A Training Manual for Anti

Dengue Staff
AROOJ AFTAB
Medical Entomologist
o/o Chief Executive District Officer Health, Lahore
Email:- arooj35@hotmail.com
Mobile. 03004253705
 Some facts about Mosquito
• Mosquito is small flying insect belong to family
culicidae which bite human beings, animals and birds
for obtaining blood and thus transmit virus or parasite
and spread disease.
• Mosquito word is Spanish which means little fly.
• There are more than 3000 species of mosquitoes in the
world.
• Mosquitoes spread disease like Malaria, Dengue Fever,
Chickengunya, zika virus, yellow fever, Japanese
encephalitis, filiariasis and many other disease
• Mosquitoes have two families Anophilinae and
Culicinae and 40 Genera.
Life cycle of Mosquitoes
 Life Cycle of Mosquitoes
• Eggs to larvae 3- 4 days
• Larvae to pupa 4-6 days
• Pupa to adults 6-8 days
• Total life cycle 8-10 days
• Depends upon temperature, availability of water
food and humidity
• Suitable temperature 25-35 centigrade
• peak season July to October
• Transmission season Mid September to End
November
 Kinds of Dengue Mosquitoes
• There are two kinds of Dengue mosquitoes in
Punjab, Pakistan cause Dengue Fever
• Aedes agypti
• Aedes albopictus
 VECTORS OF DF/DHF

Ae. aegypti
Ae. albopictus
pic ades agypti
 Differences between aedes agypti
and aedes albopictus
Aedes agypti Aedes albopictus
Yellow fever mosquito Asian tiger mosquito

Has lyre shaped structure on head No lyre shaped structure on head

Two white strips on head One white strip on head

Mostly lives indoor Mostly lives outside

Sneaky (tricky) bitter Aggressive bitter`

Prefer human blood Prefer animals blood

Main dengue vector in worldwide cause Main dengue vector in some areas
epidemic
Prefer to live in urban areas Prefer to live in rural or semi urban areas
 Difference between aedes
mosquito larva and culex larva
 Difference between aedes larva
and culex larva
Aedes larva Culex larva

Siphon tube is short Siphon tube is long

Siphon tube is black Siphon tube is brown colour

Siphon tube is stout/ fat Siphon tube is narrow/thin

Live in clean water in water Live in dirty and rain water in

tanks, ornamental plants, tyres, ponds and puddles
man made containers.
Difference between aedes mosquito eggs and culex
mosquito eggs
 Difference between aedes eggs
and culex eggs
Aedes mosquito eggs Culex mosquito eggs

Cigar or banana shaped Clusters shaped attached to some

surface
Laid down singly Laid in 100-300 clusters

No lateral floats Lateral floats on water

Eggs lay on moist places Eggs lay on surface of water directly

Eggs are more resistant to Eggs are not resistant to temperature

temperature
World wide distribution of adies
agypti-----Red Epidemic areas
 Types of Dengue virus
• Dengue virus-1 i.e Den 1
• Dengue virus-2 i.e Den 2
• Dengue virus-3 i.e Den 3
• Dengue virus-4 i.e Den 4
• Incubation period 12 to 14 days
• Life cycle of virus in blood 4-5 days
 Common Sign & symptoms of
Dengue Fever
• Sudden high fever
• Severe headache
• Pain behind eyes
• Severe joints and muscular pain
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Skin rash
• Mild to sever bleeding in spits, gums etc
 Clinical Diagnosis of Dengue case
• Suspected case (high fever, joints pains etc)
• Probable case( Blood tests platelets less than
1 lac)
• Confirmed case:- Confirmatory tests Ig G or
AgG positive or NS1 positive
 IVM --How to control Vectors
• Surveillance
• Mechanical control
• Biological control
• Environmental control
• Chemical Control
 Surveillance
• Collection of data for planning, execution and
implementation
• Planning----- micro and macro planning
• Patient hot spots
• General hot spots
• Identification of Red, green and yellow areas
• Indoor surveillance
• Out door surveillance
 Surveillance
• Public health surveillance is the continuous,
systematic collection, analysis and
interpretation of health-related data needed
for the planning, implementation, and
evaluation of public health practice.
 Vector surveillance
• Vector surveillance is

 on going systematic process of

 Collection
 Analysis
 Interpretation
 dissemination
of information about the vector for
appropriate action
 objectives
• General
To obtain information about the mosquito for proper action
Specific
 to establish presence/absence of the vectors.
 To determine major mosquito breeding sites
 To monitor high risk areas
 To maintain seasonal fluctuations
 To maintain mosquito population below threshold level
 To access an impending out break
 To recommend immediate prevention and control measures when
necessary.
• To assess impact of interventions. Evaluation of control programe
• To obtain relative measurements of the vector population over time
period
• Serve as disease early warning monitor and clarify the epidemiology of
health problems
 Surveillance depends upon
• Selection of appropriate samplings
• Levels of infestation
• Availability of funds, logistics and equipments.
• Trained and skilled personnel
• Choice of surveillance methods.
 Larval surveys
 House Index
No of houses positive for aedes sp. X 100%
HI=-----------------------------------------------------
No. Of houses inspected
 Container Index
No of containers(+) for aedes sp. X 100%
CI=------------------------------------------------------
No. Of containers inspected
Breteau Index
No of positive containers x 100
BI=------------------------------------------------------
total no. Of houses inspected
 Methods of vector surveillance
1. Adult mosquitoes collection
• collection of adult mosquitoes as they feed on animals
or humans.
2. Pupal survey
collection of pupae from the breeding sites
3. Larval surveys
Collection of mosquito larvae from the breeding sites
4. ovitrap/Larvitrap
Collection of mosquitoes eggs using an ovipostion trap where
adult mosquitoes lay their eggs.
If the eggs emerged into larval stage before collection, the
method is called larvitrap
 Strategies/activities
• Field Collection
1. Visit and inspect all houses with door markings within
300meter radius of index house.
2. Inspect all water holding containers like water
drums/water tanks/buckets/tyres/flower vase/air
coollers/fridge tray etc.
3. Teams must visit roof tops with the help of male staff
if access is difficult.
4. Labels to kind location and type of containers with or
without larvae in the indoor and outdoor surveillance
forms.
5. Collect adult mosquitoes if any.
6. Conduction on the spot health education to the
household owner
SPRAY OPERATION TECHNIQUES
FOR VECTORS CONTROL
Arooj Aftab( Provincial Medical Entomologist)
Directorate General Health Services Punjab,
Lahore
arooj35@hotmail.com
Some pics of vectors (Malaria)

Anophlese Culicifacies
Some pics of dengue vectors
Some pics of sand fly causes
Leishmania
 Kinds of Spray
• Larviciding
• IRS (Indoor Residual Spray)
• Peri-focal spray
• Fogging
 LARVICIDING
• Definition
A procedure in which larvae of insects kill by
some chemicals so that they may not develop
into adults and that chemicals which kill the
larvae is called larvicide.
 Chemical Control
• Larviciding
Types of Larvicides:- (Temephos 1%G, Temephos 50%EC)
Dosage:- Temephos 1% G, 2gm/meter square and temephos
50%EC, 16ml/mix in 10 liter water.
• Indoor Residual Spray
Dosage:- 125gm Deltamethrine 5% wp / 10 liter water and do
spray in 3 to 4 rooms
75ml-100ml Alphacephermethrine in 10 litre water
• Fogging Spray
Dosage:- Deltamethrine 1.5%EC , 33ml to 66ml mix in 5 litre
diesel and with one fog machine 2.5 acres area can be
sprayed.
 Kinds of Chemicals(Larvicide) Use
for Larviciding
• Organophosphates group
• Temephos 1% Granules
• Temephos 50 % EC in liquid form
• Fenithion 2% Granules
Biological Agents
• Larvivours fish (Guppy, Talapia and Gambousia
affinis)
• Bacillus thuringiensis, Bti Powder
• Methoprene (IGRs) Insect Growth Regulators.
 Dosage of Larvicide
• Temephos 1% Granules
Application dose 2 gram per meter square
Temephos 50 EC
Sr. No depth Dosage
1 01 to 15 Cm 0.04 ML / m
2 16 to 25 Cm 0.08ML/ m
3 26 Cm and above 0.12 ML/m
Some pics of Larvivorous fish
IRS Pump---Structure
 Three assemblies of IRS Spray
pump
• Discharge Assembly
• Parts of Discharge Assembly (Hose Connector, hose pipe,
strainer, control valve, Lance, Nozzle and Nozzle tip E Type
8001)
• Tank Assembly
• Parts of Tank Assembly( stainless steel tank of capacity 15
liter, strap, foot holder, loop and cup, pressure gauge, lid, T-
Handle and lock)
• Plunger Assembly
• Parts of Plunger Assembly ( dip tube, plunger tube or pump
cylinder, plunger cup holder and check valve)
Spray Uniform of Sprayman
 Mixing technique
• Pour 5 litres of water in tank
• Put 125 gm of deltemethrine 5%wp
• Stroke 10-15 with T-handle
• Then pour more 5 liter to make a solution to
10 liters
• Again stroke 10-15 strokes
• Now cover the lid properly
• Check whole pump if is there is leakage
• If no make a pressure 50-55 PSI.
 Preparation of spray
• Inform all the residents that spray is about to
start
• Cover the food stuffs and other edibles
• Protect children and others and adopt all
other safety measures.
• In one spray 220-230 meter square area can
be sprayed.
Correct Technique of IRS
Swath of spray
Fog Machine-Fog generator for
Thermal fogging
 Assemblies of fog machine
• Fog tube assembly
• Chemical Formulation tank assembly
• Ignition assembly
 Fogging
• Fog is an aerosol spray Having a distribution of
droplets with volume median diameter VDM
in the range of 5-15 microns and below to 50
microns.
• Fog is the last option of chemical control when
there is high density of adult mosquitoes or
epidemic situation and high breatue index.
•
 Advantages of fogging
• Cover large area of spray
• Less time consume
• Good control over flying and crawling insects
• Fog reach hard to reach areas such as holes
behind curtains chairs etc and every corners.
• Good knock down effects
 Disadvantages of fogging
• Harmful to flora and fauna
• Temporary stay in atmosphere an has no residual
effects
• Effects on flying insects which come in the way of fog
• Repeated application needed
• Cannot fog in high wind velocity rain and in high
temperature
• High cost of spray
• Hazardous chances
• Thick fog cause visibility problems
 Precautionary measures
• Do not spray during high wind velocity, rain
and high temperature and sunshine.
• Do not fog against wind velocity
• Start from high roof tops in case of plazas
• On ground from last corner and come towards
gate in case of factory.
 Spraying timing
• The most suitable time is before sun rising i.e
early in morning or before sun setting
• Mosquitoes are more active in this time and in
flight activity.
• however timing is not important when indoor
fogging during epidemic conditions