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M&m-Hypovolemic Shock
M&m-Hypovolemic Shock
C. E
69 y.o./ Female/ Married
Morning PTA
Had her regular dialysis session, purplish discoloration was also noted on her left breast
Admission
At ER: Conscious, coherent, cooperative and not in acute respiratory distress
Vitals: BP 110/80 O2 sat 94% RR 20 HR 81
Admission (con’t.)
Started on Piperacillin-Tazobactam 4.5 gms IV, Tygacil 100mg IV, Tramadol 50mg x 1 dose,
Paracetamol 500mg 2 tabs po, Levofloxacin 250 mg IV drip every other day
Maintenance meds were continued: ISMN 30 ½ TAB PO , Clonidine 150 mg 1 tab po,
Carvedilol 6.25mg tab OD , Lacidipine 2mg/tab 1 tab OD , Vitamin D BID , Ferrous Sulfate
OD , Gabapentin 100mg/ cap OD , Telmisartan 50 OD
2DED:EF 48% (M-MODE and Simpsons) CLVH with SWMA indicative of CAD
with moderately depressed LVSF with Doppler evidence of grade 2 diastolic
dysfunction, dilated left atrium, aortic sclerosis with mild aortic regurgitation, mild
tricuspid regurgitation, mild to moderate mitral regurgitation, normal pulmonary
artery pressure with pulmonic regurgitation. Compared with previous study
done 6/13/2015: there is improvement in the wall motion and the present EF
of 48% from 39%.
Operation ended
Extubated
Such apparent shock results from at least 25%-30% loss of blood volume.
Advanced Trauma Life Support Classification of Hemorrhagic Shock
Class I Class II Class III Class IV
Blood loss (mL) < =750 750-1500 1500-2000 >=2000
Blood loss (% <=15 15-30 30-40 >=40
blood volume
Pulse rate (per <100 >100 >120 >=140
minute)
BP NORMAL NORMAL DECREASED DECREASED
Pulse pressure Normal or Decreased Decreased Decreased
increased
Respiratory rate 14-20 20-30 30-40 >35
(breaths/min)
Urine output >=30 20-30 5-15 negligible
(ml/h
Mental status Slightly anxious Mildly anxious Anxious and Confused and
confused lethargic
Fluid replacement crystalloid cyrstalloid Crystalloid+ Crystalloid+
(3:1 rule) blood blood
Classification of hemorrhage
Parameter Class
I II III IV
Blood loss (mL) <750 750-1500 1500-2000 >2000
Blood loss % <15 15-30 30-40 >40
Heart rate (bpm) <100 >100 >120 >140
BP normal orthostatic Hypotension Severe
hypotension
CNS Symptoms normal anxious confused obtunded
Acidosis is the best indicator in early shock of ongoing oxygen imbalance at the
tissue level.
Kasper, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. 1., Jameson, J. L., & Loscalzo, J. (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (19th
edition.)
Primary treatment is to control the source of bleeding as soon as possible and to
replace fluid.
Kasper, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. 1., Jameson, J. L., & Loscalzo, J. (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (19th edition.)
Barash, Paul G., Bruce F. Cullen, and Robert K. Stoelting. 2017. Clinical anesthesia (8th edition)
PRBCs should be transfused if the patient remains unstable after 2000 mL of
crystalloid resuscitation.
FFP generally is infused when the patient shows signs of coagulopathy, usually after 6-
8 U of PRBCs.
Kasper, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. 1., Jameson, J. L., & Loscalzo, J. (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (19th edition.)
Barash, Paul G., Bruce F. Cullen, and Robert K. Stoelting. 2017. Clinical anesthesia (8th edition)
Complications
Acidosis – Hypoperfusion, massive transfusion
Hypothermia
Cold fluids and blood products, opening of body cavities, decreased heat
production, and impaired thermoregulatory control
Coagulopathy
Dilution of clotting factors, consumption of clotting factors, and hyperfibrinolysis
blood products are stored in anticoagulation solutions
Electrolyte abnormalities
TRALI - Leukocyte antibodies transfused in plasma
Kasper, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. 1., Jameson, J. L., & Loscalzo, J. (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (19th edition.)
Barash, Paul G., Bruce F. Cullen, and Robert K. Stoelting. 2017. Clinical anesthesia (8th edition)
Despite significant advances in trauma management, mortality from hemorrhagic
shock remains the number one cause of death.
The variability in defining massive bleeding may result in variability initiating a MTP