r

1
SYLLABUS
·pJic properti-es and variations of properties - Physical a,id Clien . I
fef1 · ·odic properties and thei r variarions in groups a ., . · uc"
il pen . . . · nu pcnods.
( ,Ii •,;ons and trends r,_f the .followm g periodic . . .
Oe1 m1 . f)lop eri ws ,n K' m . 0 .d .
• atomic.'r1 ze . • m<'fal/i c clra racter ~p~i " p eri od~ should be .Hudied;
·oni w twn p ote11flt1I
• I -
elec rrorz r.1- .
• no,1 -mctall, c cha racter
O u l/11 () '
eriodicil y on 1he bas is of ato mi c number for elcn~e11ts.· • ,,[ectrrml' gati vity
(ii ) P
• The study of mod<'m. periodic
,. tablr up to period ., ( . _
.
questions ,nil 1'(' n s"-ed 0 11 <!lem ents bevond .., .·sruden11·
J ·
to he
. exposec1to the complete m odern periodic table but
110 • · I · pe u o 4 - Calc wm )·
• f eriodic1 ry .and ot 1cr rela ted
. properties
. to be t,xp 1m.ned on tl, r. b .·· .r
'special ref erenCf' to the a lka li metal,· alkal · · ci.H s 01 n.uc 1.ear charge and shells (not orbitals)·
( . ,, m e ea rt1l· metal
, . i1a IOf?ens and i n ert g a ses)
s, '
, 4ccordin~ ro 1he recommendatw 11 of fntemar,· U .
1 nwn of P ·
,,Vote· ,11m1bered
' ' fro m I to l 8 rep lacinf{ rh ·
e older notataria
· ·• . ure anc.I A p p 1·ie d Chemistry (I UPAC), the groups a re
• • L · wn 01 groups I A VI/A VJ
r.raminaiion borh nora11011s will be a ccepted. ...... , II. IB ... ... . V//B and 0. Howeve r, for the

Old notation IA iJA ITIB IVB VB VIB

I ::......-- --:---t-:-"T-::--"T~ -t----4--__)__ lB IIB UIA £VA VA VIA VIIA 0
New notation l 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 15 16 l 7 I 18
14

J. l INTRODUCTION Mendeleev to place 63 elements known at that time

Elements are p ure substances made up of one
r:pe of aroms. They a re the basic units of all
types of matter. In order to study elements in an
organised manner, they need to be classified.
You have studied in class IX the contributions
of Dobereiner, N e w !and s and Mendeleev to the
classification of elements.
Dobereiner grouped the elements in groups of
three (triads) with similar propertie s such that the
atomic weight o f the m id dle e lement was the
arithmetic mean of the other two.
1
Example: ~Ca, ~ Sr, 13~ Ba and ~~0 , ~5Br,
Newlands observed that when e lements are
arranged in increasing orde r o f their atomic weights,
every eighth element heRinninu /rom mt v c!c 111 e11 r
resembles the f irst ele11:t:nt in it'.-) p11y'.-,ic:il an d
chemical properties.
Mendeleev gave the first periodic table of
elements based on his law which states that "r'1e
properties of elements are the periodic .fimctions <f
!heir atomic masses''. This arrangement enabled
in ve1tical columns (groups ), and in horizontal rows
(periods) . He predicted the exi stence of those
elements which were yet to be discovered. Bur th i,
method could not explain th e 17usi1ions ()f certuin
elements. the rnre eorth rnetols uncl th e isotupi:.\ .
These defects were removed when Henry :Moseley
put forward the modern periodic table, which was
based on atomic number.
I Atomic number is equal to the number of electrons \
in the energy shells of an atom. I
Physical and chemical properties of an element
depend on the number of electrons and their \
~jl. arrangement.
Hence atomic number is the fundamental property of
an element.
Moseley stated that ·• the physica l and
chemical properties of ckments are th e periodic
functions of their atomic number··.
Later on Niels Bohr gave the extended form
of the table known as the long form of the modem
periodic table (given ahead).
[O
 TABLE I .I : T Ii i<: LONG FORM OF PlcRIODtC TABLE OF ELEMENTS s-n, >Ei
GROUPS ~ O'
()Q C:
Represent ative Elements Transi1ion Meta ls C: -
s - bl oc k ~ a;
., ~
[ I . - . . - . - Representative Elements
l ...!~ loc ~ Noble gases @ r,i
I ::, ::,
Peri<><ts 2 3 , - - I' - blrn.: k I' - bind o_(JQ
4 5 6
- 7 V, n,
7 8 9 10
l 11 12 13 14 --3
::, ro
15 16 17
I18i
I " Ac1ive rncl al s "O ~
H~ (A lka li me1als & Alka line ea nh me1al,)
A1o m ic number - -- S1a1e Zier. aa
"O .....
Hydt:0gcn Sy mhol Heavy meials n, ro
UA ,, ::i0
Me1alloids DIA
~- 3
0 Solid V, n,
:1,0 Na me 0 ::,
No n-metals •,.5 · □. ..... ~
Be
0 L iqu id '\e· ro -·
Bery~ Non-me1als (Haloge ns) l:,1-,, 0 ::I
~ .lloron ~- 3 (JQ
Q Gas Non-me1als ( lnen gas) ro .,
'H 0 12 0 ::I 0
3 Na 0 -
V,
C:
"O
Mg- V,
Sodium Magnesium nm lVS VQ VTB Si r.r. ,...._
I Alurruniurn
vu~ r--- - vu, --~ m HB
(') ~
19 ' 0 20 0 21 D 22 D 23 0 240 25 D 260 27 0' 2801 29 D 300131 □ f32 0 =-o ri'::i
4 ·K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge 0.. ::..
Potassium I Calciwn
j I Scandium I Titanium I Vanadium IChromium I Manganese I Iron Coba lt I Nickel I Copper I Zinc Gallium fGcrmaniuai ~
"ti Q..
(')

38 0: 39 41 0 42 □ 43 44 45 tTl C:
· 37 0 0 40 D □ D □ 46 □ 47 □ 48 □· 49 □ 50 □
y Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Te- t -, . :,::, 3
Rb Sr Zr Nb Ag Cd ln Sn fr Sb' - ::I
Zircomum Niobium Mulyhdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladi um Silver Cadmium Indium l;eUl!rium , Q v,
SIJ'Ontium Ynnum Tm j( Anrimm)/ o-
_i:.i

57-71 73 0 74 □, 75 □I 76 □1 77 □I 78 79 80 84 DI -as ~□ (") 5.

56 0 n □ □1 □, 181 D 182 0 183
□ □ (84
W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg 11 Pb Bi □
Ba Hf Ta
Rhenium Osmium Iridium Plarinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismlllh Poloo ~~
Hafruum Tantalum Tungsten cc :i.
-;, 1(. <' b~ ,c' - ·-
1:-IL :;/.;r' 'i~ ', . it_ -- • V, rO
I 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 11 2 113 114 115 116 tTl g-
117 ILl8 . ,....._
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn _Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts 0g
Dubnium Seaborgi Bohrium Hassium Meiineriup, Dat)lls<Od-
-:::r
uum R~n••
genllrn C_opa-
ntC1um N1horuu11\ Aenw1um Mosu1• ium Li.,... Teanocw"" Op...- 0
ra:run
:i.
/ -block ~
::,
68 0 69 0 10 0 I 11 0 I g_
.;. Lanlhanld 58 □ 59 0 60 □ 61 D 62 D 63 D 64 D Er Tm Yb I Lu
65 D 66 D 67 O Erbium Tbuh11m Yum'ttiUIII UnctlUI
s · c, I'< Nd Pm Sm E, Gd Tb Dy Ho
1~ ~i en,s ~••• :::;::'' '"'°'''"""" ~~'""" ,••~.. ,__._ ,..,,.., . n•••• . ,,•...,.. .,.,-
a,. l ,. tinW 89 0 900 910 92 0 93 94 95 .96 97 98 '9 100 JOI 102 JQJ
,2 ~ c • A< Tb Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf &
Serie9
fln Md No
~ ,..._ 'nlori- ~ - - u,...i- """""'- """"'1- iv,,,nci- "'"""' ~•"'"" ~ It_,... - ,-.--, -
' ·« · 57 . I
-~ ':I ':l" ,_ 0 •
7'
o""'o..o ~ o n
(l)Cll - "\II
~
(I) s ~ 0 1'>
c;1 ~ c;1 »i a '1 ""'; ~ (1) s1-1 ~en
,... (1;) 7' >1_ (1) "1 ~ ~ "1 0 .... ~:iic ~>
::J" ,_. ... o, O »l ,... O ....., pi (l) CJJ7:J -r"fll
~ I I I I .I ,J :T-i-;j. \ -- ,. ~ ri ,,, (1;) >::'. . .. ... ,.. . CJ> ~ • s (J) Q~
 LIENT FEATURES OF THE MODERN Note : The elements of groups l 2
J.2 ~:RIODIC TABLE (SEE PAGE 2) 15, 16 and l7 have 1, 2 3 4 S 6 , , 13, 14,
their valence shell (o~te~m~~~ s:~) 7 dectr~ns in
GRouPS . . They are known as the main group re,~pect1ve\y.
Tbe modem peno?1c table has eighteen vertical rep ta . e ements or
Each verttcal column accommod· t . resen tave elements or normal elements.
Juf1111S- a es The outermost shell of all the elements f h .
co cs with the same number of electrons in
groups are incomplete. , o t ese
outermost s h e II . Th ese
eJeJllen - vet·t1cal
· columns are
the as groups, arranged from left to right in the Group
. 18 : (Zero g roup) - El ements of
JcJ1own f increasing atomic . number. this group are called noble gases or inert
order o gases.
Group 1 : These elements are known as Alkali
metals (except hydrogen ) as they form strong The se elements have their outermost orbit
alkalis with water. complete. Due to stable electronic configuration,
Group 2 : Alkaline earth metals - They form they hardly react with other elements .
weaker alkali s as compared to group 1 elements. PERIODS
Groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are There are seven horizontal rows in the modem
known as the transition elements. All the periodic table. They are known as periods (see table
elements of these groups are metals. They have given below).
their two outermost shells incomplete.
Each period begins with an element having one
I Group 13 : Boron famil y - Boron is the first
electron in its valence shell and end s with
member of the group. completely filled outermost orbit (valence shell).
I Group 14: Carbon farnily.
The number of shells present in a n atom
Group 15 : Nitrogen family. detennines its period. For example :
Group 16 : Oxygen family, also known as
Elements of period one have one shell ,
chalcogens, meaning ore forming.
elements of period two have two shells, and that of
Group 17 : These elements form salts and so are period three have three shell s and so on.
kno wn as Halogens (meaning - salt formers ).
13 14 15 16 18
Atomic i 2 17 \
Period Type of No. of IVA VA VIA VII A 0
IIIA
elem ents number IA IIA
No. period
He 2
1 Shortest 2 1 and 2 H, 2

I -
1
F9 Ne 10

F
BS c6 N7 08
T
I 3 to 10 Ll 3 Be 4 2,8
2. Short 8 2 ,3 2,4 2 ,5 2.6 2.7
I 2 ,1 2,2
- -
[ 4 5 6 7 8 19110 11 12 Al 13 Si I4 p 15 s ,6 c1I1 Ar 18
3
3. Short 8 18 I Na,, I Mg ., VIII 18 118 2 .8 ,3 2 .8 .4 2,8 ,5 2 .8,6 2 .8 ,7 2,8, 8

r --
J 2, 8,2 : 2,a, ~
111B IVB VB VIB VI IB
Br35 KrJ6

4. Long
I

I 18 j 19 to 36 1 K 19 I Ca 20 T 1l AN SITION ELEfv' EN s
I I __ ~ 8. 112. ~ - -- --· 1
s3 Xes4

5. Long 18 ~ to 54 1 Rb 37 _ _ !___
- - - -- - Alas Rns6

155 to as] cs,, - -

.f -
La s1 Ts 117 09118
6. Longest 32
- -
-

Acsg
7. Longest I 87~ o .. Fr 87 LLI 71

Group 1 are Alkali metals

- Lanthan ide Ce 5a
-·
NNER TRAN , ITION
~ ::; Lr 103
(except hydrogen) series
Group 2 - Alkaline earth metals Th 90
Actinide series
Group 3 to 12 - Transition elements
Group
Group
G
roup
17 - Halogens
18 · Inert gases
111B 6th period - Lanthanides (Rare ea
rth elements) J Inner Transition Elements

1118 7 1h period • Actinides (Radioactive elements)

-
Group
OJ
 Nore : Lanthanidcs (rare earths) Group 3 of the an element has, equals the number of th
which that element belongs. e Pe,-ioq
sixth period and actinidc.c; (radioactive elements)
Group 3 of the seventh period have similar For examp!f' , in halogens (Group 17).
properties because they belong to the same Group
3. They are shown at the bottom of the periodic
table because they are large in number. and if shown
in the main body of the table will distort its shape.
Element
with
atomic
numbers
No. of
shells
Electronic
configuration

KLMNOP
--
£ \el11ents
tbC 2nd r

~to,niC ]'

The th.inf period clements. Na. Mg. Al , Si. F (9) 2 2, 7 S f,tect ron
, ecr,nd configu t
P. S and Cl. s ummari se the prope rtie s of their C l ( I 7J ]
2, 8. 7 l'hird
respecti,·e group.o- and a re called typical elements. Ur (J.'i) 4 2. 8. 18, 7 F ['lo- of s
0Urth
A period is detennined by rhe number of shells and a I (53 ) 5 2, 8, 18, 18. 7 Fifth ygleDC)

group is derermi:ned by rhe number c,f elecrrons present AL ( 8.'.'i ) 2

_._R
_,_1_8_, _3_
2,_ l 8_,_7_i___ Sil\Lh fonnul

---
in the ou1ennost shell. }lydri<
For example : Sodium ha~ ato mi c number 11 a nd its .'1cross a period, i.e., from left tori h
(h)
. f I f .
/ electronic confi gu ration is 2. 8. I . It has three orbits On moving rom e t to nght ·m a givengt.. In tl
1
(shells) and has one e lec tron in the o utermost orbit, the number of shell s re main s the sarn l'en I •
I hence it is placed in third pe riod a nd group l. Similarly. I
example , in the 2nd period, the number ;- F
calcium. atomic number 20. electroni c configuration 2, 0
8. 8. 2 is placed in fo urth peri od a nd group 2.
remains two, i. e., equal to the number of the s.
Similarly in the third period the number of~
1.3 PERIO DICITY remains three and so on .
The properties that reappear at regular intervals, (2) Valency
or in w hich there is gradual variation (i.e.
increase or decrease) at regular interval s, are Valency denotes the combinjng capacity of
called periodic propenies ' and the phenomenon atom of an element. It is equal to the number
is .known as the periodicity of elements. electrons an atom can donate or accept or shaJt

Cause of periodicity On moving do wn a given group, the n

Tiu. cau ~e of periodiciry is 1/Je recurren ce of'
similar elecrmnic configurarion i. e. hm ·ing the same
number of eleomns in rhe ourermosr orbir.
In a particul ar group, electrons in the
outermost orbit remain the same i. e. electronic
configuration is similar. Since chemical properties
of elements depend upon the number of electrons
in their outermost shell, thus elements of the
same group have similar properties.
of electrons in the outermost shell, i.e., vale
electron , remains the same. Therefore, valency ·
a group, also remains the same. ·'
In a given period, the number of electrons 1
the valence (outermost) shell increases from let
to right. But the valency increases only upto G~
14, where it becomes 4, and then it decreases, i.e..
in Group 17 it becomes 1.

I
1.4 SHELLS (ORBITS) AND VALENCY
/ Orbits : Electrons revol ve around the ~ ucleus in
I certain definite circular paths called orbits or
shells.
---
( 1) Number of she1ls :
fa) Down a group, i.e., from top to bottom.
The number of shells increases successively,
z. e., one by one, such that the number of shelJs that
Note 1 : Valency depends on the number
electrons in the outermost shell (i.e. vale
shell). If the number of electrons present in
outermost shell are 1, 2, 3 or 4, then their valency
is I, 2, 3 or 4 respectively.
I
\
If the number of electrons present in the
outermost shell are 5, 6 or 7, then their valency
is 8 - 5 = 3, 8 - 6 =2 and 8 - 7 = 1 respectively,
Note 2 : Valency is the combining capacity so it
is always positive.

OJ
 -- -: -
Gro11P-"
IA
I
IlA
2
IIlA
13
JVA
14
VA
15
VIA
16
VII.A
17
Zero
18
5.
~ame two elements in each case .·
(1) Alkali metals ..
(~11)) Alkaline earth metals
L-- ;; -
f fe,neJI •od Li Be B C N 0 F Ne 6
(iii) Halogens rv Inert gas
. Elements of group 1 and elements of group 17 both
11te 2Pd pen
4 5 6 7 8
have valency 1. Explain.
9 10
~
'.l
7 . Correct the statements. .
KL KL K L KL K L KL
~ KL K L
(i) Elem ents in the sam e p~r·i~ t 'h
tJecfroPIC 2, I 2. 2 2, 3 2.4 2,5 2, 6 2. 7 2, 8
valency. _ _ ave the same
j configll111tioll
(ii) Valency depends upon the b f '; . , : ' l)f\~ t)

t...of---- . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 , num er of shell s in an

2 atom - f OJ'\ 11-Y~ 1-\j'f('
No- shells "' \ ~ .~!.\'\ ey ('( l ! ("H 1, ,~ ~ f
2 3 4 .1 2 I 0
..((·)' •' • / r ; . .' ~a .d
Cop perr .• ' .,, , r, ~ )r,.JV~'ents .
elem
~ n !'.lflc are representative
~ I ('
v8 1eocY at extre me right of
L iH BeH 2 BH _i CH 4 NH , H 2O ll f'
(Iv) Tttran s,tt?n e
_ leme nts are place d
~( 1e peno drc table . - 1

ffydride 8 . What do you understand by ?

1.--- ---
-~i) Periodic ity (ii) Typical elements
In the periodic table (111) Orbits
eas ing
• elements are an-a nged in ord er of incr expect to show
9. Name_two elements that you would
atomic number (proton num ber ). simi lar to calci um . What is the
similar che~ rcal reactions
• the vertical columns of elem ents with
- ;,,
basis of your choic e ? () ~ , ( 1 -.
Fi .
. ,.. ,,, C j - ..:, ,
propertie s are call ed groups. 10. Name the (1) metals (ii) meta
ffoids anti (iii) non-metals
s.
• the horizontal row s are call ed period in the first twenty elements
.
e num ber are put in one group
• Rec urre nce in properties due to sam 11 . Fluorine, c~lorine and Bromine

,
s.
ce of on the basis of their similar propertie
of electron s are see n afte r a diff eren s ?
bers. (i) · What are those similar propertie
2, 8, 8. 18. 18 and 32 in atom ic num group or family ?
electrons (ii) What is the common name of this
• Properties of elem ent s dep end upon of the last element in
it) so 12 . What is the main characteristic
in the vale nce she ll (o ute rmo st orb each period of the Periodic Tabl
e ? What is the
n with
grad ual cha nge in pro per ties is see general name of such elements ?
I increase in ato mic num ber. 13. According to atomic structure, what
determines which
1 a nd 2 . be the last in a
• Re acti ve me t a ls are in gro up element will be the first and which will

:I I Transition elem ent s (me tals ) are in mid

non-metals in the upp er righ t cor ner
dle and
of the
period?
14. How does the number of :
(i) valence electrons and
periodic tabl e. (ii) valency vary on moving from
left to right in the
-me tall ic
• Transi tion from me ta llic to non third period of the periodic table ?
character is seen acr oss a period. 15. Name the type of elements , which
have their
(i) outermost shell complete (\.C i~
::: ---~-1-' ·- ':.
(ii) outermost shell incomplete
ion 0-
~ - - - -( 1ntext Quest- ~ (iii) two outermost shell incomplete
r r ~~ (iv) one electron short of octet
1. (i) State mod ern peri odic law. • . ,,,, ' \ ' '- ! { (v) two electrons in the outermost
orbit.
scie ntist who stat ed the law. · · ~ its N shell .
(ii) Nam e the
_er,n 16. An element has 2 electrons in
(iii) How man y gro ups and '
peri ods doe s mod
' ·, I v' ~ (i) What is its atomic number ? &c, .
- periodic table hav_e ? ·,
1
I , •;ii ( 1, ,, (ii) State its position in periodic table
.1
•
O J> ' I (¥1..(:{( !j , i , ,,.Q ;( (.' e,,,
• \

zor, ta l rows and vert ical co lu!Tln!:> ,n a (iii) Is it a metal or a non-metal ?

I 2. What are hori
periodic table kno wn as ? (iv) State the name assigned to this
(v) What is the valency of this elem
group) \.~
ent ? cf.-
' :n~
sim ilar •· .. ·· .... · .. .. ·
3. Peri odic ity is obs erv ed due to element %S.
Answer the following in respect of
(num ber va len ce elec tron
s/at omi c num ber/
17
· (i) Give its electronic configuration.
1 ' (, ? ~~
._ \ ~
elec tron ic con figu ratio n) . ,t belo ng . ,,,., K(l-
(ii) To which group and period does
atio n in atom s chan ge
4. How doe s the elec tron ic conf igur ~
? (iii) What is its valency ?
(i) in a peri od from left to righ t
(ii) in a group from top to bottom ?

w
 . yV;>(\ , N~'..
~

?
'·)
£,,......

(iv) Is It a metal or a non-metal ?

(v) Is".. a reducing agent or an oxidising agent .
(vi) Give its formula with hydrogen. \,.\ ~~
halog en in Al'OM1c Elem ents
1B. Name alkal i meta l in perio d 3 a nd R.~OILJs
(a) An In g1
period 2. S. D~}cl-1)') 1 .fe_,_,,JJJ.f(, f'lR.
.

(b) The noble gas with 3 shells. Prf'~

o-(') _
Atomic radius can also be defined
prese nt ,n pen and metal s rn
inter-nuclear distance between the colllbi:serj
(c) The non-metals • ·od 2
period 3.
4. . in a molecule.
(d) The element of period 3 with valency
not form oxide .
(e) The element in period 3 which does NUCL EUS
e out of Be
(f) The element of lower nuclear charg
and Mg . LithiU
ATOM
nt T is 2 , 8,
19. The electronic configuration of an eleme
8, 1.

(i) What is the group number of T ? i Sodi1

(ii) What is the period numb er of T ?
L/ INTER -NUC LEAR DISTANCE
in an atom
(iii) How many valence electrons are there
ofT? j_..
Unit : Angstrom : 1A == I 0-1° in
(iv) What is the valency of T ? :t✓
(,

Picometre : 1 pm == l 0-12 in.

(v) Is it a metal or a non-metal ? r rieJ (!
.. -

20. Match the atom ic numb er 19, 15, 8, 4

and 2 with each Atomic size depe nds upon :
of the following :
_
(i) num ber of shel ls and (ii) nuclear charge,
(i) A meta/ of valency one. \ '. \
(ii) A solid non-m eta/ of perio d 3. l ~; (i) Num ber of shells
An increase in the num ber of shells inc~
(iii) A rare gas. ;:; _
the size of an atom beca use the distance b,
(iv) A gaseous element with valency 2. ,;;
--nt ------c..Lj __ ___ _(2017)
------An--eleme
(v) of group 2. I the oute nno st shell and the nucleus increases,111 C

1.5 PERI ODI C PROPERTIES Nuc lear char ge

The properties of elements which are directly ,------- -
(ii)

It is the positive char ge pres ent in the nuc

r indirectly related to their electronic configurations

tl
1

a / of an atom , which is equal to the number

nd show a regular gradation as we move across I •

riod, from left to right or down the group from ~ ~oto ~ in the nucJeus~ e. :__ the atomic nu At
p to bottom, are called Periodic Propertie
s.
A1
An increase in nucl ear charge decreases -
Important periodic properties are : ~ El
size of the atom because the electrons are C<
(i) atomic size (atomic radius), attracted towa rds the nucl eus with a greater
fooi
(ii) metallic character, thereby bringing the oute nno st shell closer to
1M
nucleus.
(iii) non-metallic character, s
(iv) ionisation potential (ionisation energy), Trends in ato mic size (atomic radius)
( v) electron affinity,
la) Down a ,:!ro op:
(vi) electronegativity.
In u grou p. rhe increases 111
.\ i :_e of' an ato111
1.5. I Atomic size (atomic radius) oiu• f>roc ad r 1'wn tr,p to b~r! om. This is due to ~
successive addition of shells (which overweighs ~ ti,
It i., the di:rra,u-c hetw em thc centrc ol the .
mc~eased nuclear charge) as one moves frorn
nucl eus ff m, atmn and its ouremw.\t .\heft.
Penod to the next in a group. For example:

l I]
 · Groun 1 In group 17 the size of fluorine is the 11
E/efflents"' r F < Cl < B sma est.
In group 1 the size of hydrogen is the smallest. 64 r < I < At
99 114 133 140
Electronic pm pm pm pm
cs AtolJUC Atomic Size pm
~ No. radius configuration
(b) Across a period :

-
KLMNOP
In a pe riod, the si::.e of an atom dec reme . ft·
feFt t . I Thi . . s om
Hydrogen J 37 pm I 0 thJ' t ng· 1.
0 1 s 1s because the nuclear char
b . .
ge, i.e.,
e a orruc. num er mcreases from left to right m · the
L---
same pen 00 , thereby bringing the outermost shell
Lithium 3 152 pm 2. l
0 ~loser to the nucleus. Therefore, in the second period,
it ha~ ~en fo~nd that lithium (Li) has the largest
-- atonuc size while fluorine (F) has the smallest.
sodium JI 186 pm 2, 8, l
~ I~ the third period, sodium atom is the largest in
size and chlorine atom is the smallest.
Na > Mg > Al > Si > P > S > Cl

~
Potassium 19 231 pm 2. 8, 8, 1 186 pm 160 pm 143 pm 117 pm 110 pm 104 pm 99 pm

Note : As an exception, the size of the atoms of

inert gases are bigger than halogens of the same

•
period. This is because the outer most shell of inert
Rubidium 37 244 pm 2, 8, 18, 8, I
gases is complete. They have the maximum number
of electrons in their outermost orbit thus the
electronic repulsions are maximum. The effect of
'S nuclear pull over the valence electrons is not

•
I/
262 pm 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, I seen. Hence, the size of the atom of an inert gas is
Caesium 55
bigger, but not bigger than the alkali metal of
the same period.

I Trends in atomic size across a period.

I Elements
Atomic No.
Lithium

3
Beryllium

4
--- --
Boron
5
-
Carbon
6
Nitrogen
7
Oxygen
8
Fluorine
9
Neon
10

70pm 66pm 64 pm 112 pm

I 12 pm 88 pm 77 pm
Atomic Radius 152 pm

Electronic KL KL KL KL
KL KL KL
configuration KL 2,4 2, 5 2,6 2, 7 2,8
2, 2 2, 3
2, l

Size
(@ (®) @ @ @ @) @) @
Note : 1. Cation is always smaller than the parent atom, from which it is formed .
Reason
· ··
· f 1 t · so elec tro ns are
· a cauon.
(s) hence proton(s) are more than electron(s) m
Cat1on 1s fonned by the loss o e ec ron ' h • d
strongly attracted by the nucleus and are pulled inward. Hence t e size ecreases.

Na-e- ~ Na+
(2, 8, I ) (2, 8)
Thus sodium ion is smaller than sodium atom.
[D
 . e . Gr ea ter the
ato mi c Si~
st orb
• ter mo it, an d thu s, Ies
. A
At omh icis the ou
SlZ
- ,/i)
, ert ed on 1t. s .a res n
t.he parent ato m.ele ctro n(s), fart er cle Mp u 11 ex Ac ro ss a
Anion is lar ger tha n ain of
nu be rem ov ed mo re heasily fr o
by the (f) a rc mo re tha
n is the n(s ) can . On rn
;· on : Ani on is fonned thu s ma km g t e elerne
ens . num be r o f e lec rro n - ·11 rhe nuc leu s
thectr
ele val
·h
o e nce s e , 11 11 inc rea ses cl
rhe
Thu s,( t)l1eThc effectiv e pos iti ve cha rg: ;d - H e nce thu s the '
-d II is ex pcn e n re me tal lic .
proron s - _
is less, so less rnw ar pu . Gr ea ter the nu cle ar char can no t los
size exp and s,
Cl+ e- ~ Cl
-
mo
(ii) Nu clea~15 ~';,~;~:;ce ex ert ed by the nucleu s g,,
os t orb it. l'h~
There:

(2. S. 7) -
(2. 8) s.
th . t:·l1lo rine atom .
gre
th e electron
ater
. ·rt-
( ) of the
s
, It to rem
.
o ute
o ve the
.
rm I
ron (s) •q
e ect11· fro11
lg a pe
,
rio
Ex
d,
,a;
- - - b gge r an 1 - r1 s havi ng rhe. ma kes ,t d , icu
-
Thu s chl onnc ron i s I. . ns ,_e. c1e Io • th e o ute r.mo s t o rbi t.
T hu s m eta 1c nature mo st met
romc d '° ids UfJO II rhe nuc lea , Li
3. Size of isoelect f rons. cpe · r h · e
e,u · c rug decreases. L---
same nu mb er o elect ) Grea.ter 1..s lh"'~ 11ud Me t
" rge (no. of proton s . let e their
cha
. h lose ele ctr on (s)M to coJ mp
(nu clea r pul l) sma ller is the
size . Ele me nts wh IC
re d uc1•ng ag en ts . eta s are g 00d
Eramp le : oc te t are
ency to lose
Isoelec rronic ions Mg-'+ Na + F- 0 2-
red ucr.ng age , rits · Gr ea te r the te. nd In tl
10 10 10 (s) , str on ge r is the red uc ing ag ent. ele me nt
/ No . of electrons
1() electron
12 11 9 8
I No . of protons 1.5 . 3
ac te r
Size in A ~ 0-65 0-95 1-26 1-42 Trends in me ta llic ch ar Th
Down a group ele ct rm
1_5_2 Metallic ch ara cte r , the ato mi c o rbit. <
·f! a ten den cv to los e On mo vin g do wn a gr ou p
Those c/£'111e111s. ll'hiclt hm cle ar ch arg e als o Li i: N1
ctro ns of the ou ten no st size inc reases an d the nu
(1)

!heir mle nce elffrro11s (ele

iii
inc rea sed ato mi c Na ~ their 0 1
e ion. are co11siclered me tal
s. increases . Th e eff ect of an
orbil) an d/m m O posirii · d to the inc rea sed
::,
res pe c1
size is gre ate r as comp are
Ill

Na - e- ~ Na+
K C:
de nc y to los e in va lenc
(2. 8. 1) (2, 8) nu clear ch arg e. Th ere for e, ten Rb 3"
me nts ca n los e 0
F
Mg - 2e- Moe,2+ ele ctr on inc rea ses an d ele Cs
inCl
me tal lic na tu re
c,,
~
1 an d
ele ctr on s ea si ly . Th us
ll)
c,,
(2, 8, 2) (2, 8)
wn a gr ou p.
increases as on e mo ves do
nt (non me tal) which does a gro up are most
Note : Hy drogen is an eleme Elements at the bo tto m of
y one electron and one ns
lar ge , he nc e electro
noc have a neu tron , it has onl
it forms its cation which metallic. Th e atornic siz e is
proton. On los ing this ele ctron for me d. Th us,
also be are loosel y held, so ion s are rea dil y
has onl y one pro ton , therefore its cation can rea cti ve .
called a proton . the se ele me nts are mo re (i)
the least
H- e- ~ H+ Ex am ple : In group 1, lit hiu m is (i;
metallic ele me nt.
The metallic character of ele
ments dep en ds on:
is a rad ioa cti ve ele me nt, so
(i) atomic size and (ii) nuclear charge. No te : Fra nc i um
t -"nown.
its properties are no
- 12
(ii
- - -ble
. Ta
'P- - . - - --- -,. . -
G;:
fr. ro::-:u:::p-- -"7 ""- .: O~U:-
'R~
G:-
GROUP14 - ~ U P1. 5
. ---- -- -, -- --- --7
-R_O_U_'P_2~ -GROUP 13
J--+- G J8~ -
_P__
Ar
r-: ;:~~ -- -t --- - - _ GR~ S 16 / GROU _R
7 t--G
ClP_ J_ _U
_O
-- ir .- AJ
- -- -
- - S;- - _ P__
TrE
mea tm=unb :-1-- +- --
er "t- --1
Na Mg
18- - -
fll!Je
G au
\.:to::: ·:c=-= -::-- 17-- -t -- --
16 -- .- --
- -- - - ,- - -~ - - -
14 _ - .- r- -- De
-
- ni;c- -- +--K.,- L12M .,_ _K_ LI 3M
- L-, M
- t - -K, K_L_ M_ _
t;; ec~tro
El;:_--
2 -- L_ M_- +- _
- -t---K
- K --.-L-,M
~- ~- M K. L. M
2, s: 2 2 • s· 3
- _!:Urafioo
/C(>lJIIJj , s. 1 4 2 8 5 of
8·,_:7_- -t_
~:- ~ :._2:~ 8,'. .8:_ -
~ r-;_~=•-.::-·,~,,,-;- --f ~2-._8_,_6_ +- _2
""1ic
MebtlJ y
Me w

--3
Meial

--t--4--1- -
--:;----~--~J~
I ~=
~=-1~=~
~e i; ,
:~ '
Meial!'_
o;d No n-m
1
Non-metal Noble gas
nt;

e--n:cyc--=-L~1.--;--1-1- t_:_2_-t
P"" " No n-metal at1
o -
a1~
1--/rv:~ J__ 3_ _ ~ =- 4 3 2 1

_
si
ft
[! J i -- -- -- -L _ _ -- 1 ._ _ -L_
 sO per iod Exa mp le : Group 14
.
AcfOS rno vin g acr oss a per iod , . nuc lea r pul l Non -me tal
on due to the mcr . eas e .m ato1TI1c num ber and C
, Si Me tall oid
·ncrease s rea ses . Hen ce, ele me nts
1 tb atom ic size dec "] Ge Me tall oid
thUS e
caJJIIOl Jose electrons eas 1. y. Sn Me tal
Therefore, the m eta 11ic_11at u~c
d«•crt·a .\·es aer o., ,.
Pb Me tal
. d. 111011i11g fro m l<:ft to n!!,hl.
a per10 , righ t)
Exa mp le : In the 2nd period
, lith ium is the Ac ros s th~ per iod (lef t to
, the ten den cy to
rnost metallic . . On mo vin g acr oss a per iod
to an inc rea se in
B L_~ _o F gam ele ctro n(s ) inc rea ses due
~
J
in the ato mic size .
Metals
Met allo id Non -me tals nuc lea r pul l and a dec rea se
tf'r i11 1·u, a.\e s nrT oss
The refo re, 111 11-111!'f(f/lic rl1111'11c
1

Metallic char acte r decr ease s or

non-metallic characte r increases ll pc ri/1,/, i.e., Jim11 left f n n g ht.
mo st metallic For exa mpl e, in the 3rd per iod
,
In the 3rd period , sodium is the
element.
cte r Na < Mg < Al < Si < P < S < CL
J.5.3 Non-m eta llic ch ara
Those do n enrs 11 hit·h hm ·c a
ten den cy . _ gai n Metals Metalloid Non -metals
Ot' fCI in rhc ir out erm ,J.~l Non-metallic character increases
c!ecm111 .,. in c 1dcr io <if 1,1 in
1

.
or/iii. 1,rc t'Onsidc•·~·d , ·s non -me tals No te : Non -metals arc oxi dis
in g agent'-. .
7 electrons in
Non-metals usuali y have 5, 6 or 1-··--
periodicity.
n 3, 2 or 1 electron The nature of oxides also shows
their outermost orbits. They can gai 1
of ele me nh in a
or to complete their Acr oss a per iod : The oxi des
respectively, in order to attain octet bas ic natu re and
form an anion. partir-ular per iod sho w dec rea sing
valence shells (outermost orbits) and mple, the oxides of
For example. chlorine (Cl) and
oxygen (0) gain fi nall y bec ome acid ic . For exa
to form anions. elem ents of the third period.
1 and 2 electron(s) res pec tive ly P2 O 5 SO 3 CJ 2O 7
~ c1- Al2O 3 SiO 2
Cl + e- Na2O MgO
(2, 8, 8) Basic Amphoteric Feebly Acid
ic More Mos t
(2, 8, 7) Strongly
acidic acidic
acidic
0 + 2e- 0 2- basic
re of oxid es of met als
(2, 6) (2, 8) Dow n a gro up : The ha sic natu
ends on : increases.
Non-metallic cha rac ter also dep
(i) atomic size and (ii) nuc lea r charge.
atomic size, greater
Ch em ica l reactivity
(i) Atomic size : Smaller the s upon their
den cy to gain The reactivity of elements depend
is the nuc lea r pul l and the ten s to complete their
nt is more tendency to lose or gain electron
ele ctro ns. Th ere for e, the ele me ten den cy to lose
out erm ost orbit. Gre ate r the
non-metallic by nature. electron(s), greater is the reactiv
ity in the case of
the nuclear charge,
(ii) Nucl.ear charge : Greater me tals . Sim ilar ly gre ate r the
tendency to gain
tron(s), hence
greater is the tendency to gain elec electron(s), greater is the reactivity
of non-metals .
more non-metallic is the element.
r Trends in ch em ical reactivity
Trends in non -m eta llic ch ara cte
Across a period :
Down a group itio n On moving from left to tight in a per
iod, the
ses due to the add
The atomic siz e inc rea t decreases and
siv e per iod s. Tho ugh t~e che mical reactivity of elements firs
of new shells ove r suc ces
to an inc rea se ~n then increa ses.
nuclear cha rge inc rea ses , due trons easily
the eff ect of an inc rea sin g atorruc The group l element can lose elec
atomic num ber group 2 elements
'r. Th ere for e, no n -m eta lft · 11 ' mr e as compared to group 2. Similarly,
size is gre ate
decreases down the gro up. · 9- I
L---
 ----,-- - - T - r - - - - -, . _
r-- - , I I ! --
I in comparison ' Element of . M , Al Si ! ~
can also Jose electrons easily but on ~
I
to group 1. 3rd period I Na ___l _ g_l_ _!_ - J_ p

I
i

to group 13 and not at all in companson reactivity - -( OC)- ---!I ~ 1

650 : 660 1410 I -~ --k S I
As the tendency to lose electrons .decreases, f ve , M.P.
1 ----
,I Is.,
__L---'------_j_--~- ..l_______ ---...... <
\ (iii) name tt
also decreases and thus silicon is the least reafc • Density of elements across a period ·:--- \ (iv) write th
. d • A s we move roms d th en s li ght deer incr
. peno reacts
element in the third
gra d ually to maximum an ea~
phosphorus to chlonne, the ten?e~cy t0 gain electron
. 1 O. The giveri
be noticed. of elect ro
increases, hence reactivity agarn increases., e.g.,
e:,;-m;,
r----
Third period : / Element
m..£:_
s Cl
p
\
I -
Na Mg Al Si
Most / De~ity glee State :
Most least
reacri viry rcacri vir y reacti ve I (i) Whe
reactive reacli ve
decreases decreases
Non-metal Down peri<
metal
graduall y. II (ii) Am
D0·1r ~ • < , ., , cha
/ Element Li - ~
/- a~' _ K- _; Rb ~ I
The tendency of Josi ng electrons increases
down the group. Since chemical reactivity in metal s
1-- ---r
/ Densi~ g/ce
f

o _-97
o-_5_4 __,___ 0 -86 1-53
' - -~

1-87 I
\\ 11 . :~:::
1 (i) So
depends upon the tendency to lose electrons, thu s
\ (iii) M:
reactivity increases on going down the group. __,.'" lntext QuestionsJ
I 12. Whicl
(i)- B
State Its \
gro ur 1. What do you understand by atomic size ?
13. The
2. Give the trends in atomic size on moving : Ca,
The chemical reactivity of non-metals decreases
(i) down the group, (i) \
on going down the group as it depends upon the
(ii) across the period left to right.
tendency to gain electrons, which decreases down
(ii)
the group. 1 ,-. r.· 2:, :::..1-:t1·,;e .,t., dTK(~ 3. Arrange the elements of second and third periOd .
increasing order of their atomic size (excluding n
0:
top group ~ ~ :.e.. f· Jorme . gases). 14 . W r
co
G aaarion in :,,ivs1car ~rool!i> ,e!l 4. Why is the size of (i) neon greater than fluorine? (Ii) s \ thr
is greater than magnesium ? \
The melting and boiling points of metal s
15. N

j
5. (i) Which is greater in size ?
ecrease on going down the group, e.g., (i)
(a) an atom or a cation
~ Is m.p. b.p. I ~ (b) an atom or an anion
\ (ii
I Li 180-5°C 1347°C I ~ (c) Fe2+ or Fe3+ I

\ (ii
Na 94-5°C 883 °C I ~ (ii) Which has higher E.A., Fluorine or Neon.
K 63-5°C 774°C -o (iii) Which has maximum metallic character Na, Li or K
(i'
- ---- 6. Arrange :
• The melting and boiling points of non-metals
mcrease on going down the group.
(i) Be , Li, C , B , N , 0 , F (in inc reasing metallic
character) .
\\
Non- -- (ii) s
i, Na, Al , Mg, Cl , P, S (in decreasing non-metallic 16.
/ Metals m.p. b.p. Physical character) .
..___ --- state
I Fluorine - 219-6°C - I 87oc gas
7.
~tate the trend in chemical reacti vity :
Chlorine -101 oc -34-6oC . ht
(1) across the third period left t0 rig
gas ( 11.. ) ,
1
Bromine -7•2°C down the group.
+58-8°C liquid \
Iodine +I 13-6°C a. in group IA ( 1) b. in group VII A (17) I
+183 °C solid 8.
A metal M forms . \

. ~~ross a period, left to ri ht

.
It bel an oxide having the formula M203-
ongs to third p · d .
I
pomt and bollmg point usually in g , meltmg and I eno · Wnte the atomic number I
va ency of the metal. I l
14 (IV A) and then decrease. crease upto group 9.
~) element X belongs to 3 rd period and 1Jtl group
(1
state
no. of val '
C) ence electrons in it
II name of the element. .

10
 .
18. Explain why are the folio wing
(iii) name the family to which it belongs. .) AII groups contain met I statem ents not correct:
d when x (I
(iv) write the formula of the compound forme ..) A as and no
toms of elements in th e same ng metals .
( II
reacts with ~~Y. roup have the
er , ... same number of electron(s).
o. n,e given t~bl~ shows elements with same numb (111) Non-metallic chara cter decre
1 ases across a period
of electrons In its valence shell. with increase in atom·,c numb er

~ ts / 6:.o / 1a~-0 I 9~:~i (iv) Reactivity increases with atomIc

as well as in a period .
. .number •
in a group
.
19. (i) State the number of elements in Per·iod 1, Penod
State : 2, and Period 3 of the pe . d.
group or
(i) Wh~tdher these elements belong to same (ii) What is the common f:1~ ic table. Name
them.
of the electr onic
peno . configuration of the elem a /re
meta llic of Period
(ii) Arran ge them in order of incre asing 2 and Period 3 ? en s at the end
character. I
(iii) If an el_ement is in Group 17, it is likely to be
largest atomic
11 . Which one of the following has the [meta llic/non-me tallic] in charact h" .-
er, w ile with one
-
el t , .
th
radius ? . ~c r?n in its outermost energy level (shell) , en
(i) Sodium (ii) Potassium it is likely to be --- - [metall1c/no . n-metallic]
(iv) Aluminium .
(iii) Magnesium (iv) In Period 3, the most metallic element is
12. Which one has the largest size ? (sodium/magnesium/aluminium).
(ii) Cl ing the correct
(i). Br (ii) I (iii) 1- 20. Complete the following sentences choos
given in brack ets at the
13. The metals of group 2 from top to bottom
are 8 word or words from those
e, Mg, :
Ca, Sr and Ba end of each sente nce
a periodic
(i) Whi~h one of these elements will
form ion 5 (i) The _prope rtie_s of the elem ents are 1

most function of their __ ___ (atom ,

·c n um be r, mass
readily and why ? .
. e 1ectro nic
in th eir • number, relativ e atomi c mass ).
(ii) State. the. comm on featu re the '
con fIguratIon . (ii) Moving across a - - - of the Periodic Table
sing - - chara cter (group
and elect . ele~e nts show increa
14. Write the numb er of protons, neutr ons penod , metallic, non-metallic).
'
ronrc
1 p • Also state their position in
configuratio
. 19 K , 31s
. n of 39 a group would be I
(iii) The elements at the bottom of
the penod,c table . - metal lic chara cter than
expected to show - -
15. Name the elem ent wh ich has : the element at the top (less, more) .
filled with a group of
(i) two shells , both of which are comp letely (iv) The similarities in the prope rties of
elem ents are beca use they have the same
electrons ?
- -- (electronic configuratio n, numb er of outer I
(ii) the electronic confi gurat ion 2, 8, 3
?

(iii) a total of three shell s with five elect rons in its electrons, atomic numbers).
valence shell ? 21 . Give reasons for the following :
in its size of a
(iv) a total of four shell s with two elect rons (i) The size of a c1- ion is greater than the
valence shell ? I
Cl atom .
(v) twice as many elect rons in its secon
d shell as in (ii) Argon atom is bigger than chlorine atom.
I
1

its first shell ? I . tion potential of the element increases across

(1··, ,-) Ionisa
er 56. Look up I a period.
16. An elem ent Bariu m has atom ic numb (2018) I
answ er the I (iv) Inert gases do not form ion.
its posit ion in the Perio dic Table and - --- -- -- - - ---- - --- --
follow ing ques tions . L ~i.- 1oh isa ,; o pc.11enr1a. or loni sari on
(i) Is it a meta l or a non-m etal ?
m ? ene rgy (I .e.) or ionisation enma1py
(ii) Is it more or less react ive than calciu
We know that the elec tron s in an atom are
(iii) What is its valen cy ? if we
(iv) What will be the formu la of its phos
phate ? attracted by the positively charged nucleus. So,
y
(v) Is it large r or smal ler than caes ium
(Cs) in size ? want to remove an electron from an atom , some energ
tion
ents X, Y has to be supplied to overcome the strong attrac
17. In group I of the Perio dic Table , three elem ved
and Z have ionic radii 1.33 A, 0.95
and 0.60 A
A of the nucl eus. And after the electron gets remo
ive
resp ectiv ely . Givin g a reas on, arran
ge them in from the atom , the atom then acquires one unit posit
the orde r of incre asin g atom ic num
bers in the
charge and becomes a positive ion (or cation).
grou p.
C-11 ·-1
 ells ._ Th is increase in
addition of ex tra sh the ii
e ef fe ct of an in creas
rem ov e an r /ec rro n Jr.om a . . e ov er co m es th e i~
- - erg y req ui.re d ro d n ve rt if ,nto. a s1z
ITh e en co nu cl ea r ch ar ge .
·lated ga seo us ato'!' an. ail ed ion isa 11o nt io 11is at io 11 <'// <' 1;~ 1 · d ee r, increase
neutral iso ff - 1 llc n• f·o rt' .
ged ga st'O /JS
.' .r: C (I. E. ) or rs
/()f l IS . . ·- ' . .
.<. i.e .. " d ,,r ' ." 0 1
( 0 ,\(' .
., '1•111 attractiv
ar
po sitive ly ch or io ni~mh on en c 'K.Y 111 r /11 ,11 01111 , ·" 1
, 1 '11 \, . rs Qt
. I (I•P)
po ren ha · Ill•
,111n ·1·, ,/,1111 , t i
' /'t' "I '• Va ria tio n CT
n en er gy (IE1 ).
ionisa tio
M (g) + l.E. ~ M
+( g) + C I Li Na K I Rb 'c, /11 (/
,111/0/ ru
/)(

M can be any eleme

nt.
' Ele me nt
f.E. (K.f mof-
1
) 52 0 49 6 419 ~ --
40
, 1 /1111 '
decreases an
L ' I , I ' ' .I \ I ' "' ,, J .
3,4 ele c tro n af fi
" ' ; ' ' . 1
l nit : . /. '' i,' '
,, I .
' l1 / ( ( I

H eh um wt ll ha ve the highest io . (E . A .) is t
' ,\ ,.
! . Note : • ( ha lo ge ns ) a
rnof - l w hi le caes·I IJtl) r
,, 1·, 11 lli
nd s on · , en er gy 23 72 -0 kJ
Ionisation energy depe the . nr. sa tio n e , Ui
nuclear charge . . . e ' / w ill ha ve th e
l ow es t 10
(i) atomic size (ii) the atorm c siz of Fr is not dete ne r~
. . •- ·. The greater . . the electronh
s 37 5· 0 kJ moJ -. 1 (Id.E. . . ). lA
( 1) At om ic sr;:,erce 10act1ve
I ( I)
Sm ee
co rre ct ly as it 1s ra
•
ctw n.
Jesser the fo of attra
further away ~rom _t e
H
ha ve lo w I.E.
I
m ost shell lie
of the ou ter . e. , M et al s u s ua lly -7 3
eir removal easrer, l gh I.E .
nucleus. thus make th no n- m et al s ha ve hi 11 Li
required is less . . -- -- - - - -
the ionisation energy
- 60
I -
e nu cl ea r
ge : The gr ea t~ r th ff in it y (E . A .)
(ii ) Nu cl ea r ch ar ns 1.5.5 E lfl cf ro n A Ill Na
raction for the electro --~,,in rn tr.a lp y
charge. greater is the att
- 53
ns
. Therefore, the electro
of th ; outermost sheU
We ha ve ju st studie
d th at to remove an e
are more firmly he ld
in the outermost shell to gy is re qu ire d. Si llli
lar!y
ter energy is required fro m an at om , en er
because of which grea is ad de d to an atom
, en '
(s) . an ex tra el ec tro n
. ··e - - remove the electron
- - - ---
~ .g v re le as ed . m or e th;
L, -. ·1 - -c - t
- - - ed while conv
---- -- gy re le as causin g
C Across a period
I • '( I
The am ou nt of
ra l ga se ou s
en er
is ol at ed at om in to
a negati
• I I'
ne ut addition
·, l ,j
ar ge d ga se ou s io n (a ni on ) by the lower
ch .)
cause the atomic size
decreases ec tro n Affinity (E.A
(with exceptions), be electron is ca lle d El lower
thus,
nuclear charge, an d
X (g) + e- ➔ X- (g
an in cr ea se in the ) + E.A. fl uori
due to on(s).
is qu ire d to remove the electr there
n in its gaseous state.
m ore en er gy re
X is any element take in cor.
The elements vo lts pe r at om (e
V/atom)
of the 2nd Li Be B C N 0 F Ne , U ni t : el ec tron esented by ne • E.
period l. El ectron af fin ity is repr
--
Ionisation
/I kJ. mo/
I
[ -
sign - ] e.g.,
al
e:
Cl(g) + e- ➔ CI-(g) +
energy in 80 1 1086 1402 13 J
4 168 J 2080 349 KJ/mol . iI
520 899

--
1
kJ moJ-1 I
ity of chlorine is - 349 Kl 11
I Therefore, electron affin
The elements
1
off.be 3rd Na Mg AJ Si S
p I
Cl Ar , '1 :
/ J>eriod
I (i) clear charge. Th
atomic size and (ii) nu
I
1496 737
I

! i oI I j 999 /i , 256 / Is2oj'

LE. 1
th ~
/ in kJ IDOJ-
1 I , s1 ~786 _ (i) sm al le r the atomic
_____J A to m ic size : Th e \ ca i
~ on affinity, bee '- --
Down a group --. -.L __ - rh e gr ea te r th e el ec tr
th force between
There·1 · e ef fe ct iv e at tr ac ti ve * '
s an mcrease in ato nu·c number (nuclear nucleus and the valenc
e electrons is
.
chaige) and atonu· c size down the electrons are held
_ _du
__e _to th e group smaller atoms, and so the
* Except1.on s (ii)
Nuc/ear ch ar ge : Th
e greater then
charge, greater is the
electron affinity,
 increase in nuclear charge increases the effective .
Electron c oati v it·)' 1··'~ a ( 1·Ill
"" . . I
c rr 1·.
attractive force on the valence electrons. since it is only a tendency It Oie11 s1011 .l:'ss /Jrop ·
1y .indicate
<, 1, . .
result of the tendenc1es of d'ff n s the net
~. variation (Trends) in electro n affinity 1
ere?t
attract the bond-forming 1ectron pair. element s to
e
In n period , i . <! .. f ro m l e(r ro ri g h t 111 0
Electron. egativity is measured on several seal
/,o ri:.ontnl m 11 · of the periodic table, the atomic size Th . . es.
e most widely used scale of ele
decreases and the nuclear charge increases, so the devised by Linus Pauling (l 9;~o~eg auv~ty was
electron affinity increases. Thus electron affinity
highest value of electron egativit y lf~; ;h1~h }th_e
(E .A .) is the highes t for group 17 elemen ts taken as 4-0 and th 1 uonne 1s
(halogens) and the least for group I (alkali metals). 0-7. e owest one [for caesium} as

Elect ron Affinity Values in K.J 111 0 1- 1

IlA IllA IVA VA VIA VUA Zero ELEC~RONEGATIVITY VALUES

IA
(]) (2) (13) (14) ( 15 ) (16) (17) ( 18) I 2 13 14 15 16 17
I H He D H
-73 +48 2-1
E
I] Li Be• B C N• 0 F Ne Li Be B C N 0 F
C
-60 - 88 -1 22 - 141 - 328 1-0 1-5 2-0 2-5 3-0 3.5 4
R p
Mg• Al Si p Ar
Na Mg Al Si s Cl
ill Na s I Cl E 1,8 2,5
0-9 1-2 1-5 2-1 3-0
- 5) - 50 -119 - 74 - 200 - 349
I
I A K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br
s 0-8 1-0 1-6 1-8 2-0 2-4 2-8
Do wn a group ~ ~o.-._.p i -7 I Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I
,i ·,. - ;. >JIJ :! 1
Ir 1i Ir ih1 . 1ofl<•J 1 I tt- l-13 7 N
0-8 1-0 1-7 1,8 l -9 2-1 2-5
Li - 60 I Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At
the atomic size increases

t
111 ; •• i · . 2-2
Na - 53 I G I 0-7 0-9 1-8 1-9 1-9 2-0
more than the nuclear charge, thereby K - 48 I .J, N C R E A s N G ➔

~ causing a net decreas e in E.A.

___J
Rb -47 1

rtlIJg, --L~ - -

7 ... ,ec,ro negativity vai•.'es too depen d on :

ti~e/1 Y<,. As an exception in group] ~ fl~oru{; h~
on 0/ lower E.A. than chlorine and in group 16 oxygen has
lower E.A. than sulphur. This is because the size of
Auorine and oxygen atom is very small. As a result,
there are strong inter electronic repulsions and thus
incoming electron does not feel much attraction.
or
• E.A. does not show a perfectl y regular trend
iw
along a period or a group because of number of
exceptions. In general it becomes less negative
in going from top to bottom in a group and more
negative in going from left to right in a period.
1.5 6 E1e
/ 'fh;;,ndency of an ato~ in a molecule to a~racj-; ~
the shared pair of el ec tron s to wards itself 1s
I called its electronegativity. ------ --
(i) size of atom and (ii) nuclear charge.
(i) Atomic size: The greater the size of the atom,
th e lesser the electro negativ ity, since the
electron s being farther away from the nucleus,
experience a lesser force of attraction.
(i i) Nuclear charge : The greater the nuclear
charge , the greater the electro negativ ity,
becaus e increas e in nuclear charge causes
electron attraction with a greater force.
T lee tr 1 11eg ... tivity
Across a period
., . Since the nuclear charge increases due to an
incre a se in atomic numbe r, clcctro 1ugat i1·ity
iJ,Cl't{i'.;L'', f-m11 h:/1 to right in a JJlriod.
For exampl e, in the second period, electro-
negativity increases from lithium to fluorine.

!nf'rI gt L\ l \ h(lt'l' ,-, /'(I l'l1 c f l /Ill u!Jt ll// \' ,,, /' " \ { /{ \ 't ' ,·u/1u \, Down a group
du ,· to th, ·11 , 1,1h/ 1 • -lcc!rt!l! i, c u11/11;ur1t111 11 rl1 n 1 /i11d 1r There is an increase in atomic number down a
,rons ..
di/j1rn/1 to llfffJ)l dee group, i.e. , nuclear charge increases, but due to the
• Gro up\ 2 and 15 do not shew,; regul ar trend~ in d ec tro11 addition of extra shells, the atomic size increases. The
affin ity \':tl ue~. The) are exc eptions.
 comes the
effect of an increase in the atomic size over Not e:
nucl ear char ge, henc e
effec t of an increase in the • Grea ter the vaJue of elec tron affinity , easj
', /JP"rf~, i1ecrc, ., .•· af'w n , i:ro11r. lle er
is to gain elect ron( s~ and more non,l Diag onal •
ntly .
For example, in the first group, it sign ifica or mor e e lectr oneg ative or.
more oxicti
s1110I)
incre asing t,
ium . .d.1smg tre nd in thf
decr ease s from lithium dow nwa rds to franc the elem ent. Th us ox1 pow er in
.od and decr easesere seco nd peri
ln t"• '- \ 11 f• l tl If H' ' ,, 'h' (1
left to righ t in a pen top elem ents of
botto m in a grou p.
at right dia!
• Met als lose eJec tron s. The y have rela tion st
II I •I
ioni satio n ener gy (ion jsati on potential) I
le elem ents a
. · l l '
eJec tron a ff m1ty, ess e ectro nega tivit
, , I ,, 'ti 1
Gro up -
I' I/(,, ( I I .. II
have larg e atom ic radi i as com pare d ti Perio d 2
,'/

·, , •11 ..
\ \, /I

1 ',' I
, ', '!Ill\ .

I, •'Ii<'/ ('('{/'(
fill\ /.\

'.'I<
1/ (C ft

<'(,'/{\ '/
meta ls. Met als are goo d reducing agents.
--- Period 3

Slff.\1M '\R~ (PcR rr.D IC PROPERTIES)

PROPERTIES - Acr oss a Per iod (a) DE
• VARIATION (TRENDS) IN PERIODIC
1.

TREND (Variation ) -I - - - REASON

- -----
(b) RE

. ---- -- -- . Nuclear charge it

Atomic size Decreases ➔ • No. of shells Remains the same lonis ,
Metallic character Decreases ➔ • Atomic radii Decr eases . Ionisation potentiaJ 2.

~
(b) n
Non-metallic character Increases ➔ • Atomic radii - Decreases • Ionis ation potential 3. State
Ionisation potentiaJ Increases ➔ • Atomic radii - Decr eases • Nucl ear charg e (a)
Electron affinity Increases ➔ • Atom ic radii - Decreases • Nucl ear charg e (b )
Electronegati vi ty Increases ➔ • Atomic radii Decr eases . Nucl ear charg e 4. Narr
ene
PRO PER TIE S - Dow n a Group (a)
• VARIATION (TRENDS) IN PER IOD IC
5.
- .--- - -
G R O U P- Atomic Ionisation / Elect ron Elect ro- Meta llic
__0A ) _3SIIA )...:_ ~1MI A) Size PotentiaJ Affinity I negativity I Vale nce
Elec trons
(b)
Characterl
2. Li Smallest
-- - High e; t-· - t - High~ ~ 1
Be 4 F9
Hpst
I

3 Leas t Rem ains Increases

3. Na 11 Mg,2 CJ,1 the same one by Olf

I4.
JI JI
6. (a]
Ca20
jf iil

1f
K,9 Br3s ~

j
V,

I5. (I)

l
V,
Rb37 Sr38 Is3 Largest Lowe st Lowe st (b
Low est High est
I
L.-

PERTIES D
• REASONS FOR TRENDS IN PERIODIC PRO - own a Group 7. E
I_ TRENDS (Variation) - p
REA SON
• Atomic size tc
Increases J, • No of shell s Incre ases 8.
• Meta llic chara cter Increases -L _
• Atomic radii Incre ases
• Ionisation potemiaJ Decreases
• Non- meta llic chara cter Decr eases J, • Atomic radii _
Incre ases Decreases
• Ionis ation poten tial Decr eases -L • Ionisation potentiaJ
• Atomic radii _
Incre ases
• Elec tron affin ity Decr eases J, • Atomic radii _ ~ic num ber increases down ~
Increases ou_p but nucl ear charge _effect ~:
Dec~e~se~ J,_ l _•_ ~lom ic radii
• EJec trone gat_iv_i_tY_ __ _ mina ted by an increase m atonu
Increases
----·-----------_- ----- - ·- ---==--
dii or incre ase in number of shells,

GJ
 - · - -•· -latio~ship
- : Properties which have (c) The most electronegative element from the following
Oiagona re .
- trend in a group, generally have decreasing element is :
increasing .
•n the period. That ,s why the elements of the (i) Magnesium (ii) Chlorine
trend d1 period show · • · h th
resemblance m properties wit e (iii) Aluminium
secon h. d .00 (iv) Sulphur. (2019)
1 eJemen
ts of the next group of the t. 1r pen , .present 9. Explain the following :
• ht diagonal of the element. Thi s leads to a diagonal
1 atng . (a) Group 17 elements are strong non-metals, while
I relationship, viz. Li & Mg , Be & Al , B & S1. These
1

group I elements are strong metals.

elements are called bridge elements.
(b) Metallic character of elements decreases from left •
Group: 1_ 2· iJ-· - 14
to right in a period while it increases in moving down i
Period 2 Li Be B C Bridge element a group.
Period 3 Na ~Mg ~ A l ~ Si (c) Halogens have a high electron affinity.
(d) The reducing power of an element increases down
- lntext Questions) in the group while decreases in a period.
(e) Size of atoms progressively becomes smaller when
1. (a) Define the term 'ionisation potential'. (2010)
we move from sodium (Na) to chlorine (Cl) in the
(b) Represent it in the form of an equation . In which unit
third period of the Periodic Table.
it is measured?
10. Name the periodic property which relates to the :
·r~ 2. Ionisation Potential values depends on (a) atomic size
(a) amount of energy required to remove an electron
(b) nuclear pull . Explain.
~ from an isolated gaseous atom,
~ 3. State the trends in ionisation energy : (b) character of element which loses one or more
~
(a) across the period, electrons when supplied with energy,
~
(b) down the group. (c) tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the
so 4. Name the elements with highest and lowest ionisation shared pair of electrons.
ene rgies in first three periods. 11. This question refers to the elements of the Periodic Table
5. (a) Arrange the elements of second and third period in with atomic numbers from 3 to 18. Some of the elements
increasing order of ionisation energy. are shown by letters, but the letters are not the usual

(b) The element with highest ionisation potential is : symbols of the elements.

A. Hydrogen B. Caesium 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

C. Radon D. Helium (2020) A 8 C D E F G H

6. (a) Define the term 'electron affinity'. State its unit. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

(2010) J K L M N 0 p

(b) Arrange the elements of second period in increasing Which of these :

order of their electron affinity. Name the elements (a) are most electronegative element ?
which do not follow the trend in this period . (b) is a halogen ?
7. Electron affinity values generally ... .... ... .. .... across the (c) is an alkali metal ?
period left to right and .. .. ....... ... .. down the group top (d) is an element with valency 4?
to bottom . (e) have least Ionisation Energy?
8. (a) Define the term 'Electronegativity' . state its unit. (f) have least atomic size in period 3 ?

(b) Among the elemen_ts given below, the element with 12. A group of elements in the Periodic Table are given ~lo~
least Electronegativity is : (boron is the first member of the group and Thalhum is

(i) Lithium (ii) Boron

the last).
(iv) Fluorine
(iii) Carbon

15
 e electronic config~r
k at t h h
A close I.ooents rev eals that t ose ele
. hter elem number of protons
.
.
Gallium, Indium,
Thallium
abOV8 of I ,g . an even 4H 12c •

I Boron, Aluminium, .
Answer the following questions

group of elements : .
in relation to the

t metallie character ?
whic h have . umbers like 2 e, 6 .' etc.,
· ' atomic
exam:p ie n
umbers
thei r mass nd 40 Ar.
twice the atomic

I
9Be an 18
(a) Which element has Ihde b:O:xpected to have the
1 woul except 4 • h e an odd number of Pro
(b) Which elemen . I ? /uch av
Elements w,9 23 Na, etc., have their
hinh.coSf e1ee1ronegat1v ty I minium is 2, 8, 1 (A
tionofau
7 . I IB 9 F, 11 = 2Z-+-
~·- 11 s ' the a tomic
like 3 Lt, twice .
numbers+

\
It the electronic configure in the outer she
(c) trons are there numbers I H
3, how many elec
except 141 N and 1 ·
I of thallium ?• . Write the chem,·cal protons and
fbOron,s5. • Arrangcmc, 01 of electrons, h I
(d) The atomic number o ed when bOron reacts 'fabk
. I.➔. : r elements
' • f ·om atom k num er
t
to 20
formula of the compo und form Valence
IH·utrons o Atomic No. (Z) Mass No. (A) No. electrons
with chlorine. the right of this No. of protons or Prou,ns +
. the group to Elements
(e) Will the elements ,n ire or less metallic in Symbol (or electrons) neutrons (A -
bOron group be more meta ,
character ? Justify your answer. Hydrogen H l-
• Conduction and
He 2 4 2
Helium \ Natur•
Atom ic number (Z) I , Li 3 7 4
Lithium
. ,f,111c11 r is equal ro r ll Be 4 9 5
The ar,1111ic 1111111/Jn <~I an c < • umber is Beryllium I
. 1 , ,uc/('1 1 ~ Atomic n
n11111bcr ' ,(proro11s in r u i l . . t because no two Boron B 5 11 6 IMelting point arl
the unique property of an e e~en ' Carbon C 6 12 6 i boiling point
elements have the same atomic number. Nitrogen N 7 14 7
\ Atomic size
. nurn ber (Z) - Number of protons.
• Atom1c Oxygen 0 8 16 8
\
= Number of electrons. Fluorine F 9 19 10 ---- - ~-
\ Ionisation ene
__

Neon Ne 10 20 10
• It distinguishes an element from other element_s,
Sodium Na 11 23 12
because oo two elements have the same atorruc
number. Magnesium Mg 12 24 12
\E,octron am,
Aluminium Al 13 27 14
• It gives the electronic configuration of an e_Iement,
Silico n Si 14 28 14 \ Electronega1
e.g., an element with atomic number 13 will have I
Phosphorus p 15 31
electronic configuration 2, 8, 3. 16
Sulphur s 16 32 16 \ Roactiv\ty
• It helps us in finding the position of an element in Chlorine Cl 17 35, 37 18, 20
the periodic table.
Argon Ar 18 40 22 Reaction ~
For example, the element with atomic number 17 Potassi um K 19 39 20 water and
will ha ve electronic configuration 2, 8, 7. This Calcium Ca 20 40 20
element will be placed in the Jrd period of Group
17 i.e. , VIIA, because it has: (i) three energy shells
and (ii) seven electrons in its outermost shell. Note : (i) Elements with nip (neutron/proton) ratio oxidising
Mass number (A) around 1 are stable, e.g ., light metals like sodium,
Compow
potassium, calcium, etc.
The mass number uf an clement is the sum of fonnatio1
rhe number of pro!om and !ll!Ulrons in the 11uckus (ii) Elements with nip ratio 1-5 and above are
of the atom of that element. radioactive, i.e., they emit radiations. They are unstable
elements, e.g., heavy metals like uranium.
L_
Mass number (A)= No. of protons (p)
+ No. of neutrons (n)

GJ
 ,~ ~
~,·,
~

,---
Alkali metals [Group 1)

Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr F, Cl, Br, I, At

Halog ens [Group 17}

---

/J,
- Elements
()ccur rence
Occur in a combined state due to their reactive
nature.
Occur in a combined state as salts due to their reactive
nature .
I~ I 1-- Shiny white solid metals. Non-metals (coloured); diatomic in the gaseous state.
Physical state
~I They are shiny when freshly cut but soon Fluorine (very reactive poisonous yellow gas)
j become dull as they react with air. Chlorine (poisonous yellow green gas)
Soft, and can be cut with a knife. Bromine (poisonous red brown volatile liquid)

~,
<ij ~
Lithjum is the hardest.
Possess one valenc e electron and therefore
Iodine (dark grey crystalline solid).
Possess seven valence electrons each and therefore
VaJence show simjlar properties.
( electrons
show simj)ar properties.
They form negative ion carrying a single charge
~
They fonn positive ion carrying a single charge
\ eg. Na+ e.g. c1-
\
4
Good conductors of electricity. Non-conductors of electricity.
\
Conduction and
7 Highly reactive, electropositive metals. Highly reactive, electronegative non-metals.
Nature Non-metallic character decreases from
9 Metallic chara cter increases from
lithium (Li) to francium (Fr). fluorine (F) to iodine (I).
11
Decre ases down the group. Increases down the group .
12 Melting point and
/4 boiling point
.
. They have the smallest atomjc size in their period
They have the larges t atomjc size in their period
) I-
16 Atomic size
group . Atomjc size increa ses down the group .
8 The atomjc size further increa ses down the
9
10 They have high I.E. (lower than noble gases) in
0 Ionisation energy They have lowest I.E. in their period .
10 their period .
3 It decre ases down the group .
11 They have high E.A. values . They too decrease
Electron affinity They have low E.A. values which further
down the group (exce ption : Cl has more E.A. than
F).
11
decre ase down the group .
14 I They have high E.N. highest in their period.
Electrooegativity They have the lowest E.N. in their period .
14 E.N. decreases down the group.
E.N. decre ases down the group.
ses
16 They are reactive non-metals. The reactivity decrea
Reactivity They are reacti ve metals. Reactivity
16 down the group.
furthe r incre ases down the group .
7 18, 7fJ
Generally they do not react with dil. acids and water.
They react vigor ously with water and acids

JJ
Reaction with
0 water and acids libera ting hydro gen.
React ivity furthe r increa ses down the group.
0 to
Strong oxidising agents as they accept electrons
Stron g reduc ing agent s as they lose complete their octet.
Reducing/
electr ons to comp lete their octet.
roton)rano oxidising agents Form electrovalent compounds with metals.
Form electr ovale nt comp ound s
:e sodium Compound e.g., KCl, CaC1 2.
with non-m etals. Exam ple : NaCl, KBr. Form covalent compounds with hydrogen and
formation
other non-metals, e.g., HBr, HCI, Hl,CCl4 .
bOve are
a I
e 11nsf3],e