LETS STUDY …

Segmental

Phoneme

Suprasegmental
 Isa phoneme which can be segmented .
 Example :
 Indonesian Word “pasar” can be segmented
into /p/, /a/, /s/, /a/, /r/. So, it has five
segmental phonemes
 Isa phoneme which can’t be segmented or
separated because it may change the
meaning. It equips the segmental phonemes.
 The examples are;
 Stress
 Intonation
 Juncture
 Is the emphasis placed on the sound or syllable
spoken most forcefully in a word or phrase.
 Example:
 Distinctions occur between verbs and nouns e.g.
‘insult and in’sult – ‘rebel and re’bel. In such
cases the noun is always stressed on the first
syllable while the verb is stressed on the second
syllable.
 Similarly, the stress may distinguish between an
adjective and a verb e.g. ‘abstract and
ab’stract.
 1.Primary stress: The characteristic of
stressed syllable that results from pitch
movement or tone and gives the strongest
type of stress. Ex: around

 2.Secondary stress: It is weaker than primary

stress but stronger than unstressed syllable.
Ex: photographic

 3.Unstressed : The weakest characteristic of

stressed syllable. Ex: poetic
Is the sound pattern of
phrases and sentences
produced by pitch variation
in the voice
• Rising Intonation means the pitch of the voice
increases over time [↗];
• Falling Intonation means that the pitch decreases
with time [↘];
• Dipping Intonation falls and then rises [↘↗];
• Peaking Intonation rises and then falls [↗↘].
 This intonation or tone conveys an
impression that something more is
following.
Example: |I came to her house | (but
she was not at home)
 The falling tone gives an
impression of finality. No more
sentence to be said.
Example :
- |That is all my speech |
This tone shows limited
agreement, response with
reservation, uncertainty, or
doubt
Example : |I am not sure |
 This tone is used to convey
strong feelings of approval,
disapproval or surprise.
Example : |What is the hell? |
 ATTITUDIDAL FUNCTION : Expresses our feeling,
attitudes, emotions .
 ACCENTUAL FUNCTIONS : Intonation has accentual
function, it implies that the placement of stress is
somewhat determined by intonation.
 GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS : The listener is better
able to recognize the grammar and syntax structure of
what is being said by using the information contained in
the intonation.
 THE DISCOURSE FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION :
Intonation can indicate when the speaker is indicating
some sort of contrast or link with material in another tone
unit and kind of response is being expected from him.
is a joining or a joint. It’s also a
point or line at which two bodies are
joined.
It used to refer to the manner of
transition from one vowel or
consonant to another.
1. INTERNAL JUNCTURE is identifies a type of juncture
that occurs within a phrase. Linguists recognize two
internal juncture:
A.INTERNAL CLOSE JUNCTURE
is the normal transition from one phoneme
to the next within an utterance.
Example:“TRAIN” the close juncture is
determined by the manner of transition / t /
to / r /.
 B. INTERNAL OPEN JUNCTURE
is manner of transition which contrasts with close
juncture. It is a phoneme since it serves to keep
meanings apart.
Example : A NAME : / n é y m /,
2. Terminal Juncture
 The term terminal juncture is refers to a juncture
that occurs AT THE END OF SENTENCES AND
PHRASES. This is also called EXTERNAL
JUNCTURE.
 There are three terminal junctures .The three
junctures are “FINAL”; they close utterances or
parts utterances.
 AS MY FINAL
COMMENT, MOST OF
YOU HAVE DONE A
VERY GREAT JOB.