Chemical Bond,n

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

Chemical Bonding

I I '
Coon:fmate Covalent
• Sharing of electrons
/ Single b0'ld
• Sharir
Ii'

~ u;mpcunds ~f E!ectrova!ency / Cova ency Covalent compounds

I Tnp.Je oond
• Consist of molecules • Shanr.g al ,ee
;o,rs
• Low m.p. and b.p. of e!ectrons
ima bp
• Generally liquids or gases
¥ ,ofid
d ds ' Vb m po'ar solven • Insoluble in water (polar solvent) but
soluble in organic solvents, e.g. benzene
• Do not conduct electricity.
u(,,t e. , ,itY tn rr.o
• Show isomerism.
.tiow~

a], IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

 ~ SO LV ED QU ES TI ON S
g
!. r
I. f)rn w nn <'lc ,·tro n dot dlnf. m " 1" !fiho w th<! ·• trnc fur c or hyd ron lum Ion . Stn tc the cypc or hon din
pre sen t In It. (lO llf
✓.-~ , , ~

,.... ~@· ,,. -cr··g:,f.,r, x·"J'

., coo nfin nk hon din g.
n1t : hon din g ;_
rn 1 , I . a
n,o rdl nnt c hon din,.,. f201SJ
2. Bon din ~ in thl/11 rno fcc· ulc n '' un, c•1 s too d lo lnv ol•e
11 I
~ ('
,, 1 y, 1 oi:c n
(n) .. nrb on frtn 1d1 lol" id,• ,
c ( /J .. mo n,u m chl orid e
(d 11,-drol!<'D dal orid " ,.,n
. . ch lo, id~ .
Ans . (d) Am mn nm m
n dot Rtru c.-t urc.
lluu ll' rnolc.•,· ulc u Rlu g C'lec lro [201 SJ
J. E '\.pl nin tlw bou din J? in m c
I
1,1
l 1- ~' -11
H
the par ticl es tha t ma ke
L con sist s of mo lec ule s. Wh at type of bon din g is pre sen t in
4. An ele me nt (20151
up L?
An s. Co val ent bon din g. [20121
E, F and G wit h ato mic num ber s 19, 8 and 17 respectively.
S. The re are thr ee ele me nts
(i) Cla ssif y the ele me nts
as me tals and non -m eta ls. te the typ e o
r for mu la of the com pou nd for me d bet we en E and G and sta
(ii) Giv e the mo lec ula
nd.
che mic al bon d in thi s com pou
An s. (i) No n-m eta l - F, G
Metal - E
(ii) EG , ion ic bon d. [201 4]
of onl y mo lec ule s. He nce , X will hav e:
6. A com pou nd X con sis ts (h) A low me ltin g poi nt and
low boi ling poi nt
(a) A cry sta llin e ha rd str uct ure
(d) A str ong for ce of att rac tio
n bet we en its mo lec ule
(c) An ion ic bon d
boi ling poi nt.
An s. (b) A low melting po int and low [201
cov ale nt bon d is:
7. Th e mo lec ule con tai nin g a trip le
(b) Me tha ne
(a) Am mo nia
(d) Nit rog en
(c) Wa ter
us. (d) Nitrogen. sol ids ? [201
y do cov ale nt com po un ds exi st as gas es, Jiq uid s or sof t
8. Wh ak.
Th e force of att rac tio n bet we en the con stit uen t particles is we
s. com pou nd?
[20
ter me d a po lar cov ale nt
}. Wh y hyd rog en chl ori de can be en, the ref ore , the sha red pai r of electrons lies do s
n hyd rog
t· Chlorine is mo re electronegative tha es po lar .
bec om
to chlorine an d hen ce the bo nd [20
en cho ice s:
Fil l in the bla nk s fro m the giv e to the ..... ..... . (sh ari ng /tra nsf er) of ele ctr o
bo nd for me d . is du
(i) In cov ale nt compounds, the g po int .
Ele ctr ov ale nt com po un ds have ............ (hi gh /lo w) bo ilin
(ii)
(i) sharing (it) high.
Chemical Bo nd ing
19. The follm\inll lnhle shrm<i the drrlnmk mnOiturntlon of tm- t'lt'mt'nt"' \\, \:. \ ond l "OHi

~ : k n1nr~1m1ion t 2. ~ I l l :. 7
\nc.wcr the follo"in,:t qu«-slion" hn"l'tl 1111 the tnhlr nho'fl':
2~ C:
1

(i) \'\ hat I) fK' or hond i!. fonm:'11 hctn'l'cn:

1. " and X 2. \ 11nd 7.
(ii) "not i" the fonnuln of the , 01111mut11l fnt med hel"(;cn:
t. X nnd 7. 2. W nnd X
(1) 1. Ekctt\l\,llent th,m~-)
.., <. o, 1knt
(;,) I. 7 '\.
~ \\ '\.

R~ dra" in~ an l'k('fl•on dot din~nun. 1>ho" the formation or ammonium Ion.
[Atomic No.: N =
7 And H :a I\ 110161

Sodium chloride will conduct electricity only in fused or aqueous solution state. Gin Reason. {1016\
It :-- because sodium chloride contains free ions in aqueous solution state to conduct elcctnc1ty.
. Choose from the following the ionic compounds, the polar covalent compounds and the non-polar
cm alent compounds:
ta) ?'laCI (b) Methane
(c) OA')'gen molecule (d) Hydrogen chloride gas
(e) Calcium oxide (f) Ammonia
(a) NaCl Ionic compound
(b) Methane Non-polar covalent compound
(c) Oxygen molecule Non-polar covalent compound
(d) Hydrogen chloride gas Polar covalent compound
(e) Calcium oxide Ionic compound
(j) Ammonia Polar covalent compound
ame the following:
(a) Polar covalent compound which, on dissolving in water, produces ions.
(b ) The type of bonding present in metallic chlorides.
(c) The type of bonding present in non-metallic chlorides.
(d) The bond formed by the mutual sharing of electrons.
(e) The bond formed by the transference of electrons.
(/) An ion formed by the loss of electrons from the neutral ntom.
(g) An ion formed by the gain of electrons by the neutral atom.
(lz) Outermost shell of an atom.
(i) The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom.
1(/) Elements having eight electrons in the outermost shell.
[a) Hydrogen chloride gas (h) Ionic or ckctrn, akn\ hUJ;l~
c) Covalent bonduw (cl) Covaknl b~
 (e ) l, m k b, ,n d (/ ) t',111011
(,)) \ \ r1im1 (h ) V11 lcn cc I
( -• k 11~x· ~· k\ •ft ,H ts (
!; IC JI
.I) I ue , I gfrscs <Jr no hJ c W•scs
\h .' t · tlw
.I IJt•lo w:
.14.. S t'C.' f ht• ( u l >u' n ud U US 'll lt-., t ou ,, gJvc u
l

l\k ntt' llf

H - (
-nHon ., ~\ - - - 1 - - - 2. 5
~''"'' tron it' t•o nl i~ au -• • t 2. 8, 7
{tl ') \\ 'h :it r_,,•pe of bo nd . tior m cd be tw ee n:
nn d B ts
• (i) \ (ii ) C an d D
,' (i ii)B nn d D (iv ) M ol ec ul e of D
C
(r ) l\l ol ec ul e of (v i) M ol ec ul e of
B
rm ul a of th e c be tw ee n:
(b ) ll" ha t is th eB fo om po un d fo rm ed
(i ) A an d (ii ) C an d D
(i ii) B an d D
el ec tr oval en t b on d (ii ) C ov al en t bo nd
.-l ns. (a ) ...(i) ) nIo ni c bo nd or b d
(iv ) Si ng le co va le nt on
ro la r cova le nt bo
nd
( lll
nd (vz') s·m gl e co va le nt bo nd
( 1•) 'D:iple co va le nt bo (ii ) C D3
(b ) (i ) A B
(iiz) D B .
Electron present in 10 n formed
Pr ot on
E le m en t 10
9 18
p
20 10
Q 11 18
R 18
s
n g ab ov e ta bl e, an swer the following:
U si
ent which forms:
(a) Id en ti fy the elem (i i) Anion
(i ) Catio n
e el em en t w ith complete octet.
(!J) Id en ti fy th P?
f bo nd is fo rmed between Q and
(c ) W h at ty pe o
com pound fo rm ed between Q and P.
(d ) G iv e the form
ula o f the
(b) S
(i i) P
(a ) (i ) Q and R (d) QP2
(c ) Ionic bond
following:
G iv e re as on s fo r th e loride does n ot conduct electricity.
(a) Solid so d iu m ch
so d iu m ch lo ri de conducts electricity.
(b) M ol te n
lu ti on do es n ot co n d u ct electricity.
(c) S u g a r so m el ti n g and boiling points.
ds h av e h igh
(d) Ionic compoun ol ec u le is n on -p ol ar covalent bond.
ydrogen m
(e) B o n d fo rm ed in h electricity because the
oppo
m ch lo ri d e does n o t conduct
(a ) S o li d so d iu
by st ro n g el ec tr os ta tic force o f attraction
h el d
so d iu m chloride ar e
ca n )' el ectric cu rr en t. s electricity because the electrosta
fre e to ·um ch lo ri d e conduct · ns become free to ca
 (a) Jdentil;t• the NcJhl'hi fflnTn-n,rn~: : - - : - - : - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --.......,11""7~~~~..------.--------
{iv) '20
(i) Cation (ii) Anion l
(o) Identify the element with complete octet. 29- Row man)' cova\ent and coordina
(c} What type of bond is formed between Q and P? {i) ll)'dronium ion {ii) Am
(ti) Gfre the formula of the compound formed between Q and P. Name ot tbe ions No.
AJlS.
Ans. (o) (i) Q and R (ti) P (b) S (i) H)'dronium ion
(c) Ionic bond (d) QP2 (ii) Ammonium lon
Z6. Gfre reasons for the following: 30. State the t)'l_)e o{ bond l_)res
(o) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity. (i) Non-meta\\ic cb\oride
(I,) .Molten sodium chloride conducts electricity. (iii) Chlorine mo\ecu\e
(C') Sugar solution does not conduct electricity. Ans. (i) Covalent bond
(d) Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. (iii) Non-polaT covalent \:i
(e) Bond formed in hydrogen molecule is non-polar covalent bond.
31. 'I'he atomic numbers ot t
,.ins. (a) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity because th . reference to tb.e above 1:
sodium chloride are held by strong electrostatic force of attracet_10n
oppoSitely
and he charged ions 1n. (Note~ Do not identi~ ·
free to carry electric current. nee, they are not (i) Give the e\ectroni
(b) Molten sodium chloride conducts electricity because the el ec trosta tic
• forces Of (ii) How mansy va\em
overcome by •
heat.
energy. Therefore '
the ions become free t 0 carry electric attraction are (iii) Name the tn,e o
(c) Sugar solution, bemg a covalent compound ' does not co n d uct e1ectnc1ty
. . current.
th • (iv) Identify tb.e tn,i
and only molecules are present. as e IOns are absent

~ _j 'J~de'l ~ ® Chemistry (/CSE) - 10

 ar c hc Jd by ,trong elcctrnstatic
ions
m p o u n d s, i.c. opposite ly charged em and hence, they have
ucms o f io n ic co to se p ar ate th
(d) The Const it re fore , 11 1orc en ergy is required
, the
fo rc
hesmoefltainttgraacntidonboiling points. . th ey have no difference
in
hig c iden tica l, i.e
m en ts in h yd ro gen molecule ar s lies ex ac tly at the centre of two
ing ele tron
(e) T h e combin , the sh ared pair of elec nd.
c tr o n e g ativ ities. H en ce
ed is n on-p olar covalent bo
their e le , the bond form
ms. Therefore
c o m b in in g ato g a re oxidised or red
uced.
followin 3+ Fe 2+
(i ii ) F e ~ Fe
3
27. S ta te w h ic h o f th e + (iv) Fe + -- -- -)
(vii) N ~ N3
z n 2
~ (i i) Z n ~ - Cl
(viii) C r- -- -- ) 2
S~
0
(i ) 0 22- s2 -
Fe + ~ F2e
(v i)
(v ) (x) Cr~ c3 +
(i x ) en ~
Cu + (iii) Oxidised (iv) Reduced
(ii) Oxidised (viii) Oxidised
Ans. (i) O x id is e d (vii) Reduced .
(vz·) Re du ced
(v) R e d u c e d wmg
(x) Oxidised elements with the follo
. ) 0 •ru ed e p a ir o f
e formed betweernfothrm ula also.
t d t ban d predic t thei
Xl s exepecle ot
2 8 . ( IX th e ty o fen
pe Id d th
botinfy e emen s (i i) 11, 9
Id .en ti fy b ers.
a to m ic num (iv) 20, 1
'fype of bond Formula
(i ) 1, 1 7
ent nd HCl
(i ii ) 6, 1 Name o f elem Polar covalent bo
Ans. Atomic N u m b er Hydrogen NaF
(i) l Chlorine Ionic bo nd
17 Sodium
Fluorine nt bond
(ii) 11 Non-polar covale
9 Carbon CaH2
H yd ro gen
(iii) 6 Ionic bond
1 C alci um
 Name of the . nntn1oionn..: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

(i)
( ll
A
1ons
. ") Hydronium ·
ion
mmonium ion
~~,-N
:. :
0
.··
:.:...·~of~c ~~~~~~~~\
"'T\'"o~v~a\~e~nt~b~o~n~d~s
i.wo
Three
No. ot co()rdina~ "-.,...,.A.,
One
,,., ..
-.i.,

State
. the type of bo n d present in· One
(l) Non-metallic chloride . Ui) M.eta\\k c\\.\otlne.
(iii) Chlorine molecule Uv) Nitro~en. m.o\e.cu\e.
(i) Covalent bond (ii') lon1c 'ocmu
(iii) Non-pol ar covalent bond (iv) Non-l)o\ar ca'la\en\ 'oal\.C.
atmnlc numbers of the clements A.,\\ , C, U and¥.. an n, \.1, \C\, u an.d \.4&
The
reference to the ubove mentioned clements, answcT the fo\\o'W\n.~ l\ucs\\on.s~
(Note: Do not hlcntil~ the c\cmcnl).
(I) Gl\'C the clcctronk con - s (,f /\ \\, C, l) and "E. '1

(ii) JIO\\
cun
(ii
 n t•..:u111pl11 01 ti 11'1111•h1:\ iinlt 111
\I 1.lm• s-.llph11111 Iii I N111llo111 11,Hh •tt!t 1, ~1•l11l1ttft
(l'l '"'"'ft) llll\lllOllhttll 111tlpl111Cc 1 I U) 1~11 m,111111, , 111111rrflJ 1 "'dJ1trn1, .
t\
I)

y11111 oh"t'l\llth,u hn tlw tolln\\11111111,1 ftMbJ

,. c.01,J.:,•d in poh1Nf.ih1111 1w11unn1tum11t- ,111111110,1 I" hrh 1111111 NI lul11 u ~HN ffir ,,r tt11lptwr dfoxldt•.
c,•11h1t111Sl'' p111 pk rnlo111 nl I, I\ h11 1 1
t' thr •·11u111lon Im thr lolltmluu 11-111 lltm1
l' o,idt• 1.. ll't'f\h'1l wllh sodium huh o, hie• ,mltlflou. JWIIJJ
) + 'l\i 1( )It \ Nn, nt 1, I 11 ,, 1
,, tltt' t'qunthms fo1• tht• lhllo"ht.. rnm1•r11lo11t1 A lo 1,:, fWHIJ
i.nso,, \ • Znl ·o ., II • Z11(N01I J.

~ 11
1,·
ZnO < Zu(OII J1
nSl \,1 + N,1,t 'l) 1 \ ,- n( '() 1 I Nu ,S<>,1
nCt\ 'ltNl),+ \ 7 n(N0 1) , I II 10 I· <'() 1.
: 'n(l\iO.), + 'NuOll ) /,n(Ol l), I JNnNO 1
·' \
• / nO + 11, 0
f' : lnO + H,S<.\ -) Z nSO.1 -1 11 1 0
~boost the most npproprinte answer from Che following list of oxid~s which fit the descriptio
!Esch nnswt'r may be used only once: [201
lSO2, SiO2, Al 2O3, MgO, CO, Naz() J
(i) A basic oxide.
(ii) An oxide which dissolves in water forming an acid.
(iii) An amphoteric oxide.
(iv) A covalent oxide of a metalloid.
WN~O ws~
(iii) A1:P3 (iv) Si02
. From the list of the following salts choose the salt that most appropriately fits the descripti
gfren in the foUowing:
[Agel, MgClz, NaHSO4, PbCO3, ZnCO3, KNO 3, Ca(NO3) 2]
(i) A deliquescent salt.
(ii) An insoluble chloride.
(iii) On heating, this salt gives a yellow residue when hot and white when cold.
(iv) On heating this salt, a brown coloured gas is evolved.
s. (i) MgCI2 (ii) AgCl
(iii) ZnC03 (iv) Ca(N0 3) 2
I. Solution A is a sodium hydroxide solution. Solution B is a weak acid. Solution C is dilute sulph
acid. Which solution wilJ: [2.

(i) Liberate sulphur dioxide from sodium sulphite.

(ii) Give a white precipitate with zinc sulphate solution.
(iii) Contain solute molecules and ions?
(i) C (ii) A (iii) B

Study vf 4citls. Bast:s ,:,1cl Sahs

 21 ('Jv, "" ,.,,,,,.,,,,,, fo, 1/11· ,,, ,.,,,,," llm, ,,,. ,·m•b ol lh1• followlnu Nnlfol f'rom flu• 1i1ru,.a 1111
11
· ' _ 111, 1,,.tt· J'rom ,.,,1,,u•r<IIJ o:dtfo.
(i} ' "'''"' ' ~,
,. I (Ill} d1fo1·ltl1• from Ir mr.
t,,J ,.,,,,
I I It' l'rl>III JWllllfNIIIIII l1yd HIXII I 'I
( (' NO lh OIi.
(ii/) Pt>IIIN,'1111111 !ill 11 111
·J h' /huu lend <'111·l11m11h• (two t•111111tlouH),
(fl') I ''"" ,.I I I ()I C
i\11,. (/., <:,,o , 11,so, > n,so, , 11/J
(ti) J / •l' 1- 1( '/ 1 ► .U•cCJ J
(lli) J/-.011 I 11 ,801 - ➔ K/iO./ ·I 21120
(II') Pl>C0 1 1 ?1IN0 1 ► Ph(N0,1Ji I 1120 I ('(Ji
Ph(N0 1)1 I 21JC'/ - ► /Jb C:11 I 2JINO_i
2.l. rm, /n the bllwkN with tile cholceH glvou In tlw lmtcket.
Ilight•r th<' 1,11 v11l11t.• of 11 1-mlutlon, the mm·e _ _ _ (ncldlc I alkullnt•) lt i.'i.
Au.\. A/J..:11/inc
2.,, St11tc wll11t would you observe when:
(i) WE1sl1ing soda c,ystnls iu·e exposed to tlic utmospJw,·e.
(ii) Tlte salt ferric cliloridc is expo,r,ed to the atmosphere.
,-\ns. (i) They Jose their water of crystallisa tion and become amorphous.
(ii) It nbsorbs moisture from the atmosphere and forms a solution.
25. (a) The dingram given below is to prepare fron(III) chloride in tbe laboratory:
Iron w/ro
Cl~

Con con tratocl

11ulJ>hurlc nolt/
Solld Iron CUI)
ohJorJdo
(i) What is substance B?
(ii) What is tlte purpose of B?
(iii) Why is il'on(lll) chloride to be stored in a closed container?
(iv) Write tile equation for the renction between iron and chlorine.
(h) Write the equation(s) for tlw rcactlon(s) to prepare lead sulphate from Jeud carbonate.
Ans. (a) (i) Anhydrous calcium chloride
(ii) Drying agent
(iii) As it is highly deliquescent.
(iv) 2Fe + 3Cl2 - - '> 2FcCl3
(b )PbCO3 + 2HN03 ( di/.) -> Pb(NO3 )2 + II2O I CO
2
Pb(NO3 )2 + H2S04 (dil.) -> PbS04 -I 21INO
3
26. Define the term: Neutralisation.
Ans. The chemical reaction in which II + ions derived from an acid combine with 011
ions of ab
combine to form unionised water molecule is called as neutralisation.

64 7 ~ ~ Clzemis11y (!CSE') IO
 ;i,. (ol (n Whtn b lht! ~~ o'f (>11 1.utt"
(IJJ \\1Jal It lhf> r,11 r.f IJ n wattt--1
(11/l I\ It • tm'lhl4c, a<1t'II<' ~ . R 1!1 11 .t\ffile M t!. ( tffl\pttffd In 1h11 i,H nf pDH t "• wh t
WIii he lht pH trlt U) fl mtnthm nf A and ell a t.nlnttnn nf I\
(M 1llklna !ffldtnm Cllfimfllltl' CU an l'~mplc!. am
tM tffl! ft{q nf lh" fil\lnwlmt t.c,m
(fl\\ntu ttf C--1') 1allln1tnn m, Anltydm I Cllll f.fflntt.« n~
(, l hat'lum t<hlmidl' solnllnn t'lllfi ' " ' u1.N.1 1n dl~tlnauld1 ltetWHn 11 !Odmm wlpb t 10lut\un and
n ~ot'lfnm nHmtc- r.nh1llnn. llfm' ll lhlll dnnt'l
(tfl Nnml" '""1 f?t\l"n \\,1kh nH' t'"spnndhl<> rnr al'HI min.
\n~. (c,) (0 ,,n sc all' 1.. \t!'inl tn \lctctmlnc the nlkttllnity or n hhty of mlut1on
(ir\ Sc,cn
(111) ( I) IC!!.~ thnn i.-1..~vcn ~ll M1,1,c thnn ~c-v n
(M (r) \\'nkr of, ,-,!litlllllt.ntlnnt I he llcfinllc nutnhor nf wntct mol ul wht h loo \y 0tt h d
'"'" the ,nil ,,hcn 11 \'l)lltnlllscs nul from II!\ ~,hunted tolutton
~,~Imm uulttHtnll' (Nn 2t ( l,. \ 011 .ll l) hn" 1011 wtttc, molc<..utcs of (.ty'i\t ,\\ tmn
vr) \ nh:Hh·ons: 11),lrntcd Nnlts 1111 hcnting lose lhc1r wntcr of Cf'Y'tn\h tKm nd re render d
nnlwd,,m-.
Nn.l( 'O .,. 1011 20 " • Nn 2<'o.,+ IOll 10
t l}'ch 11h•d unh yclrc,1111

011> hffiorc,n•ncc: l lydrnlcd c1yslallinc salts, when left exposed to ntmosphcrc, IMC thCl1'Wdtcr
1\f ( 'rystal\isation and crumble down to form a powder. Such salts arc called a~ ef-f\orc~nt

,.,Its and the property is ca\\cd cmorcsccncc.

Na ,CO~.\ Ol l 1 0, on cxposu re to atmosphere, loses its water of crystallisation and crumbles
to form a powc.lct.
{c) Barium chloric.lc solution, when reacts with sodium sulphate solution, a white precipitate lS
formed which is insoluble in al\ the mineral acids, whereas when it reacts with sodium mtrate.
a white precipitate is formed which is soluble in water and in al\ the mineral acids.
BaCl2 + Na2S0 1 --➔ BaS0 4 + 2NaCl
BaCl2 + 2NaNo,--Ba(N03h + 2NaCI
(d) Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
28. (a) Outline the steps required to convert hydrogen chloride to anhydrous iron (111) chloride. Write
the equation(s) for the reaction(s) which take place.
(b) (i) What are the two steps to change lead carbonate to lead chloride'?
(ii) Give the name of a soluble salt of lead and write the equation for the action of heat on
this salt.
s. (a) Mn02 + 4HCl(conc.) - - MnCl 2 + Cl 2 + 21120
Chlorine is dried by passing through concentrated H 2S0 4. Then dried chlorine is p.is&;J over
heated iron to get anhydrous iron (Ill) chloride. I
2Fe + 3Cl2 - - 2FeCl 3
Heated Dry
(b) (i) PbC03 + 2HN03 (dil.) -> Pb(N0 3)i + H 20 + CO2
Pb(N03)i + 2HCl(dil.) ➔ PbC12 + 21lN0 3 I
(ii) Lead nitrate
2Pb(N03)i /\ ► 2Pb0 + 4N0 2 + 0 2 II
•I
Study oj'Acicls. Bases and Salls
•
 (r) Iron (111) chlm ,de nr {cmc chloride
2J-c -f 'K'12 ~ 21 cc 1 1
ffCA led f>,Y
(d) By ncurmlising ~od111111 cnrhonnrc nr od111m hydrrnudc w,rh d1lu1 ulphur
Nn co 1 + H,.,S0,1(dil.) ➔ Nn 2S< >,1 i I 1,, J 1 ( c>1
2
2NttOl-i + H:S<>,(dil.) • Nn2Sn ., f 21,,., J
• CDCh o f t h e
.19. l •or t"fUJ' c r .-.ion ~ ,\ , If, f •, r> Juul I l11 llrn Bdu m e hc low, ~,ore trow th e c~tt
he rnnicd out.
A___,.-- <•.,, ·o .i )

C11S 0 1 (' ► C'u(01IJ 1 11

"~ .L ,,
C'uO ..
A CuSO + Na~CO3 - - > C uC'O I I N 111 S0 ,1
B. C\1C0 1 ' - CuO + CO2 t

C. CuSO + 2N.1OH - - ► C'u(Ol 1)2 I Na2S0 4

D. Cu(OH)~ -~- CuO + H2 O
E. CuO + H2 SO~ - - - + CuSO4 + II2 O
.W. (i) What is an alkali?
(ii) Explain the meaning of the term acid saJt.
Ans. (i) A irnter soluble base called an alkali.
( ,i") The salt formed by the incomplete replacement of replaceabJe hydrogen ions of
. 100.
basic radical or metallic . an aCtd
41. State what would you observe when:
(a ) Hydrated copper sulphate is heated.
(b) Sodium carbonate solution is mixed with caJcium chloride soJution.
(c) Lead nitrate solution is mixed with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(a) Lead nitrate is heated.
(e) Ferric chloride is exposed to atmosphere.
(/) Blue litmus is dipped in the solution of dilute acid.
(g) Dilute acid is added to sodium carbonate.
(h) Sodium hydroxide solution is slowly added to copper sulphate solution.
(i) Copper hydroxide is heated.
(J) Sodium hydroxide is added to ammonium chloride.
(k) Copper nitrate is heated.
(l) Copper carbonate is heated.
(m) Barium chloride solution is slowly added to sodium sulphate solution.
(n) Carbon dioxide is passed through lime water.
(o) Washing soda crystals are exposed to atmospliere.
(a) Hydrated copper sulphate, on heating, changes from blue to white and the crystalline fona
changes to amorphous (powder).
(b) A while precipitate is observed.
(c) A while precipitate is formed which is soluble in hot water but insoluble in cold water.

~~ ~ ®Chemis11y (ICSE) - 10
 Lead nitrate, on heating, decripitates, melts to give a reddish brown coloured gas w~ich tu~ns
freshly prepared acidified ferrous sulphate solution brown black. A residue is left behind which
is reddish brown when hot and light yellow when cold. . .
It absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, loses its crystalline form and gets converted mto its
solution. ·
It changes to red.
A colourless and odourless gas with brisk effervescence is evolved which turns lime water
milky.
A bluish white precipitate is formed which is insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide.
Bluish white precipitate slowly changes to black colour.
A colourless gas with pungent irritating smell evolves which turns Nessler's reagent brown and
gives dense white fumes with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
) Copper nitrate, on heating, melts to give a reddish brown coloured gas which turns freshly
prepared acidified ferrous sulphate solution brown black. A residue is left behind which is black
when hot and black when cold.
'l) Copper carbonate, on heating, gives a colourless and odourless gas which turns lime water

) milky. A residue is left behind which is black when hot and black when cold.
A white precipitate is formed which is insoluble in all mineral acids.

i ) It turns lime water milky.

) They lose their water of crystallisation and become amorphous.
>W are the following conversions carried out'? Give balanced chemical equations only.
C

~f~~cr,
B
(a) Cu(OH)i

Cu(NO3) 2 CuCO3

A, B
(b) PbO ,
0
Pb(NO3)i Pb(OHh

lE
PbCl2
(c) Zn ~ ZnS _!!.__ ZnSO 4 ~ Zn(OH)i ~ ZnO

~
H,S
~
ZnCO3
~
(d) Fe ~ FeS _!!.__ FeCl2 ~ Fe(OH) 2 _Q__ FeO
iE iF Gl
HiS FeCO~
(e)Fe~.-."!-"~
 Ans. (a) A : CuO + H 2SO4(di/.) --➔ CuS04 + HzO
B : CuS04 + 2NaOH ~ Cu(OH)z + N¾S0 4
C : Cu(OH)z _ 11_ CuO + HzO
D : CuO + 2HN0idil.) ~ Cu(N03)2 + IIzO
E : 2Cu(N03)2 "' • 2Cu0 + 4N02 + O zt
F: CuS04 + NazC0 3 ~ CuC03 + NazS04
G : CuCO:i - "'- CuO + CO2
(b) A: PbO ; 2HNOJ<dil.) - . - Pb(N0 3)z 1- 11 2 0
B : Ph(N0, )2 + 2Na01 l - ➔ Pb(OI I)z + 2Na N0
3
C: Pb( 0 r'-1) 2 cl • PbO + HzO

D : 2Pb(N03 ) 2
11
2Pb0+ 4N02 + 0 2 t
•

E : Pb(N03 ) 2 + 2NaCI ~ PbCl2 + 2NaN03

(c) A : Z n + S - ' - ZnS
B: Z nS + H 2 S0idil.) -➔ ZnS04 + H 2 S
C: ZnS04 + 2Na0H-➔ Zn(OH) 2 + Na S0
2 4
D : Zn(OH) 2 ~ ZnO + H 2 0
E : ZnS + 2HC1(dil.)-➔ ZnC1 2 + H 2S
F: ZnS04 + Na2 C03 -➔ ZnC03 + Na2 S0
4
G : ZnC03 -"'- ZnO + CO2
(d) A : Fe + S ~ FeS
B : FeS + 2HCl(diJ.)-➔ FeCl2 + H S
2
C : FeCl2 + 2NaOH-➔ Fe(OH)z + 2NaCI
D : Fe(OH)2 ~ FeO + H 0
2
E : FeS + 2HCJ -➔ FeCl2 + H 2S
F : FeCl2 + Na2 C03 -➔ FeC03 + 2NaCI
G: FeC03 ~ FeO + CO2
(e) A: 2Fe + 3C12 -➔ 2FeC13
Heated Dry

B : FeC13 + 3NaOH -➔ Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCI

C : 2Fe(OH)3 ~ Fe20 + 3H 0
3 2

How can you obtain the foUowing gases by using dilute acid and one other substance?
(a ) Hydrogen

(b) Carbon dioxide

(c) Sulphur dioxide
(d) Hydrogen sulphide
(a) Fe + H 2S0idil.) ~ FeS04 + Hzi
Mg + 2HC1(di!.) ~ MgClz + Hzj

r~ ~ ® Chemist,y (!CSE) - IO
 (b) Na,.co, + 2IICl(uil.) > 2NaCI + I 1,0 t co 1
2
NaHCO, + IIC'l(clil.) -➔ NaCl + lip -1 co 1
2
(c) Na,SO, -l ?llCl(diL) ---.c_> ?NaCl t I liC)·~ so,t
Na 2SOJ + 2ll ,SOidil.) ~► Na,SO, 1+11{)+ ~0 21
(d) FeS+ 2IICl(dil.) ► h !C'l1 1- 11 7s t
Na2S + 2HCl(dil.) - ► 2NaCI 1- I J S j
2
ZnS + H 2S04(dil.) - ) ZnSO,1 I· ll St
2
44, How arc the following sults pre1>m·ticJ in the lnboratory? Give balanced chemical c<1uations onl)
(a) Iron (Ill) chlol'idc (b) Magnesium sulphate
(c) Sodium sulphate (d) Lead chloricJe
(e) Lead nitrate (/) ll'on (II) sulphide
(g) Sodium chloride (h) Iron (II) chloride
(i) Zinc sulphate (j) Lead sulphide
(k) Lead carbonate (l) Lead sulphate
(m) Copper sulphate (n) Magnesium chloride
(o) Silver chloride
Ans. (a) 2Fe + 3Cl; ~ 2FeC13
Heated Dry
(b) M~ + H2SO 4(dil.) ~ MgSO 4 + H2t
(c) NazCO3 +H2SOidil.) ~ Na2SO4 + H2O + CO 2t
2NaOH + H2SOidil.) ~ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(d) Pb(NO3)z + 2HC1 (dil.) ~ PbCI 2-!- + 2HNO 3
Pb(NO 3)z + 2NaCl ~ PbCli + 2NaNO3
(e) PbO + 2HNOidil.) ~ Pb(NO3) 2 + H2O
(f) Fe + S ~ FeS
(g) 2Na + Cl 2 ~ 2NaCl
NaOH + HCI(dil.) ~ NaCl + H2O
(h) Fe + 2HCl(dil.) ~ FeC12 + H2t
(i) Zn + H2SOidil.) ~ ZnSO 4 + H2i
ZnO + H 2SOidil.) ~ ZnSO 4 + H2O
v) Pb(NO3)z + H2S ~ PbS + 2HNO3
+ 2NaNO3
Pb(NO3) 2 + Na 2S ~ PbS
(k) Pb(NO3)z + Na2CO3 ~ PbCO3 + 2NaNO 3
Pb(NO3)z + ~CO3 ~ PbCO3 + 2KNO3
+ N3.iSO 4 ~ PbSO4 + 2NaNO3
(!) Pb(NO3)z
Pb(NO3)z + H 2SO 4 ~ PbSO 4 + 2HNO3
(m) CuO + H 2SOidil.) ~ CuSO 4 + H2O
CuCO3 + HzSOidil.) ~ CuSO4 + H2O + co/

Study ofAcids, Bases and S

 (11) Mg • ,If< '1('111 ) >M<l t Hf
M1,10 -1 'I I< l(d1l) , Mt( 1 + Jl_l I
Mn< j( >, -i .,, t< ,,cr,, > , Mt< 11 + If10 t, CO T
A,slNO, ., IH 1(<111)
(11) > /\ftC'l of IINO,
4~. ( hbf)!II InJ( on.,.
i. ,1,r !.t1h~1nn1
of llw folltm Int::
• ts ftum th<l ll!'il given below In Che hox, wrhc cqu ,11 !1 111r
011
• tt,,
(IJ lmn (Ill S"lllphnle (Ii) l rnn (If) rhlorl1lc
(/ul ll'nn (Ill) rhlot1tlc' (11) hon O II .!htlphldc
(I) lint· '-1tlphAlc (1•/1 <',11111c.1 rmlphntc
(,•m ~odium I
~
hlui1,h- (1 /ii) ( 'n1111l'r cur lionnlc
~

Iron, rop1n r, Jlil111t• iw lph111 k mi,I, Co1111cr c,,lclc:-,

rnl11hm; l'hl11ri11r, dlhah• hJ 1l1 11d1l 111 ll' ~.. d,11111 tJJrlJ(milfc,
!.Odium, rim· 11n,t, tllh1k ulh k II• lr l
sorli11111 l1;ydroddc
\ ni., I 1 l, ➔ II ,,~O,4
() " h,Sn4 I I l ,..,t
(u) Ir + "11<'1 > l·c<'l.z I II , t
(m) 2Fc ➔ ~Cl~ .. 'I'd 'I 1
(fr) f\, t S l·cS
(l ) 7n + H ,SO J ). .tnso., + 112t
(n) CuO + H,S0,1 - ➔ CuSO4 + II O
2
(1 ·) :\,1011 + I ICI ~ NaCl + H 0
2
(du) t"\10 + + H 2O
H 2SO4 --> CuSO4
C'uSO4 + Na2 CO3 --➔ CuCO3 + Na SO
2 4
.it.. Starting from Jead nitrate, how will you prepare the foJiowing salts in laboratory. \\ntt
balanced chemical equations in support of your answer. 0

Lead chloride
(i) (ii) Lead sulphate
(iii) Lead carbonate (iv) Lead sulphide
\n!-. (i) Pb(NO3 ) 2 + 2HCI(dil.) ~ PbC1 + 2HNO
2 3
(ii) Ph(NO3 h + Na2SO4 ~ PbSO4 + 2NaNO3
(iii) Pb(NO3 ) 2 + N3.iCO3 ~ PbCO3 + 2NaNO
3
(fr) Pb(NO3) 2 + N3.iS ~ PbS + 2NaNO
3
47. Solutions A, B, C and D are having pH 1, 5, 8 and 14 respectively. In this context. uns,
foJlowing questions.
(i} Choose the solutions which are acidic in nature.
(ii) Choose the solutions which are basic in nature.
(iii) Choose the solutions which are highly acidic and highly alkaline.
(fr} Choose the solutions which contain both ions and molecules.
s. (i) A and B (ii) C and D
(iii) I Iighly acidic A (i1·) B and C
l f ighly alkaline D
 ,odium snit, ns:
,,H. ( ;I"'' 11111· c•'\'.atnJ)lt• t•m·h of Hu•
(il ndd :-.11 11 (ii) normal ,nit
(lltl mlv,1 ,ult (fr) t·om1>lcx ,nit.
(i) ...,cH,illlll hi,11lpl1.1h·
fl~•
(//) S11d111111 , 11fp'1.111
(///) s11d 1ur11 p11t.1s,iu111 , 11lph.1t l·
(/') s11d111m .111•, 111n., . 1111d,
.J'}. \'\'hnt i, flu• 1>11 of lhc.• follcmin~ solution,"!
(/) Ft•t'l'k t·hloridt· (ii) Sodium acetate
(iii> Sodium d1lorldc.•
..... ( ,) I vss 1l1.1n 7
(rii) I qu:1I lo 7
(11) Mme than 7

c;iw t•<111nllon, onb for the conven,ion of insoluble lend carbonate to lend chloride.
50.
pi,('0\ ➔ .:> I ! NO -► Ph(NO ), + 11 ,0 + CO,
11'•
Ph(N0 1) ➔ 1
1l( I - - -• PbCI.; + 21IN0 1
Or
2NaCI --➔ PhCI, + 2NaNO~
Ph(N0 1 ) 7 +
Wrllc.• bnlunccd chcmicnl equation to support each of the statement given belo,, (use only dilute
51.
su lphuric acid).
(i) nn.,k oxide + t\cirl --➔ Salt + Water
(ii) Amphotcric oxide + Acid _ _..,. Snit + \\"nter
(Iii) + Acid - -> Salt + \\'ntcr
Alknli
(ii•) Uusc + Add - - - Salt + Water
<••) Active metal + Acid _ _..,. Salt + Hydro~cn
(,,i) Mctullk carbonnh.' + ,\cid --. Salt + Wuter + Carbon dioxide
s. (r) M !'O + If 2S04 -► M gS0 4 + 1-1.,0
(n) / ,110 + I 12S04 • ZnSO.a + H.,0
(Ill) ?.N;101 I + I 12S0 4 > Nn.:?S0 4 + 2H 20
(Ii •)< '11(011) , + ll :,S0 4 > CuS04 + 21-1 20
(1 ' ) Mi• I 11.zS<>4 ► MgS0 4 + 11 2
(i '/) N11 ,< 0 + 11 2 S0 4 > Nn 2S04 + I 120 + CO 2
Mulc·h fht• f'ollowlni:.
( 'olumn-1 C olumn-11
(/) Ft•11 h l'l1lol'iclc (a) Pn:dpitutlon
(I/) Sodium d1lu, iclc (bl S imple displnccmcnt
(///) M11J.t1H'Nhm1 s ulphnlc (C') M ctnl oxide ond dilute ucid

(fr) I .<.•ml dilm hit• Cd> S) nthes ls

(1 1 ) ( 'oJ)Jll'f s lllJlhOIC (t'l Ncutrnllsution
(t)(t/) (11) (t )

(iit)(1) (fl') (a)

(1 ·) (/1)
Jt:nl'h <Jllt'~lion Im~ four o,plions, out of ~ hich only one option 1is correct. Choose the correct option.
ti) ( 'hoos<.' o,, ndd from the folhrning ocids:
(a ) ll)drod1lork ndd (b) Hydroiodic acid
(< ) '\itrk .1dd (d) Hydrofluoric acid.

Study of Acids, Bases and Salts

 , ) substanc<! t11,,i)
t-&\\_.o\\ ao\u o
1••
subdan<"C •J\ • on 1"( n, f ion "
f '" I "r•alln< ~•, , .,n ,,.nd
lo>n " 11 h 'I>
•
I'""""'•'• ,h'" "' ,....---. _
1111 .. f ...- •I·'''" 1,,n1lnn olP"'' ,,,.,.hu'•'• ,. ,•hll•• nu• •11' u ud " yell, e..'C §!I•
(._,,,) ~t\o'\\ ~\u\\on .,,,..~ al\~ \1) ~ \..}
(" I ~""'
"h •J"" ,: " P""ed fh•""Ah •<l', 1"' r,t d l h " l'l"'"''H,
•• "' '""' •I " ' I •
(d ' ,n .. •· . , ..., (.1) \=C ., \,
\ ,-._fl"'"
Ans, (I) A c.. ,Jdunl fl,(f,,,,.,1.- . coJ.'l-
(" l ll ,..,,
0
,.,ni""' , 111,,.,.1,·. C , \ ''.'" '"" ' "
(._11')
"{bC {o\\o....An~ \1\b\ e sn~ \\\~ \.UU • ~ \ .
(,,,) n c,,nrcn rrnr, ,1 h) , t" ,,·hr."''· .,n d 1-
9
· i,-re ,r.. ~ . 7., and ~- \\ased ou \.M ~ \ . ~
1

(II) I - Zin< earl••••·•••·· 1: - l ':,rh<I» ,li,"i,lc Cbem\ca\ \es\

-to so\ut'\ot'\ )(... ammon\\ltn n'jl.\tOlil.\\e ,.__ O'-~
z~. (' ) G rh•
sum• Lime,.bi<h
- gas ,,·:itcrfif• info lh< description given below, is added U\ tn\t'\\tn\lm o_'1an\.,~ \it"S.'\ "Ql'\'\ic\'\
(i) A ,oJourfes> and odourless gas which turns lime water milky. and tnet\ ,n e-,;.ccss- c.\eM
1 -to \utiot\ 'l , ammonium n101ouoe ,.__ ~
(iil A ,oJouri<'• gas hu,·ing burning sulphur smell which turns lime w a t e r ~
\S 50
added ,n m,n,m\lm o_u·.l.nt\~ n't'5\ "<H~
(iii) A ..-ofourfess gos baving rotten egg smell.___________ -------- ~?:. ~'<.'~~-~~_':~':':~":------------------0 ""-
(MA colourless gas wbich fumes in moist air. -io so\ut\.on '\N , a <.:,m a\\ C\uant\t'i ~
-----.: sodi\111\ b':/~-ro~<ie <:,()\U\\01\ \'i, auueu
(l'I A r,ddisb bro"n coloured gas having pungent suffocating smell.
1 and tnen \.n e~ce<:.'i>.
.
(l'il A gas ..-bicb gives dense wbite fumes with ammonium hydroxide.-----.__:

~
(riil A aas which turns fresbly prepared acidified ferrous sulphate s ~~-~~
ol~ ......
io a sa\t 'L. ca\c'\.um.\\10."to:o.o.e ~\-ut\o
\'::> ao.o.ed and t\\en \\eateo..

\.i) 2 J-+
(viii) A gas which turns Jead acetate solution black. _________ _
~ii) ca?..+
(ix) A gas which decolourises potassium permanganate solution.
(x) A gas which burns with a popping sound. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Ans, (i) Carbon dioxide (ii) Sulphur dioxide

(iii) Hydrogen sulphide (ir) Hydrogen chloride
 ic-11 ,111,,idr {1 t) 1 ly,lm I\ , hi Ohl
i;:,tm di,,,icll'
'" di, ' "dr
( I Ill) I'"'" n {\ 1111\phh\

,. hlnnk~

• - - - •I(,\.R<'IJl'h l ' ll \, I\ ' ' hh" \ \l'l'• ,,,1tnH•, '"' ,;oluhl \ '" M.,, u N 11 1( •U

"'"'' 0 '"''"Htlons """" """"'"''"'" l u ,ln,dtll" ,mlul\on ht ruhl"cl drop hy t\rn1, nntl '""" In
1 It• ,•awh of tlw lollo" '"" M•lut \1111!1:
eet~\h't' ,olphnh• solullon
lllft,· ,ul11hnh• •mluthn,. uou,1
) , .,,. hhw t' 1•· 11 P 11 •1h' •l\'\W.\ls whh•h 1\t'<o,111\'<'~ In ox, 1 ll" ,,1 N I I 1< 1\ I to fOfm n <I fl h\\lC 11\ut\ 110

>w~,it,· p11·,·,p,1.,11- .,pp,·a,, ""''" 111,.,"",. 111 o'l,'I!!!" n1 "' , 1 1111,

11(\• Clu.· ,·nlhm-. lu ,•m·h of ""' folio"'"" l 'll!ll'III unu,1
(t) NnOH solnelon wht•n auld,•,1 lo tlw No\utlou (,\) "'w"
11 , ,•thlh,h \u uwn ,,rt>da,\tntc.
(#) Nll4 011 l\Oht1hm wht•u 1\1hk1\ lo llw <1oh,tlon (I\) 1tlVl'N whlh• 1,vt ,,hh h c\uc,i not c\huio\vc ln
.,.,.,•~s.
) NnOll solution wh~u ndc.fod to solutlon ((. ' ) nlVl"l whlll• ll\)t whkh '" humluhh- \n C'ltCCH.
(1) fl',~ (i/) Pll' I

iii) Ca' +

e following tnblc shows the tests t\ ShHll-nt \)crfo,•mctl 011 l'om· tlllh'n•nt '"'"''"""' !io\u\\on-. ~h\d,
re X. Y, Z und W. Unscd on the obst•1·vntlou11 1>rovhktl, h"•ntll'y t\w rntlon \l"''''"'· \20\S\
Chcmknl lest ( )bs,,,·vntlou (. 'om:hu,ion
lb sol11tion X, nmmonium hydroxide
---
A dirty white p, cdpil11\l' b lm nwd (1)
is ndJed in minimum quantity first which dissolws ii\ l' '\~\·S~ In l1111n ,1
and I hen in excess. clear solution.
lb i,olution Y, ammonium hydroxide A pale blue p1 Cl' tp\\ ,111..· 1:-. ln1 llll' ll (11)
is i\tltkd in minimum quantity first which dissolws in l'M' l'Ml 1,1 Im'" 11
amt thcn in excess. clear inky blue s11lu1i,rn.
-- - ----------------------------
To solution W, a small quantity of A white prcd11il:11c ,s lnr\\\c1\ w\lwh (111)
---------------------
sodium hydroxide solution is added remains insoluhlc .
and then in excess.
1Q a salt Z, calcium hydroxide solution A p\1np,ent :-.mc llln!).1\11:-. \111 n\nl\ 1\\\)\:-<l \1\')
is added and then heated. red lilmus p11pc:1· him~ is 11btnin1.•1\.
(i) Zn 2 + (ti) (.\1''
ili) Ca2+ (it·) N\ \,:-

Anal)'d•I
 "
I

,or,,,,
( Of

( ) n
1 1 / 7" I m ,, I 6 ,,:
C~l If, I rnul fl 60'2.l,,.. I
<'l en t 11101 44 6023 K
IJ. At-o mlclt J '" rite num ber nf nlo11
1i; _p~cscnt i11 one mole cule of an elem
14 , M<'t afs ore mon ,mro mk. i.e. c,>nron1111g or1c ucom ent
In 11, mole cule .
JS. ln«:r1 p~5 arc mon outo nak.
u,. Ga .., ftkc H,.wt
rnj?Cn (111 ), <hJM "" (0.z) , Nltro11cm (N
rwo atom s in its mol ecul e. 1 ) rind chfo rlnc (Cl ) nrc dbit omk
1
J 7. The clem ent'- oontaininB mor e
thon two atoms In Its molecule urc cnllcd
Exnmple- Ozone as polya1orn
- 03
Pho~pl1orus P4
Sulp hur Ss
IS. \ npo ur densl~ is the ratio betw een
the mas s of certain volu me of gas or vapo
\'Olume of hyd roge n und er the simi lar cond ur to the
ition s of tem pera ture and pres sure .
Vapour density = -- Mas s of cert ain volu me of gas or vap our
-- -- -- -- -: :- -- --
Mas s of sam e volu me --
of Hyd roge n
19. \.iipour density is a ratio, so, it h as
no units.
20. Molecular weight = 2 x Vap our den sity
21. The perc enta ge composition of a com
pound is defi ned as the percentage by weig
pres ent in the molecul e of a com pou nd. ht of
each
c
Percentage compos ition of a com pou nd = Weight of an elem ent in a molecule of a co
mpound
Gra m molecular weight of the com pou nd-
22. Emp iric al formula is the form ula of a x
. che mic al sub stan ce which tells the simplest wh
ratio of the atom s of diffe ren t elem ents pres ent m . .
1ts one mol ecul e. o1e nu
23. ~fo lecu lar form ula is the form ula of
a che mic al sub stan ce which repr esen ts the
atoms of each elem ent present in its single actual number
molecule.
24. In a che mic al equation, reactants are
writ ten on the left side of the arrow and prod
on the righ t side of the arro w. ucts are "'"rittcu
Reactants--➔
Products
25. For the calculation of the numerical
based on equation, the equation must be com
f6. The mol ecu lar weig hts of the pro duc ts and pletely balancet
rea ctan ts must be calc ulat ed which art:
solving the num erical. required for
r- Uni tary Met hod is used to find the weight
of product or reactant as per the requirem
I problem. ent of the
f In case of gases, the volume required
is 22.4 dm 3 for every mole of n gas.

7 ~ ~ Chemistry (/CSE) - 10
r "'" ' "
, 9.

,.,,,
ftC
JptlVfl

, "''' ny
Mn11 •
_toj}lh~ mnH cnn nlr;o be dcfin
1-
f ftft ft Offl f
nh _ 1, ~ . .
1,.,111 ''"'' " ilmr..ft 0110 uiorn o f an c ' emcnt lt h a I r tbn"'T'-'
._,.

c--m
U

., "''~ 11 i.:on nil "" I)',

1,cen ' J\1(1111 1I" Mntrn • 11.•n1111 f Mn of on nt m nf an I nt
gclnrh"' '"' 0 on atom of hydro1 n (\I.eight tak n u un. y)

_ inch·_. ntomk miu 11 of ,m 'lcmcni cxpr d In arnm1 11 caned IJUffl atnmtc mat• OT pm
I 11( re
;11 • ,,.,,,,. I "ln"tl • Mna11 uf nn<' nml ulc of t 1mh Um
fH:1,1cl\ 1'
~1ntc1 n nt '" " ?\it ll!l!lnt I I l '2th 11l onntomoft'. )2
.\l• . 1t, nhu· "'""" l'f111 nl,-t1 ho tlc.llnc t.l With rc11pcc1 to hydrogen 1t l 1he nombef lh t represents
1 th 1110
, 1icl ' c " cinll'N ,mo molc,'nlc 01 fl 1!1th!lt hm•c 11 hcnvlcr thnn one a1om of hydrogen whole weight h
•11• ,1w 111nn, .
h ,•., 1111 un tty.
111k. rl'l•••h·c ,nolc'-'nlnr uuu111 Ol'IJ)t c111101I In y, 1111111 is en lied 01 gram molecular weight or IJ'Bffl mmecu1m'
,,. I ht; .irnn, enolcl'nk.
"'"Ii' '"
~ soLVED Q.UESTIONS
, che• ,•or1·1•l'1 lll\N\\l'l' t\·om tlu• U)>llon" Rlv11n holowt
( 'lulO~l
1·
·r11,· 'a,. 11,,uu·
, d1.•nNllYlh)nt' l'l\l'hon
16
,Uoxld1.• I ('
((-) 44
t2
'o -c, I
t
(ti) 22 (10121
(11 ) -~ 1
(,/) .. -
,1

\!11"• conccntrntt•cl nltl'k ndd oxld~SCN l)hON\>lun-us to 1>hosphorlc ncl<l uccordlng to the following equation:
1
J,. P + 511NO., (cone.) > 113PO 4 + 11 20 + SNO 1
If''·-' 1-t of 1>hos1>hm·us wns used in the rcncUon, cnlculnlc:
j) Nmnh1.•r of molc.,s of 1>hos1>h01·us tnkcn.
~ ') 'l'hl' mnss of 1>hosphoric ncicl fonncd.
("
. ") The volunu.• of nlh·o~cn dioxide pi-oducccl nl STP.•
(Ill
Ill == 1, N = 14, P 31, 0 161= = 120121

f.,,. (i) The number of moles of phosphorus = ~~ = 0.3 mol

(ii) Weight or phosphoric acid (l13PO4) = I x 3 + 3l + 4 x 16 =3 + 31 + 64 = 98 g
J I grum of phosphorus prnduccs 98 g of phosphoric acid.

9.3 g or phosphorus will produce = ~~ x 9.3 = 29.4 g

(iii) 31 gram of phosphorus produces S x 22.4 dm3 of NO 2.

2
9.3 g of' phosphorus will produce 5 x ~~ x 9 ·3 = 33.6 dm3 = 33.6 L
3. Choose the conect answer from the options given below:
The rntio between the number of molecules in 2 g of hydrogen and 32 g of oxygen is: l~o·
(a) l : 2 (b) l : 0.01 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 0.01 : l
(Given that H = l. 0 =
..,s. (c) or I :

Mole Concept and Stoid1ion1et1y \

 o,ition bt nl'ighl 11nd Che mokc:ulnr \t-t•l,chl of ~c,n
53 . Th e percen t age C()mp · · ·' ll• l'Ofllp
Find their empirical nnd molecular formuln. 011nd,. 1~
=
(i) C 92 ..J08%. =
H 7.692cc, Mol. =
wl. 78 ~
(ii) c = 40<>;.., R = 6.67"'c, 0 = .5J.JJrc, Mal.wt. = 180 '
(iii) c = 26.67rc, H = 2.22<'r, 0 = 71.1 l<'t', Mot.wt. = 90
(M H = 2.47%, P = Js.2sq,, 0 = 59.28""c. Mot.wt. = 161.94
(v) Cu = 84.11%, C = 15.89%, Mot.wt. = 151
(,ti) K = 24.68%, Mn = 34.81%, 0 = 40.51%, Mol.wt. = 158
(,,ii) Ca = 34.48%, Si = 24.U%,0 = 41.38%, Mot.wt. = 116
(viii) H = 5.88%,0 = 94.12%, Mol.wt. = 34
(ix) p = 49.18%,0 = 50.82%, Mol.wt. = 125.94
(.r) B = 86.64%, H = 13.36%, Mol.wt. = 112.29
(xi) C = 52.17%, H = 13.04%, 0 = 34.78%, Mol.wt. = 46
(xii) N = 30.43%, 0 = 69.57%, Mol.wt. = 92
(xiii) K = 31.85%, Cl = 28.95%, 0 = 39.20%, Mol.wt. = 122.45
(xiv) C = 40%, H = 6.67%, 0 = 53.33%, MoJ.wt. = 60
(xv) H = 3.078%, P = 47.668%,0 = 49.254%, MoJ.wt. = 129.24
(i) Elements % At. wt. Relative number
of atoms
C 92.308 12 7.692
H 7.692
7.692
Empirical formula = CH
Empirical formula weight = 12 + I = 13
n = __M_o_lecular weight 78
Empirical formula weight = -13 ::: 6
Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula
Molecular formula = C6 H6·

ii) Elements % At. wt. Relative number

of atoms
C 40 12 3.33
H 6.67
6.67
0 5.1.33 J6
1.33
Empirical formula = CI~I~ .,O~-----L---.:.:.:.._ _-1._ __2:~ _ _j___.!._

Empirical formula weight = 12 + 2 + 16 = 30

n = _ Molecular weight
Empirical formula weight
= 180 = 6
30
Molecular formula = 11 x Empirical formula
Ci·I,206.

~~ Chemistry (/CSE) -10

 ti nl UltHI n r ti n
" '• t tf( I
( ff " (
II
" ' (
♦ t I< I
• H ( I (

.. " < '• , ♦ If< I

.
• f
(
(
H< ' f ( If -f If( I
( ff ( ( ( ♦ wr
'" r
\ll
t II< I -t <1 , < cI t If< I
h
111
, 1 I d h\tftoc HhOll"1 d11 nnt ilhnw my colour t ong with hrom,
111 II I II
J th d I hf fl 1 1•• qu ft llll ( I 11 lk , ll11c KMfl<>1 iit1l11Hnr1)
fl(' f-. llsttf
{ )
l f\1~ J
1
l( ) '" " "
S>r 1x1n1111111 nf 1,;III\I h111mlclc. ml ltilclohydo nml tu; rk nc,d
tlknc- ' ,, r 1I'' I, th: ,., the Ima IIH'11thl•1 nl 11lkc11c scr 1'c!I • ., Ito ro, ""''" or J th n I ( , ,
(I) It rs ohr Inc d h, tf1•h.'~h 'lill1111 ol H h111111I, l.o. ht liyl ukolu,I. ( II
I 111 ' ( '
► <) f1 rlS04 + If/>
I lh,111"1 J•rhyl hyclrogcn
1111lph.1lc
I(,() (
C'.! I 1, 1ISO, -,-:-;l'" of 111SO1
(11) ThC" r ,1 I .
<c III o~ ,·1111twn nl I. 2-tlfbromocthune

I + Zn -> II
( ., I1Br db tillntion cl 112 + Zn £3r2
Cl I Br CJ12
(tli") Th<.' dc.>h,rd.rohalogenarion of altyJ halide (Ethyl bromide)
69 C,115 Br + KOII(alc.) - -, C 11l4 + KBr + II20
· E'thenl' is , 1
rhan :tir. rnlourlc.,1i, ~as havin~ charac te ristic sm e ll. It is insoluble in water and slightly lighter
70. E
-lhenl hurns in sufficient supply of air or oxygen wilh paJe blue flame.
C2 11,1 + 30 2 -- 2C0 2 + 2H 2 0 + I feat
Ll hcnc Oxygen C;1rbon Wa te r
71. dioxide vapo ur
A, Erhenc is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, therefore, it readily undergoes addition reaction.
Addition of Chlorine:
(a )

y1 Cl
H-y=y-H+ Cl2 - ~ H- 9-1- H
H H H H
(bJ Erhcnc l, 2-Dichlorocthanc
Addition of Bromine: Ethcne decolourises Bromine solution in Carbon tetrachloride. This reaction
detects the presence of unsaturation in a given hydrocarbon.
Br Br
H - C= C- H + Br2 CCI~ ➔H
-J_J_H
I I I I
II H H H
Ethcnc
l, 2-Dibromoethanc
7 ~ fQa¼o1.• ( 'hnnist,y (/CSE) - 10
 of todine: 1 th n<' rca YitlhKT\I lowty l
,,, i'tfdll'°n

H l
11
\
II
11 + 1
•11 ~~
f1 It
11
[ h'J\ i.
.._
... c h)'t1rogcnntlon: l lydrogcn ,~ ndd ti to cthCnt! l fl In~ nf Ni kn\ t e,l C!lh ne
('otSI1r 1 pl'CRfte
1/J H It
n 1-1 ll + Ha N •H9)· 1t
11
l lhcnc
I(
H
Lt ne
11
\ddifioo of U<.'l:

➔ II~~
1rl
11 ~-1-\1 + It< I 11
1\ 1\ 11 ti
l•thcnc (':hlntocth;inc
Of
Hlhyl th\orld
_.\ddition of wntcr:
tfl lt ~H
H - C=C-H +HO
I I 1. -> l1-~y-' t
H H H H
Ethene P.thano\
~, EthCOe whe~ passed through alkaline Potassium permanganate solution, it deco\ouriscs the purp\e
,,,. C(l
1,.,ur solution.
V
CHi_OH
3CH,=CH2 + 2K.Mn0 4 + 4H20 _ ___,. 3 I + 2Mn02 + 2KOH
Ethene Potassium CHi_OH Manganese Pota~,ium
permanganate Ethylene dioxide hydroxide
(Purple) glycol (Brown colour)

Ethene polymerizes _to give polyt~ene. The process in which the smaller units (.monomer) combin
i7J, fonn a bigger umt (polymer) 1s called as polymerization.
10
-CH High pressure
n CH2 - 2 -(CH-CH)-
High temp., Catalyst 2 2 11

_ Ethene is used for the man~facture of glycol, acetaldehyde and polythene.

74
_ Etbyne or Acetylene is the first member of alkyne homologous series.
75
. preparation of Acetylene by the following methods:
76
(a) Acetylene is produced by the reaction of Calcium carbide with water. The gas thus obt,un
collected over water.

Calcium Calcium Ethync

carbide hydroxide
(b) It can also be prepared by the dehalogenation of 1, l, 2, 2 -Tetrabromoethane ,, \th Zin
Br Br
H-{-{-H+ 2Zn - -H- C C- ll + 1'/.nBr 2
Br Br
Organic Che,ni.'
 ll ~I

'' <TI T
( I
H
I, I , 2, Z.: fc trachlornc, n

Ni > C lf2c= C l12

JIC CII + lf2 E lhcnc
Ni
CII2= CH2 + H2 - ~ CII3-CH3
E thane
decolorizes Bromine solution in carbon tctrachl .
. • ,n of uroniine: Ethyne onde. Sh
<rJ ,\dd1tr<
it is unsaturatt:
·d hydrocarbon. B
I r Ir
B °""in
H-C==C-H + 2Brz
CCl4
➔ H-9-9-H
Br Br
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrabromoelhane

. . d" • Ethyne reacts slowly with iodine in presence of alcoh 1

,ti)
t•
Reaction with JO me. o to form ct·l-10tlo
ethene. CH==CH + 12 - - ICH=CHI
(1,2, di-iodoetbene)

• Baeyer's reagent. (1 % alkalin e K.Mn04 solution)

EthJDe decoIonzes CH . COOH
//I + 4[0] Alkaline /
CH KMn04 COOH
cetylene reacts with Febling's solution and Tollens' reagent.
a) With Febling's solution it gives red precipitate of Cuprous acetylide.
HC===CH + 2NH4 OH + Cu 2 Cl 2 CuC==CCu + 2NH4 CJ + ZH2O
Acetylene Ammonium Cuprous Cuprous Ammonium W:
hydroxide chloride acetylide chloride ater
With To/lens' reagent it gives white precipitate of Silver acetylide.
HC==CH + 2AgNO3 + 2NH4 0H AgC==CAg + 2NH4NO3 + 2l-l
Acetylene Silver
. Ammonium
. Silver Ammomum • .. 420
Water
rntrate hydroXJde acetylide nitrate
These two reactions distinguish Ethyne from Ethene.

~ ~ Chemistry (!CSE) - 10