DATA ANALYSIS

what will we do with our data ?

Basic Resources Estimation Process
Documentation
Good quality documentation is a critical component of the
resources estimation process

This report will be required for audits, peer review, future updates
of the resources estimate
Database integrity
The database is a key asset of a company
If the database is incorrect then the resources estimate will be incorrect

Database is used to store data

Not used a mining software package or a spreadsheet
All data transfers should be in digital format
Manual or double entry of data should be avoided
Data validation
The standard drillhole data required for resources estimation are contained in :
1. Collar table  point data
2. Survey table  point data
3. Assay table  interval data
4. Geology table  interval data

Common data validation include :

- Mix sample
- Duplicate record
- Overlapping intervals
- Collar elevation errors
- Survey accuracy issues
Statistical populations
There are two main group of statistics that we need to understand for statistics
The measures of central tendency
What is a typical grade for this domain? Is it high grade or low grade?

The measures of spread

How different are sample grade from the typical grade statistics?
Is the domain consistently high grade or is there a lot of variability and uncertainty?

Dimensionality of Data Sets

• Univariate
• Bivariate
• Multivariat
Spatial Statistic
Scatter Plot
used to plot the correlation between two different variables located in the same position
About outlier
An outlier is an extremely high or extremely low value of variable which lies outside the range of value expected based
on the distribution of the data, an error or part different statistical population.

Outlier can be very sensitive to the data distribution and spatial structure in estimation. There is no strict Solution to
decide to handle outliers

The distribution of data larger and smaller than twice standard deviation can be considered as outliers
Geology and Domaining
The most basic assumption for estimation is that the sample used for estimating a block grade are from
the same population

A domain is a three dimensional volume that :

Delineates the spatial limit of single grade population
Has single orientation of grade continuity
Is geologically homogeneous
 Geological Domain
Single Statistical Population
Mixed population Single grade population
14 25

12
20
10
% Frequency

% Frequency
8 15

6
10

5
2

0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

3.2
3.4
0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Ni data set Ni data screened geologically

Single Orientation of Grade Continuity

Extrapolation
Wireframing
Declustering Plygonal
Declustering Log Histogram for Grade
N Domain 1

Mean: 2.664

Frequency (% of 224 points)

10

Nearest Neighbour Cell

Declustring 0
1 10
Grade

N Log Histogram for Grade

Domain 1
12.5
Mean: 3.891

Frequency (% of 224 points)

10.0

Cell Weighting 7.5

Declustring 5.0

2.5

0.0
1 10
Grade
Composite Sample

Downholes compositing with no

boundary constrain

Downholes compositing with

boundary constrain

Bench compositing
Case Compositing and break
0.8 m lim 0.8 m lim
Ni 1.4 Ni 1.4
DW 3 kg DW 3 kg
Saprolite
Length = 1
0.2 m,1.7, 0.5kg 0.2 m,1.7, 0.5kg DW = 0.5+(0.8*2.12) Saprolite
DW=2.20 Length = 1
0.6 m sap
Saprolite DW = 0.5+1.62+((0.2/0.4)*0.5)
Ni 1.9 DW=2.37
Length = 1 m Ni
DW 1.62 kg =((1.7*0.5)+(1.57*0.8*2.12))/(0.5 Ni
DW = 2.12 kg
+(0.8*2.12)) =((1.7*0.5)+(1.9*1.62)+(0.5*0.25)
Ni = 1.57% )/2.37
0.4 m bld Ni = 1.59%
Ni 0.5 Ni = 1.71%
DW 0.5 kg Saprolite
Saprolite
Length = 1 Length = 1
0.5 m sap
Saprolite DW = (0.2*2.12)+(0.8*4) DW =
Ni 2.1 ((0.2/0.40*0.4)+1.5+((0.3/0.5)*2.5
Length = 1 m DW=3.62
DW 1.5 kg )
DW = 4 kg DW=3.25
0.5 m sap Ni
Ni = 1.04% =((1.57*0.2*2.12)+(1.04*0.8*4))/(( Ni
Ni 0.4 =((0.25*0.5)+(1.5*2.1)+(1.5*0.5))/
DW 2.5 kg 0.2*2.12)+(0.8*4))
Ni = 1.10% 3.25
Ni = 1.19%
Spatial Analysis

Sill

Nugget

Range
 Estimation
• Classic Polygonal Method
• Nearest-Neighbor Method
• Inverse Distance Weighting
• Ordinary Kriging
Volume Variance Effect

Deposite SMU Volume Variance (spread)

• Describes the increase in grade
dilution as the volume of mining unit
increases

• Mining with teaspoons will result in a

very wide range in potential grade

• Mining with bucket, each bucket may

contain some grade where the
surrounding barren material dilutes
the high grade nuggets
Exploration Results, Mineral Resources, & Ore Reserves
Relationships
Exploration Results

Mineral Resources Mineral Reserves

Sumberdaya Mineral Cadangan Bijih

Inferred
Tereka

Increasing level
of geological Indicated Probable
knowledge and Terunjuk Terkira
confidence

Measured Proved
Terukur Terbukti

Consideration of mining, processing, metallurgical, infrastructure,

economic, marketing legal, environment, social and government factors, feasibility study
(the “Modifying Factors”)
 POHON INDUSTRI NIKEL
ROOT OF NICKEL INDUSTRY
House
Hold

Ship
Ni Calcine Ferro Nikel Ni Plating

Non ferrous
Construction
Ni Pig Iron Alloy

Stainless Stainless Stainless Stainless

Bijih Nikel Steel Bellet Steel HRC Steel CRC Steel Sheet Agriculture

Stainless Stainless
Steel Slab Steel Rod/
Electronic
Bar
Casing
Ni Matte Ni Alloy
Defense

Oil and
HPAL Ni Refinary Ni Metal Batteris
Gas Trans

Automotive

Railway

Tambang Pengolahan & Pemurnian FORMING APLIKASI

(SMELTER)
dewatering: the removal of mechanically entrained water from the concentrate
it has a consistent moisture content of approximately 20% entrained water;
it does not stick or adhere to conveyor belts, machinery
it is not too dusty

calcination: the removal of chemically bonded water from the dried ore;
to remove the remainder of the water in the ore (to avoid explosions during subsequent
electric furnace smelting);
to reduce about a quarter of the nickel in the ore to nickel metal
to reduce most of the Fe3þ minerals to Fe2þ minerals and about 5% of the iron to metallic
iron;

to provide the calcine at a temperature of about 900C to the ferronickel smelting

furnace, so that the energy used is minimized

reduction: the removal of oxygen from the nickel and iron

oxide in the calcine;
evaporation of the remaining mechanically entrained water in the ore

thermal dissociation of laterite minerals to oxides and H2O(g),

reduction of the resulting oxides by coal and reducing gases

refining: the removal of impurities, such as sulfur and

phosphorus, from the molten ferronickel
Laterite hydrometallurgy is based mainly on leaching of limonite or smectite ores.
These ores have a high iron content and a low MgO content.
They are leached at high temperature with sulfuric acid.
At these temperatures, the iron precipitates from solution as hematite,
leaving a solution containing nickel and cobalt

Once the ore has been leached, it is cooled through several flash tanks to recover as much of the
energy as possible.
The cooled slurry is then pre-neutralized and sent to a counter-current decantation circuit

solids and liquids are separated.

The impure leach solution is further neutralized to remove more contaminants

Nickel and cobalt are precipitated from the solution leaving counter-current
decantation as a mixed nickel–cobalt sulfide using hydrogen sulfide gas
 The first important consideration
is that not all potential ores can
be smelted to an arbitrarily pre-
selected ferronickel grade or
leaching with HPAL

Ore specification for smelter Ore specification for HPAL

Ni Ni
Fe/Ni ratio MgO
Alkalinity Al2O3
MgO and SiO2 Ore grain size
Ore grain size Upgrading Ore
Moisture Content Mineralogy
Mineralogy
 It’s not about only nickel grade

Source: Waheed Ahmad, 2009

 MINERAL COMPOSITION BY XRD
VS Mn GRADE BY XRF
Limonite Saprolite Bedrock
100 3.00

90

Mineral COMPOSITION (%) 80

70
2.00
1.74

GRADE (%)
60
1.62 1.60
1.45 1.47
50 1.40
1.28

40 1.11 1.12

1.00
30 0.82
0.70 0.69

20
0.42 0.39 0.41
0.32
0.27 0.25 0.24
10 0.17 0.20 0.19 0.15
0.12 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09

0 0.00
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
-6.0
-7.0
-8.0
-9.0
-10.0
-11.0
-12.0
-13.0
-14.0
-15.0
-16.0
-16.7
-17.0
-18.0
-19.0
-20.0
-20.6
-21.0
-22.0
-23.0
-24.0
-25.0
-26.0
DEPTH (METER)
Goethite Hematite Spinel Al Oxides
Mn Oxides Quartz Serpentine Olivine/Pyroxene
mica-talc Chlorite Garnierite Ni silicate/hydroxide
Amphiboles Clay minerals Al Total Mn Total
Indonesia nickel production
 World Primary Nickel Production Breakdown by Continent

Source: The World Nickel Factbook 2018

Indonesia NPI and low grade Ferronickel production
Global metals and materials demand and projected demand from EV lithium-ion batteries

Sources : Bloomberg
Source: Kadarusman, 2003
Considerations for developing a nickel laterite project
• Nickel grade; cobalt grade
• Resource tonnage / Life of Mine / scale of operation
• Ore chemistry and mineralogy
• Ore consistency
• Upgradeability of ore
• Process selection
• Availability of cheap power supply
• Selection of fuel
• Availability of raw materials: water, silica flux, limestone, aggregate
• Availability of infrastructure
• Location of project
• Mining method
• Environmental considerations
• Negotiations with local and central governments
• Funding of the project
• Selection of engineer and contractor

Source: Waheed Ahmad, 2009

Terima kasih