge. At that particular pH, the particles are uncharged and, therefore, do not
le, fof gelatin it is at pH of
of 'electric field'. This pH is called the isoelectric point of the colloid. For examp
human milk, it is 4·1-4 •7,
4•7. Usually it is not at a definite pH but over a pH range, e.g., for casein from
and for haemoglobin, it is 4.3-..:5.3_
C uR IO SlT Y Q.U ES T'1 0N
.
Why do we Sf!e a beam coming· from projector to screen In a clnen;1~ hall
?
9
particles of the dust present in
Ans. This is due to. scattering of light coming from the projector by the
·
the air.and,, falling '. in .the path ofthe beam of light. . m
~TllP I i. . . .
5.15. Prote ctive Actio n of Lyophilic Colloids and Gold Num ber
,_-~.i-_:\~--
FIGU RE 5.24
It has already been explained that lyophobic sols like those of
metals (Au, Ag, etc.) are unstable and are easily precipitated by LYOPHILIC PARTICLES
(PROTECT]NG PARTICLES)
addition of electrolytes. However, it is observed that the addition of
certain lyophilic colloids like gum~, soaps, gelatine, etc. to lyophobic
colloids (like a metal sol) render lyophobic colloids difficult to
coagulate by the addition of electrolytes*. The process is known as
'protection' and the lyophilic colloids are termed as Protective ·
colloids. It is believed that the protective action of the lyophilic
colloids is due to the covering up of the particles of the lyophobic
.
colloid by those of the lyophilic colloid (Fig. 5.24).
LYOP H6a1c PARTICLES
.· However, this explanation does not seem to be fully correct
(PARTICLES BEING PROT ECTE D)
because the particles of the protecting substance have almost the
nce being protected. Thus, the . ..
same size as those of the substa . • 1 · :P rotect 1on of colloi ds
,. · ·. . . · ·
" ~t ruechamsm of protection 1s not c e~. . . .
ondy (in 1901) introducec
·~., To compare the protective action of different lyoph1hc col101ds, Zsigm
tenn called Gold number. It is defined as follows :
rams which must be
Gold numb er of a protective colloid is the minimum mass of it in millig
8 per cent gold) so that
added to JO mL of a standard red gold sol (containing 0.0053 to 0.005
no coagulation of the gold sol (i.e., the change of colour from red to blue) takes place .when
). ;mL of 10% sodium chloride solution is rapidly added to it.
becomes revers1'bl . .
*Moreover, now the sol of the lyophobic colloid is no longer irreversible but e, i.e., ca
evaporated to dryness and remade by simply adding the dispersion medium.
-=-~ ---
 I ~
~ - l;l@•Hl#l:¥-1 NEW cou ~~E clilEM_fSiR~ (XII)
~ -0
EvJden,tily! sinaller the go.Id number of a protecti~e colJoid,
the greater 1s its protective action. The &old
num bers of a few protectiv e coll oids are listed in Tab
le 5.8.
'r:, ~1" :j.-1;,I Gold numbers of a few protective colloids
GOLD NUMBERS
RECIPROCAL
Gelatine 0·005 - 0-01 200 -10 0
Casein 0·0l -0· 02 100 -50
Haemoglobin 0-03 -0 -07 33 -.14
Albumen 0·1 -0· 2 10 -5
Gum arabic 0·15 - 0·25 7- 4
Potato starch
The reciprocals of gold numbers are included in the
- 20- 25
above table as they give directly a comparison of

0•5 -0· 4
the protective action.
a • -- a ~-• lJ..MtJ 4$ A-t It 40RQ lff.l Q ¢0 IA#., ,:,-'/
,¥,£4)144
,, . ' ,T,<; ~ J " '
MMAM.M
• • AA.ll' l111T''f'//'"r•qm; jQ)..,./f~•/l'
·. '. /1"'/~M,.41@,},,fi,1
• ' ,4*4,•,Pff'ir.,,.,,
.~'•..,.,._
-,,,,...;,)@,..
,, _, ,, JZii J !L 44 .!QA
,,J/."'/!!'n/H ., _,. ,..,. ~-•N-..;) •
PR OB LE M S
BA SE D ~1-:::c
ON ii·-;l.·~•-.
:!' p

="'5" fi'''Yf ~~~T ~

. _,...... . ~~:,.;'.
~1Ji~ •·.,,.1_1o1 f'"~Jdtb ,- ... f~
..t ~ .~,:..,-. ] L
t.
It involves the calculation of the weight of the prot
Cal cula tion of U ective colloid in
milligrams to be added to 10 mL of gold sol to prevent
its coagulation J ·.,,,
Gol d Num ber on addition of 1 mL of 10% NaCl solution.
-' · 'i
-
of 0-25

;7WE
starch

an -·- ; rszn-w S'tt ·: · z -rr~c, ?tt

P r obl em The coagulation of
g of to it before add ing 10 mL of 10%

'O\Bf:fittt-fif'Hidttuw· aSdltiHGM#atwnwwwwf'i1ffil1ff'tfirti??r
100 mL of a colloidal sol of gold is completely prev
ented by addition
NaCl solution. Find out the gold number of starch.

ftf'Mtwttstw:tt:&nwimrWvst¥ffR~w·m rtrtw brr"ir·f

i
Solution. Starch added to 100 mL .of gold sol to com
pletely prevent coagulation by 10 mL of 10% NaCl
solution =0-25 g =250 mg. This is 10 times the amo
unt required for coagulation of 10 mL of gold sol by
I 0% NaCl solution. 1 mL of
Starch required to be added to 10 mL of gold sol to com ;.
pletely prevent coagulation by 1 mL of 10% NaCl sol
=25 mg
:. By definition, gold number of starch = 25.
Not e that to test 100 mL of gold sol, 10 mL of 10% NaCl solution is required as for 10 mL of gold sol, 1mL
of 10% NaCl solution is required.
~~ ~
~
L'~:"-2:,•·:·f= l ~l Ra
,..!,;..- ~ ~ ~
B
0
1, ~,:· ·,,. ~ ( .; \ .,. ~, j - . · ( ···:· :,, \ ·, .. -~ ·.·, · ,. , -~ -- . . .. .. . / , ,._· · ,p --~.
,t,,.
'jl);ht-ief #le): j:jt,j ~i j ;\1 5133
s. 16 , Em ul si on s
idal dis . . e and th~ du pe m on
A • r11wlsio11 is a collo both the dlapened phas
he tw o~ ~~ '; ;n which
111di lu n are liquids. (T . . nvolved are other
wtae immilcible).
ion A tw o liq ui ds
Method of preparat . n emuJs1on is db gly the mixture of the
epare Y shaking stron ared
. ture th ro ug h a coll 1.d
p~ e emulsions thu s prep
or by passmg the mix
ar e us ua lly not stab~
n;:u, ca lle d ~c . homogenizer. Th
th e two hqu1ds separate out on standing
. To ge t a stable
froID the pu re liq ui ds a~ ta nces thus
ie s of certain oth e g preparation. The su
bs
emulsion, sm al l qu an tit s~ ce s are added durin mmonly
ulsions are call e; su ents. The substances co
added to stabilize the em ts ar e soaps ; e~ m s~ er s or emulsifying aghonic acids or lyopbilic colloids
sulp
used as em ul sif yi ng ag en et c.) .
0
va rio us kinds , long chain
(proteins, gu m , ag ar sifier
. ple of soap as an emul
e role of em u1SI·fiier can be explamed taking the exam (C H COONa), so di u~
Role of emulsifier. Th so di um palmitate
od . gher fatty acids, e.g., 15 31
ot as si um saJts of hi n part (C 15H 31 - ,
Soapst areCs ~u ~~ ~p o parts, the hydrocarbo
of soap consists of tw luble in water
N_a), etc. A ~oJ~cule oo -N a+ ) which is so
steara e ( 17 35 . and the polar group (C
C17H35 - • et c. ) wh
ic h is so lu bl e m oIJ
co o- N a+
R
Hydrophilic part
Hydrophobic part
(Soluble in water)
(Soluble in oil) e oil and the
the soap remains in th
lution, the R - part of trated ov er the
su rro un de d by soap so molecules are concen
_!lmJ, if a dr op ?f o~l is in Fig. 5.25. Thus, soap s and hence they
s m w at er as sh ow n n oil and wa te r decrea
se
COO N a pa rt re m am terfacial tension betw
ee
re with Fig. 5.9).
oil. As a resuJt, the in s are formed (compa
surface of th e dr op of ulsjon. Thus, micelle
ot he r to form the em
are in te rm ix ed in to ea ch ents are proteins, gum
s and agar.
ly used stabilizing ag ible with water and
is
So m e ot he r co m m on an y liquid which is immic
If the term "o il" is us
ed fo r classified in to tw o
'fypes of Em ul si on s. s of emulsions may be
, then the various type
em ul sio n with water
capable of fo rm in g an iu m .
es e ar e : te r is the dispersion m ed
types (Fig. 5.26). Th oil is the dispersed ph
as e an d wa
w at er (o/w) in which ow n ex am pl e is
(i) Em ul si on of oi l-i n- ter. An ot he r well kn
uid fat dispersed in wa
is an em ul sio n of liq
Fo r ex am pl e, milk
spersion m ed iu m .
th at of va ni sh in g cr
ea m . phase an d oil is the di
wa te r is the dispersed
(ii ) Em ul si on of wat
er-in-oil (w/o) in which te r is the dispersed ph as e an
d oi l is
of wa te r in oil, i.~., wa m.
er oil is an em us io n butter and cold crea
Fo r ex am pl e, cod liv on ex am pl es of this
ty pe ar e
m . Tw o ot he r co m m FI G UR E 5. 26
th e di sp er si on m ed iu
OIL WATER DROPLETS
DROPLETS
(- _,. I
liiteJl);341ffj
,,,,,,
' r"" ._
'-.. ~...'
,_ _ ___ I 0
I
CIRCLE (E))
/ WATER REPRESENTS 0
Na+) ('
..J
POLAR GROUP (COO
\ I ()
I
( ',
Ii .
,.)
WAVY LINE (WN') ',
REPRESENTS OIL C:)
NON-POLAR 0
I
I GROUP(R-)
WATER
Types of em ul si on
ater In oi l
(a) oi l In water (b) w
ulsincr
R ol e of so ap as an em the
. .
tw o liq ui ds • If water 1s u
. tive am.ount.s of
. R. upon the .rela emulsio
· e type of em· ul
sion depend emulsion. The type of
Evidently, th ces8, H 1s water-m-od
emulsion. Jf oil JN in ex
excess , it is oj)-in-water
 ;J~;~!~
•![E•J~:j~:j~:.M§~
~-l N E W G OU 1--1:S t:: t;H t::M
R Y (XII) ~ ·
Djft
f E::; l
orm e d also dep end s upo n the . .
as the em uls ify ing agents genera
nat ure of the em uls 1fy mg agent. F or e xam ple. '.
the pre sen ce of soluble 8
lly favour s the for ma tio n of em oap s
of ins olu ble soaps (conta uls ion s of ~il -m -w ate r ~h ere as the pr~
ini ng non -al kal i me tal ato ms sence
) favours the for ma tio n of em
So me ver y com mo nly use ~ls1ons of water-in-oil.
d em uls ify ing age nts for o/w
syn the tic soaps whereas for w/o emulsions are .: pro tem s, g~ms
em uls ion s are , natural and
: hea vy me tal salts of fatty acids, lon g cha m
bla ck, etc. alcohols, lamp
To test the type of em uls ion . Th e typ e to wh ich the given em uls ion bel ong s can
by any on e of the following me be teS ted experimentally
thods :
(i) Microscopic method. To a
sm all am oun t of the giv en em ulsion, a few dro ps of water_ are
wa ter will mi x completely if the .added. The
em uls ion is oil -in -w ate r typ e. Likewise, for the wa ter -m - 01
the miscibility wit h a few drops 1emulsion,
of oil can be tes ted . Th e mi sci bility can be see n un der a mic
(ii) Co nd uct an ce method. Th is roscope.
me tho d is bas ed upo n adding a sm all am ou nt of an
emulsion. If the conduc tan ce inc ele ctr oly te to the
rea ses , the em uls ion is oil-in-water typ e and if the re
cha nge , it is water-in-oil type. is no significant
(ii! ) Dy e method. A small am
oun t of an oil -so lub le dye is add
it bec om es deeply coloured, oth ed to the emulsion. If it is water-in-oil typ
erwise it remains colourless. e,
Properties of emulsions. (i) Em uls ion s exh ibi t all the pro per tie s lik e Ty nd all eff ect
mo vem ent , Electrophoresis, Co , Brownian
agulati on on add itio n of ele ctr
as the dis per sed par oly tes (containing mu ltiv ale nt positiv
ticl es, i.e., glo bul es are usu ally negatively charged) as sho e ions,
(ii) Em uls ion s can be separa wn by col loi dal sols.
ted int o the ir con stit uen t liq uid s by boiling, freezing, cen trif ugi
pre cip ita tio n by adding large ng, electrostatic
am oun ts of the ele ctr oly tes to precipitate ou t the dis per sed
che mi cal destruction of the em phase or by
uls ify ing age nt. Th e sep ara tio n of cre am fro m mi lk is a we
exa mp le of centrifuging. ll known
The pro ces s of separation of
the con stit uen t liqu ids of a11 em ulsion is called dem uls ification
(iii ) Em uls ion s can be dilute .
d by add ing any am oun t of the dis
and oil s for w/o emulsions. Ho persion medium, i.e., wa ter for
we ver , if dis o/w emulsions
per sed pha se is add ed into the em uls ion , it forms a
lay er. separate
Applications of emulsion s. Em uls ion s are use ful in a number of ways. A few of the
giv en be low : applications are
(i) In the me tal lur gic al proces
ses, the con cen tra tio n of ore by
tre atm ent of the po wd fro th flo atation pro ces s is bas ed upon
ere d ore wit h oil em uls ion . the
com es to the sur fac e and is ski The valuable particl~s of the ore
mmed off. for m foam which
(ii) As ph alt em uls ifie d in wa ter
is use d for bui ldi ng roa ds wit hou
(iii ) Mille wh ich is an im t the necessity of melting the
po rta nt con asphalt.
stit uen t of our die t is an emulsion of liq uid fats
(iv) Se ver al oil y dru gs are pre in water.
par ed in the form of emulsions.
(v) Certain disinfectant s suc h as det tol and Lys ol giv e emulsions of oil-in-water type
(vi) Th e cle ans ing act ion of ord on mixing with water.
ina ry soa p for wa shi ng clo the s, crockery, etc. is bas ed upo n
of oil -in -w ate r em uls ion . the formation
(vii ) Th e dig est ion of fats in the
the fat rea cts wit h the alk
intestines
ali
_tak es pla ce ?Y the ~ro ce~ s of emulsification. A small amoun
t of
ne sol uti on pre sen t m the mte_stmes to for m a sod ium
cau ses the em uls ific ati on of the soap. This soap
res t of the fat the reb y making the function of the dig
eas ier in car ryi ng ou t the me tab estive enzymes
oli c processes.
Harmful effects of em uls ion s. Th e for ma tio n of em uls ion s is som eti me s
lsi· har mf ul. Fo r example,
ms em u on wit h wa ter· Thus, in the petroleum wells, we get the em
&
petroleu m 1or
. al L'k ulsion sometimes instead
of petro.:1ieum one. 1 e wi·se , in the areas where sm a11 amounts o f petroleum are
present, the well water
becom es un fit for use.
 , .. . . . ::a, " ~.,, , ,,• 'I \ ,,"' : ,•, • \\ I, , , , \ '\. \ ''\ ~, '
' • "' .... . • ' .
.. . . "
~
"' 1, \, ,
- - - -,-.}."',t• Ct.,,, ~
'- •• \
• '\ 1, '" \ .~ " '
'' • '.'
' ' -
~v-'J~ ~~
v,,. ,., . "' . ra~ t:'"~' i'if\t-.~~_,..,, ..,t~ ,1 ~f -~\1,~
.:·' I\.
l'~ t' : •..,::,) .; .. '
h , ~ - .. ''",--•\,.:t.~n~
?''·· ~ -~• _.: t~1
<l~ '
,a,._~~~M~ ~ ~~ .._~
,ti\ "\:ft , l,, \,,. ''" "''~
\\t,\ ,t"'-'l' "' ~"-'.l.\ \Ht\\ h\\ t¼\ mitt,' ",
1..;?1, '.' ,ttt ' ~-"\rn.~''-\ °t': i~·.~·.:,, '!,. lr;~ ,--.f ~ l\'tl'¢h' h'~ d ~\",t
t>;
\\ ,)ri... i\l~.:k' whi.~b h4u.,J ~,\\$~, -1~
Writn L\~ ~ l i~ ,1.n~'l\\" t h' ~t.uid.

1 v~ "'--) \~,, 'll\t ~\\

fo~ ,\ k\l\~ \\\\\~\ \t .~·,i.t~S ,\\~\ l,,~
~
,~ t~~' '\~\\\\\' t~~M n~ ~, ''" '
"""'\l\~,
,~,h·
~hrin\.ing: ._,f ~d i~ lt; \\~'U ,~ ~\l
~ ('.\r
· ~'"'' l\\\lt--~ ,1 k ...~ n"'
m,-tm r,\\ \H~\\i ,ht t,"\\' I\\\ '
Cla~ ifk11tknl of' ~ ~ Gd~ al~ \'t \~"-\f\~,t t\\t ,, \~--~
t-<-rween tht .t.~ fol h.,w~ :
t\\\
. _. ElASllt GB.s ·\ '• ~~ •~ _. .A IT IC G IL I .. ~--~\--)•
r· ' ~ •~\ ''.'\ j,·• .-,· ·:
~ tt~" l~-'\ '~"''l'c~· ~;'\ \1",,~\' ..m' th,\\'\' ~,'h \\ hh'h
,i,, \h 'l \' \'-~"' ' ' ,h,'\
Th~~ ~ U\\\.~ td~ whk h l'\~~~ ,l t h~ tki~\, i,,"., th,' ~ d\..H ~,~\\\t \\~ \,h,
,
~i)
~'\'lt.1 m~\~~ ,,.n \'J.\ \\\ ~tt)
of e-la'1:id t~·" i. ~.. w y 1.'.h~u~e t\'I \~ \ \$h t ,\\\,(
\\\~~'\ (\\\ ,kt~,k\\t\,,\ \ \\ h,,' h \\ ,\\
\\h
,'\'l \\~ «t, i ,mx,
dehydnnil:m wh kh "'~tt\ ~ ;Un ~ ,nh' th, ',\\ \~\\\::\\ t,\\1.\\ t"~
~y htdt\t\~ ~t\,1 ,'m \\\\\ l t't ,, \\,\\ ,\\h \_ \
gel by ~dd..iti1..)U. () f w~iter foll1.'.1Wt'\1
cooling. t~·~Hh\~ W\th w .-it\' \\
,uh.' r., t~ y ~\t\,\\\'1' ,;i'\ rn,,~ ,h, \h.' t st\\,\\ th t ''" i''" '\\H'l\\\ n ,, ,
lii) \Vb.en µln.1..'t;..'li in "°"'t\t~t..'t with \tnhth\t11,,\t
,\il kd
,,·utt·r and ~well. Th i~ P,l'\'t~ny i~
imblbition. ~h'\1l
.\~t ,'\\H\\\h \\\ ~., ,m,ph:' i~ ~\\ kk
liii) E.,anlpl~$ indud-~ gelatin
e-, ~\g~l.l' ~l.g.ar, ~t~U \'h., ft-.' . ,iii\ ~h ,,,_..., _ _ _ . . . .
, _ . _ _ ~ .... - ~ .- - - - . -
• _...,_........
. .-~
..,. _ _ .._ _ _
...........
..,,..,_._
-------..
~. .i....-~..'-'-- • •·... ........~ ~ . - -
- - - -- --
-- - - ~
. . . . . . . . . . .....
\~ \,,,~ th,'.\\' ~'t\l\\l ~\\hd ~,-- \ lik,
\ d\~\\\'\ ,'(\'l'
lbixotropy. Some gd~ m,.t' tha
t 1,)f ~t'h\tin,' \.'\l\ ""'-''.h:mk;ll ~h~\kll Wt.--'H, ~1
inh, ~d . l'n:'s 1t'f \ \''1\,\i N-.,· ;"-+fft,
i~ ~~,t '-'n ~t~l.ndit\~ (\~~\in ,·-h:n\~-'~
and ch ~i e into ~l liqnid ~,,L Tb.
is b :ti w11 ,;s :iti \w n~;•,, ~
involving grJ -.svl rru 11.~tin1t1-£Uitm
r-1~,
O· "",.
ro snrv au -~. ~-- u nil
--C----u--R-~-...~"""'"""'"'.......~·--· ............... .. _- ...... . .... a.re em............uls........-~
..;.,--,
~
'0-1, ~"tl btttw tlt' n
... , _
~ ,....,
ion~- Tl, ~n what l-s th ~ dlffl)r
t.!J Vanishing cream and cold cresm both L
the tw o? 1..~ld ~1't~11n i~ ,1n t'l nlll l~l,, n
l)f w,,h,, \.1i,,,,1
uls ion of oil·-in-,,·nt~r wt'l-~,~~1$
Ans. Vanishing cream is an em 1 dium) in thi~ (' f'i).:-, m h~ '-.' ii.
n as tha tm~a ,dis!J$ ~ l0n m,
The latter is used for dl)1 ski~---------- - --- ---· -
- - - -- - --,~ . -- id:-
·---
5.17..-\p pli ca tio ns L) t c l, 1lo ,·at h.ms
i:' . S,,nw ,,f tlw inlt'1.Wtant :\l'Pli
t\'k in n:H ut\' mlli in 1.mr Lbily lit'
Colloids play a very s.ignifirm1t
of colloids are discussed be low : nti nn l 1 f 1.· l' rlll in plw tHH twn n ;
in t'W r ~dn~ lifr :rnd c,p Lm
A. ..\ppliratio11~ of l·ollt1itb d:tl r,)t'm l'{'t':\\\st' in this t,wm.
tht'\' a,,. t\h 'I\'
(i) ~led.kines. Most of the
metfo.:ines usi!d an.· int.ht' ,'L'll,,i :ti\ ' t.'. r,,t· x
t'. am pk. ·
fm:e arcn imd h~m~,' nr,' m,,t\' ,'sff,\
easily assimilated due to largi.! snr .l nnt~nwn.y i~ nsrll t,w ,·m·it\_~
knla rnt
used _as an l'Y~ 11.,ti~)t~. ~~) Cl,lh.,
idn
(a) Argyrol is a silver sol ~ hlk L)t nu\ ~twsin , whi"'-h is
an ~nmlsh.'\n,
mt1111~u~St'\~lar m,1~,·tt1.m , (d)
(c) Colloidal gold is used ns m~ ar1dtty tn the stonrnl'lt.
g
is used as an antacid for reducm hutt t.·r ki.'
' C\)\lf,hhl in n:\tlll\\ <\ \;., milk.
(ii) Food articles. A number
of food n.rtide~ that we ~at m't. ·
creams, fruit juices , halwu. etc.
 ~
5/36
PR AD EE P'S NE W €O UR -SE c.,.,f.i cuic:i-:c v:.,-:v.;, ~ '
·-
(ii i) Fog~ mist an ~ cloud
. In winters, at nig ht, the mo istu
P~ cl es for mm g fine drople r~ of ~e _air condenses _,on t_he -Surfaee O! dus
ts. These dro ple ts are col loi dal t
air m the fon n of fog m siz e an d hence continue to -float 1n the
or mist.*
Cl ou ds are aerosols consisting
of sm all dro ple ts of wa ter sus pen
wh ere the temperature is low ded in the air. In_ the upper atm
, they con den se tog eth er ~sphere
for m of rain. Ra in is to for m big ger drops which co me down 'in
als o cau sed wh en tw o op po sitely charged clouds me et eac the
(iv) Artificial_ rain. Artificial h other.
rain can be cau sed by spr ayi ng
sand particles ov er a cloud. Th ele ctr ified or oppositely c~arged co llo
e col loi dal wa ter par i~-dust or
coagulate to fon n bigger water ticl es pre sen t in the cloud will get ne ut
drops cau sin g art ific ial r~ and
co mm on salt on the cloud rai n. Ar tifi cia l rai n c~ also be caused_by throwing
s, as it is an ele ctr oly te and bri ngs about coagulation of water
( v) F~ ti .o n o~Delta. River particl~s. ·
water contains charged :;Jr1.; ,_:\
co l10 1~ particles of clay,· san -.. l,.:o"fi >>D ;ft< . ;t.\lt: :!eJ ,-·o; };i r\:3'L 'iCX.:ZVJJ{':,
d and many other FIG UR E 5.27
ma ~n als . Se a water is a very big
store-house of a
vanety of electrolytes dissolved
in it. As soo n as
river water co me s in con tac t l_
~:)_. 1//l!l(F'f/,\~}I';~ \ SAND & CLAV
wi th sea wa ter , the [)1,111,1'.-iJ~
· •'if;;;·/,. ·,r, ., ,.': ,,_ ( '. ~.? ?i"f'_,,·~.. ..,:,•:',
electrolytes pre sen t in sea wa -r ·.'.:..\S -·- _· .\\\
I
/'".,,,. PARTICLES
1
.,·.t' . ...
,,.,. -,,_,_ i_..
ter coagulate the l// lt~·r.:·*.-.{ l'f.;~":,•':-''-\ ,\'-.\ _..;/ COAGULATED BY
sus pe nd ed co llo ida l pa rtic les
// II/I 11i •:~"" -~,·
... , .. .·,
,, \'•·,'
..,,,. '.,\'•
' r ,.,,< \\
settle down at the point of con
.which ultimately I I N II1,.:
,-i1 1, t~•-;\
.• . .,_•,i:.
~ ... ·~1 1•61·1,\. • \~'
0
,':
,.,.;, \\ '-.\' SALTS 0
F
1 I II{ ! (:* ~~:.~ :!-,\~ ~t.~f-:
tact. Thus, the level :,·?,\ \\ \ \ \ SEA WATER
~~
o~ the river be d rises. As a res
ult, water adopts a
different course and delta is for
med in due course
of time (Fig. 5.27). It is so cal led bec aus e the hea p
formed has a shape similar to
the Gr eek lett er fl.
· - · ~ -·"" "··- ~~ ~"
\"'l" ~ ~
In oth er words, delta is formed
the estua,ry (i.e. deposit of sedim
due to silting of .:fonriati~~ I>elfif-.. ::>;.'·,,;-:
9f
ent at the mouth
of the river).
(vi) Bl ue colour of the _ sky. This is due to
(Tyndall effect). This is ex the sca tte rin g of lig ht by col loidal dust particles present in
pla ine d by Ra yle igh sca tte rin air
is sm all er tha n the wavelength g according to which if diameter
of the inc ide nt rad of particles
blu e co lou r of the white sunlig iat ion , intensity of scattered radiation
ht has oc 1/)..4. As
mi nim um wa vel eng th, it sho ws more intense scattering. He
sk y loo ks blue. nce,
Similarly, sea wa ter looks blu
e due to sca tte rin g of lig ht by the
(vi i) Tail of comets. It is see col loidal impurities present in sea
n as a 'fy nd all con water.
e du e to the sca ttering of light by the tiny solid
by the co me t in its path. particles left
( vii i) Blood. It is a co llo ida
l solution of an alb um ino id and
sol uti on du e to coagulation of the ble edi ng stops on applying ferric chlori
blood forming a clot. de
(ix) Cleansing action of soa
p. Soap sol uti on is col lo_ id~ in
ad sor pti on or by emulsifying nat ure . It removes the dirt particles eit
the greasy ma tte r stic kin g her by
(x) Sm ok e screen. In warfa to the clo th, as already explained in Fig. 5.24.
re, sm ok e ~cr een s ~e tis_ ed wh
cer tai n sub sta nc es (e.g., titaniu i~h are nothing bu t colloidal disper
m oxide or S1 Cl J m the arr. sion of
B. Industrial ap plications of
colloids :
( ') Sewage disposal. Colloida
l particles of dir t, mu d, etc .
i wa ter is pa sse d thr ou car ry ele ctric charge. Hence, when sew
gh the pla tes ke pt at a hig h po age
ten tial, the colloidal particles are
to ele ctr op ho res is an d the sus coagulated due
pended n_1atter rget~.r~~~v~d.
I: :\ h n,1
 -~ --- --
~r
i31 - ~
- ••i1¥bf ~kiiJtJ;.~~fd~YJJf1~WJl!!ll !l &rJ!f!;J:JilJi/!if/ll J!!!/l!Jf£;;~~:lYffi:f.f!/Jf;/Ar;J!l1s
=lf!)J:~O#ii:ti.''?:~.:.~. : ~.:::::6:.£ili.~~1~ ing a _number_ of met al
allowed to pass .through a chamber hav
priociple of elec-t:Fophor~sis. ~moke 'is shown m the Fig. S.~S). _
nected to a source of high potential (as
1j plate's attach~d to a metal wrre con recipitated after losn~g
d by oppositely charged electrode, get -p
Charged particles of smoke get attracte s are also rem ove d m
through the chimney. The .dust particle
their· charge and the hot air passes out .
ke in big industrial cities can be avoided
this process. Thus, the nuisance of smo FIG UR E 5.2 8
(iv) Pho tog rap hy. A col loid al
·solu tion of
on PARTICLE FRE E
. ,. silver bromide in gela tine is applied HIGH D.C. VOLTAGE WAS TE GAS ES
er
glass pla tes or cell ulo id films or pap (~0 ,00 0 VOLTS)
y.
to form sensitive plat es in photograph
(v) Rob ber Ind ust ry. Lat ex is
a colloidal
-
solution of neg ativ ely cha rge d rubber
be
par ticl es. Fro m late x, rub ber can
obtained by coa gul atio n. Rubber-plated
arti cle s are pre par ed by dep osi ting GASES -5.:•: ).::.l.~ t!~:,;,;..:,
r
negatively cha rge d rubber-particles ove
CARRYING
DUST
::..~ ~~~rj-~~~--•.?-
the article to be rub ber -pla ted by making OR -:F:).:.J:.~=~:t;-~:r,;,·, ,,.,.
that article an ano de in a rubber-plating
ji
CARBON J
'"" -.>J;; : K~V:.;·
PARTICLES
bath. ~.;:,1.:..e,.~tff~._.;,.:,
(vi) Tanning/leather industry. The
process
of har den ing of lea the r is kno wn
as =:M ~-~~ft·:-
..::.
tanning. Tannin, whi ch is obtained from
of
pla nts, is a mix ture of der iva tive s
s
pol yhy dro xy ben zoi c acids. It contain
es.
neg ativ ely cha rge d col loid al par ticl
re
Animal hid es are also coll oid al in natu CAR BON OR DUS T
es.
, and con tain pos itiv ely cha rge d particl PAR TICL ES REM OVE D
ir FRO M HER E
When the y are soa ked in tan nin , the
EARTH
mu tua l coa gul atio n tak es pla ce and -
_
•_:. _;/ ._ ,-_ _ ~ ;: _,_,·--.:.,__.. -•-- •-- _ .
leat_ her bec om es har d. . Chr om. ium salt
s .-· •' '"'\.:JOttl'e11·pre c1p 1tat or'
·· ·- -·· - - · ·_ · , ·
are a]so use d in pla ce of tannm. use in our eve ryd ay life are
(vii) Colloidal ind ust ria l pro duc
ts. A num ber of industrial products whi ch we
cem ent etc.
lubricants, synthetic plastics, rub ber ,
colloidal in nat ure , e.g., ink s, paints,
_,iltiSMmt.11
1. Colloidal solution of graphite in water is
called "aqua dag" while that in oil is call
ed "oil dag ".
'Purple of_cassius".
l. Colloidal solution of gold in water is called form er ad s~ s the latt er
on having poisoning due to arsenic as the
3. Colloidal Fe (OH) 3 is given to a pers
and then can be vomitted out.
fi, 18.
....... Ca taly sis
L,, ... _.,_ h ,._, _.,~ ,._,...._......._