ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

What energy storage?

Energy storage is the capture of energy

produced at one time for use at a later time. A
device that stores energy is generally called
an accumulator or secondary battery.
Examples

 Examples of accumulators include steam

accumulators, mainsprings, flywheel energy
storage, hydraulic
accumulators, rechargeable
batteries, capacitors and pumped-storage
hydroelectric plants.
 BATTERIES USED IN SUBSTATION
AND POWER PLANT
Vented / Flooded Lead Acid Batteries
There are two types for vented or
flooded lead acid batteries namely
tubular and Plante. The difference
between the two is the construction. For
tubular battery normal life is 8-10 years.
The Plante battery is both mechanically
and electrically more durable. The
normal life for Plante batteries is 15-20
years.
Because this type of battery generates
corrosive fumes when charging and because
the sulfuric acid electrolyte does evaporate to
some extent, these batteries must be used in
a special room, which is well ventilated to the
outside and kept away from delicate
electronic equipments.
CONT....
 It needs separate room/racks with acid proof
tiles for installation. Because of evaporation, it
needs regular maintenance to check specific
gravity, to add water and acid. These batteries
can withstand high temperature, voltage, and
deep discharge with minimum damage to itself.
A notice should be exhibited in the battery
room prohibiting smoking and use of naked
flames
 . These batteries cannot be transported in
charged condition and therefore need
charging at site. Typical initial charging of
the battery will take about 55 to 90 hours.
Nominal cell voltage is 2V/cell. The charger
for this battery should be able to provide the
first charge at 2.6 to 2.7 V/cell.
Sealed Maintenance Free batteries
(SMF)
These batteries are the most popular for usage
with UPS systems for computer or commercial
application. Being sealed, these batteries do
not emit any fumes and hence can be very well
installed next to electronic equipment. These
batteries also can be housed in a close
enclosure if necessary. These batteries are also
maintenance free and avoid any hassles of
checking specific gravity, adding water or acid,
etc.
These batteries have a relatively lesser life of
approx. 3-5 years. The life expectancy
typically depends on the number of
charge/discharge cycle experienced by the
batteries and the ambient temperature in
which the batteries are used. These batteries
are primarily the most popular for
commercial applications due to “Install and
forget” approach.
Nickel Cadmium Batteries (Ni-
Cd)
Ni-cd batteries do emit hydrogen and oxygen gas,
products of electrolysis, but there are no
corrosive gases as lead acid batteries, so these
can be installed near electronic equipment.
Water consumption is relatively low and so
therefore maintenance is low. Normal service life
is 20-25 years. These are most expensive of the
various types of batteries previously discussed.
Initial cost may be approximately three times
that of lead acid battery depending upon their
AH capacity.
 These batteries do not experience the severe
shortening of life when operated at elevated
temperatures and perform better at low
temperatures than do the lead acid batteries.
Nominal cell voltage is 1.2 V/cell. The battery
chargers and inverters have to be designed to
operate with low end cell cutoff voltages and higher
recharging voltages needed for such batteries.
 These batteries occasionally demand boost charging
and typically find their applications wherein UPSs
support critical equipment in hazardous
environment such as chemical, fertilizer, cement
industry.
LITHIUM IRON BATTERY

RELiON lithium batteries provide up to 10

times longer life than lead-acid batteries, and
they still provide 80% of rated capacity after
2,000 cycles. Most lithium-ion batteries last
five years or more. The average lead-acid
battery lasts just two years.
 Lead-acid batteries also need to be
maintained, requiring water replacement to
avoid structural damage; if they aren’t
maintained properly, their life span is
shortened even further. Because lithium
batteries require no active maintenance, a
one-time purchase guarantees longevity.
Why lithium ion batteries?

Lithium battery strings typically have a

narrower voltage range requirement and
higher minimum DC string voltage, which
helps minimize the cost of the power-
converter system relative to other battery
technologies. Overall efficiency for an energy
storage system (ESS) using lithium batteries
will usually be higher than using flow or zinc-
hybrid batteries.
 Discharge rate, climate, and duty cycle play a
big role in efficiency. The duty cycle is the
cycle of operation of a machine or device that
produces intermittent work instead of
continuous.
 Over time all lithium batteries degrade, and a
replenishment, replacement, and disposal
strategy is necessary when designing a system
for a 20-year operating life. For storage
durations of 30 minutes to three hours, lithium
batteries are currently the most cost-effective
solution, and have the best energy density
compared to the alternatives. For longer
durations, lithium may or may not be the most
cost-effective choice depending on the
application, particularly when considering
lifetime costs
. Lithium batteries are also highly configurable
into a variety of string sizes and battery racks
to create a wide range of voltages, power
ratings, or energy increments. This allows for
application-specific designs that can range
from a few kilowatts with a few minutes of
storage, up to multi-megawatt solutions with
hours of storage that may be used at a utility
substation or a wind farm.
NISSAN LEAF BATTERY

 40kwh lithium iron battery upto 150 miles

and 62kwh upto 226 miles.
 It can be used for 2 days power supply for a
home.
 other batteries need to charge for 80% for 8
hours it takes only 4 hours.
Microtex OPzS battery
 from 100Ah to 3000Ah
 to refer Tubular lead Acid Batteries
 Advantages of Microtex OPzS Batteries
 TOP UP ONCE A YEAR – reduced maintenance, for
you!
 LONGER DISCHARGE TIME – dependable when
needed
 LONG LIFE with German designs, these batteries
are really trustworthy
 MINIMUM OPERATING COSTS with better return
on investment
 Nuclear power plants
 Thermal Power Stations
 Hydro Power Generation Station
 Switchgear & Control applications
 Petrochemical plants
 Substation Battery bank
 Solar Photovoltaic power
 Large UPS systems
 Offshore oil rigs
 Telecommunications
Vanadium-Flow Batteries

 V-flow batteries are fully containerized,

nonflammable, compact, reusable over semi-
infinite cycles, discharge 100% of the stored
energy and do not degrade for more than 20
years.
 Used in thermal energy storage and hydro
energy storage.
 It is mainly used in grid energy storage.
 The main advantages of the vanadium redox
battery are that it can offer almost unlimited
energy capacity simply by using larger
electrolyte storage tanks; it can be left
completely discharged for long periods with
no ill effects; if the electrolytes are
accidentally mixed, the battery suffers no
permanent damage;