Predictive Analysis of Stiffness, Balance and

Failure of Laminated Composite Plate under

Different Loading Types Using MATLAB
Part 1 Analysis based on Classical Laminate Theory
University of Denver Material/Mech. Engineering
Dept
Jide Williams
Motivation

To have a basic understanding of how laminated composite plates

responds to basic load and failure under increasing basic loads
A requisite to understanding electromagnetic load interactions on
laminated composite interfacial stress – Aging of Laminated
plate
Objectives

To show the development of CLT on Matlab

Response of Laminated composite to basic load
Failure Analysis
Introduction

Heterogeneous media is fast gaining significant application in

diverse fields of engineering.
Low mass to weight ratio, high strength, good fiction properties,
portability, good damping quality, reduced coefficient of thermal
conductivity to mention but a few. Makes them advantageous over
traditional material
One of such materials is laminate composite which is being utilized
in the aerospace and auto mobile industry.
Introduction – Description of a Laminated Composite
Question

Can Electromagnetic load influence the stiffness matrix of the

Laminate composite plate?
Can electromagnetic load cause laminate interfacial debonding?
If yes what are the implications?

Understanding of Laminate theory for plates

Literature Review

Classical Laminate Theory is an approximate theory of composite

laminate response. (D. Hull, T.W. Clyne 1996,)
(Barakati, A. 2012), (Zhupanska & O.I SieraKowski R.L) have
contributed to deformation of composite plates caused by EM loads.
None, dealt with the effect on interfacial strength.
In both reports of (Rojas C.A, 2007) and (Alshahbouni,T. 2017), the
results highlighted the structural analysis of laminated plates using
Matlab. The individual results did not include laminate balance in the
analysis as this where pre-determined for analysis
One key differentiation of UDC and most heterogeneous media from
traditional materials is in their anisotropic nature, giving it its unique
stiffness in the direction of the reinforcement.
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

Assumptions
CLT is based on Kirchhoff’s Assumptions
1. No shear strain between each laminae
2. If bond is rigid, plane section remain plane
3. There’s no strain orthogonally, load only causes bending
4. Midplane is taken as reference frame
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

Hookes Law
ε11 S11 S12 S13 𝑆14 𝑆15 𝑆16 σ11
ε22 S21 S22 S23 0 0 0 σ22
ε33 S31 S23 S33 0 0 0 σ33
2ε23 = 0 0 0 S44 0 0
∗ σ23
2ε13 0 0 0 0 S55 0 σ13
2ε12 𝑆16 0 0 0 0 S66 σ12

Assuming plane stress configuration, σ3 in the x3 direction = 0, and

this also takes out the shear terms in Hooke's law cancels
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

Elements of the stiffness and compliance Matrix

S12 = S21 , S13 = S31 ,
and due to material symmetry, 1/G23 = 1/G12 = 1/G13 ,
υ12 υ21 υ13 υ31 υ23
S12 = S21 = = , S13 = S31 = = , S23 = S32 = =
E1 E1 E1 E1 E1
υ32
respectively.
E1

These are obtained from engineering constants

Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

Assuming plane stress configuration, σ3 in the x3 direction = 0, and this also

takes out the shear terms from the Hookes expression
σ23 = σ13 = σ12
ε11 S11 S12 0 σ11
ε22 = S21 S22 0 ∗ σ22
2ε12 0 0 S44 σ12

ε1 = S σ1
σ11 C11 C12 0 ε11
σ22 = C21 C22 0 ∗ ε22
σ12 0 0 C44 2ε12
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

E1
C11 = E1 − υ2
, C12, C22……………….
12 E2
E1

To transform from x-y plane to 1-2 plane

𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑎𝑗𝑙 𝜎𝑘′

σ11 m2 n2 2mn σxx m2 n2 2mn
σ22 = n2 m2 −2mn ∗ σyy ;T = n2 m2 −2mn
σ12 −mn mn m2 − n2 σxy −mn mn m2 − n2
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔

εx σx
−1
εy = 𝑇 𝑆 𝑇 ∗ σy
𝛾𝑥𝑦 σxy
−1
𝑇 𝑆 𝑇 = 𝑆ҧ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

𝜀𝑥 = 𝑆ҧ * 𝜎𝑋
Or
𝜎 = 𝑇ത * 𝜀𝑋
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

The expansion of 𝑺 yields

S11 = S11 m4 + S22 n4 + m2 n2 2S12 + S66

S12 = m2 n2 (S11 + S22 − S66 ) + m4 + n4 S12

S22 = S11 n4 + S22 m4 + m2 n2 2S12 + S66

S16 = 2S11 m2 − 2S22 n2 − 2S12 + S66 (m2 − n2 ) mn

T26 = 2S11 n2 − 4S22 m2 − 8S12 + 2S66 (m2 − n2 ) mn

S66 = (4S11 + 4S22 − 8S12 − 2S66 )m2 n2 + S66 m2 + n2 2

(Eq 10)

S12 = S21 ; S16 = S61 ; S26 = S62 because of symmetry

Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

The expansion of 𝐓 yields

T11 = T11 m4 + T22 n4 + 2m2 n2 T12 + 2T66

T12 = m2 n2 (T11 + T22 − 4T66 ) + m4 + n4 T12

T16 = T11 m2 − T22 n2 − T12 + 2T66 (m2 − n2 ) mn

T22 = T11 n4 + T22 m4 + 2m2 n2 T12 + 2T66

T26 = T11 n2 − T22 m2 − T12 + 2T66 (m2 − n2 ) mn

T66 = (T11 + T22 − 2T12 )m2 n2 + T66 m2 − n2 2

(Eq 9)

and T12 = T21 ; T16 = T61 ; T26 = T62

Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

Stiffness matrix of the Laminate can be computed as

σn
k=1 T11 k tk σn
k=1 T12 k tk
T11g = σn
, and T12g = σn
k=1 tk k=1 tk
 Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

Classical Laminate Theory

Further assumptions
1. No shear between each Laminae
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 0
2. Rigid bond exists between laminae
 Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

A point B on the midplane will

Experience 3 displacement type
Extension, rotation and lateral
displacement
The displacement of c, a point
along the
Edge of the laminated plate is
however
Given by the following relations
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

In x:
𝜕𝜔𝑜 (𝑥,𝑦)
𝑈 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑢0 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑍
𝜕𝑥

In y:
𝜕𝜔𝑜 (𝑥,𝑦)
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑣0 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑍
𝜕𝑥

In Z:

𝑍 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑤0 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑍 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝜕𝑢𝑜 𝜕𝑣𝑜 𝜕𝑢𝑜 𝜕𝑣𝑜
We then develop the strains based on 𝜀𝑥 = ; 𝜀𝑦 = ;𝛾 = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Simplifying we have:
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

In x:
𝜀𝑥 = 𝜀𝑥0 + 𝑧𝑘𝑥𝑜
In y:

𝜀𝑦 = 𝜀𝑦0 + 𝑧𝑘𝑦𝑜

In Z:
𝑜 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑜
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦

Where: 𝜀𝑥0 , 𝜀𝑦0 , 𝛾𝑥𝑦

𝑜 are mid-plane strains and 𝑧𝑘 𝑜 , 𝑧𝑘 𝑜 , and 𝑧𝑘 𝑜 are midplane
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
curvatures
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

In vector form
𝜀 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝜀𝑜 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 𝑘 𝑜
𝑥𝑦𝑧 .

𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 we can estimate the

strains at any point on the edge of the laminae, and hence the stress
Again knowing that
𝜎𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑇ത 𝜀𝑋𝑌𝑍 we can sub for 𝜀𝑥𝑦𝑧
And obtain for the kth layer
𝜎 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑇ത𝑘 𝜀 𝑜 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 ത
𝑇𝑘 𝑘 𝑜
𝑥𝑦𝑧 .
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

By knowing the force and moment resultants which are force and
moments per unit length,
ℎ/2
‫׬‬−ℎ/2 𝜎𝑥 . 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑁𝑥
ℎ/2
‫׬‬−ℎ/2 𝜎𝑦 . 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑁𝑦
ℎ/2
‫׬‬−ℎ/2 𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑁𝑥𝑦

And moment resultantsType equation here.

ℎ/2 ℎ/2 ℎ/2
‫׬‬−ℎ/2 𝜎𝑥 . 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑀𝑥 ; ‫׬‬−ℎ/2 𝜎𝑦 . 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑀𝑦 ; and ‫׬‬−ℎ/2 𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑀𝑥𝑦
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

Can be summarized as
𝑁𝑥 𝜎𝑥
𝑁𝑦 = ‫׬‬ℎ/2 𝜎𝑦 dz
−ℎ/2
𝑁𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦

Applying the coordinate convention

We can derive for the kth layer
𝑁𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑜 𝑘𝑥𝑜
𝑁𝑦 = σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫׬‬ℎ/2 𝑇ത𝐾 𝜀𝑦𝑜 + 𝑧 𝑘𝑦0 dz
−ℎ/2
𝑁𝑥𝑦 𝑜
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑜
𝑘𝑥𝑦
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

Similarly for Mx, Kth layer

𝑀𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑜 𝑘𝑥𝑜
𝑀𝑦 = σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫׬‬ℎ/2 𝑇ത𝐾 𝑧 𝜀𝑦𝑜 + 𝑧 2 𝑘𝑦0 dz
−ℎ/2
𝑀𝑥𝑦 𝑜
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑜
𝑘𝑥𝑦

solving we have for the kth layer

𝑁𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑦 = 𝐴 𝜀 𝑂 + 𝐵 𝑘 𝑜

𝑀𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑦 = 𝐵 𝜀 𝑂 + 𝐷 𝑘 𝑜
𝑁𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝜀𝑜
= 0 Type equation here.
𝑀𝑥 𝐵 𝐷 𝑘
Laminate Theory & Governing Equations

𝐴𝑖𝑗 = σ𝑛𝑘=1 𝑇𝑖𝑗,𝑘 ∗ (ℎ𝑘 - ℎ𝑘−1 )

2
ℎ𝑘 2 ℎ𝑘 −1
𝐵𝑖𝑗 = σ𝑛𝑘=1 𝑇𝑖𝑗,𝑘 ∗ ( - )
2 2
3
ℎ𝑘 3 ℎ𝑘 −1
𝐷𝑖𝑗 = σ𝑛𝑘=1 𝑇𝑖𝑗,𝑘 ∗ ( - )
3 3

[A] = extensional-shear coupling, requires 𝐴16 𝐴26 = 0;

[B] = Bending-extension coupling requires [B] = 0
[D] = Bending-twisting coupling requires 𝐷16 𝐷26 = 0;
Method

Matlab program was developed to allow users input their desired

orientation
The program analyses the orientation computes [A], [B],[D] matrices
Computes the overall laminate stiffness and compliance matrix
Plots the stress profile across the laminate
And advices user about balance
Method

Failure Analysis
The program finds the [A], [B],[D] matrices based on known values of
M and N, and computes midplane strains and curvatures.
The program computes strains on the x-y plane and then compute
the stresses per lamina on the 1-2 plane
Then proceeds to use the Tsai-Hill criterion
Method
Failure Analysis Algorithm
If layer does not fail, increase the load
If a layer fails first its [T] becomes 0, hence stress = 0
The program reconstitute [A],[B],[D] and increases load
If a set of layer fails first, program starts from the first layer of failure
Once [A],[B],[D] matrix fail is reconstituted load increases until it gets to the
point where the whole laminate fails
Program ends
Method
Method
Results
Results
Results
Result
Further work

FEA analysis of the CLT

Investigate First order and Third order shear deformation theory
and develop the MATLAB program for analysis
Investigate electromagnetic radiation-load theories and its
interactions with laminated composites
Conclusions

Stress are dependent on layer orientation and hence material

property
The stiffness matrix of the laminated composites are dependent on
the bonding between laminae
Failure obeys the law of linear elasticity
References

Hull, D. and Clyne T.W. (1996) An Introduction to Composite Materials. 2nd

Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Christensen, R.M. (2005). Mechanics of Composite Materials. Mineola, N.Y:
Dover Publications
Rojas C.A, (2007). Structural Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Material 2007
Skudra, A. M., A. A. Kruklinsh, F. Y. Bulavs, and M. R. Gurvich, 1991,
Structural Analysis of Composite Beam Systems, Technomic, Lancaster, PA.
Vasiliev, V. V. and R. M. Jones, 1993, Chapter 4 in Mechanics of Composite
Structures , Taylor & Francis,Washinton, DC.
References

Kollar, L. P. and G. S. Springer, 2003, Chapter 8 in Mechanics of Composite

Structures , Cambridge University Press, UK.
Mark E. Tuttle, “Structural Analysis of Polymeric Composite Materials”
Marcel Dekker, Inc., (2004).
Hodges, D. H., 2006 Nonlinear Composite Beam Theory, AIAA,
Washington, D.C.
Chan, W.S. and K.C. Demirhan, 2000, “A Simple Closed-Form Solution of
Bending Stiffness for Laminated Composite Tubes”, J. of Reinforced Plastic
& Composites, Vol. 19, Nl. 4, pp. 278-291.
Lin, C. Y. and W.S. Chan, 2002, “A Simple Analytical Method for Analyzing
Laminated Composites Elliptical Tube”, Proceedings of the 17th Technical
Conference of American Society of Composites.
Reference

Barbero, E.J., 1998, chapter 8 in Introduction to Composite Materials

Design, Taylor &Francis, Washington, DC.
Chapman, S.J, MATLAB Programming for Engineers, 3rd edition, Thomson
publishing company, 2004.
Thank you