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In this section we will discuss four theories that are often used in
engineering practice to predict the failure of a material subjected to a
multiaxial state of stress.
2
Several theories are available however, only four important theories are
discussed here.
3
Maximum shear stress theory for Ductile Materials
max min 1 2
max ( 2)
2 2
max y
1 2 y
2 2
1 2 y (3)
If both of principal stresses are of the same sign tension
compression then
σ1 <σy (4)
σ2 <σy (5) 6
A graph of these equation is given in the figure. Any given state of
stress will be represented in this figure by a point of co-ordinate 1 and
2 where 1 and 2 are two principal stresses. If these point falls within
the area shown, the member is safe and if outside then member fails as
a result of yielding of material. The Hexagon associated with the
initiation of yield in the member is known as “Tresca Hexagon”. (1814-
1885). In the first and third quadrant 1 and 2 have the same signs and
7
max is half of the numerically larger value of principal stress 1 or 2. In
the second and fourth quad, where 1 and 2 are of opposite sign, max is
1 - 2 = -y
8
2 y
1 2 y
1 y
1 y 1 2 y
2 y
9
Problem 01:-
The solid circular shaft in Fig. (a) is subject to belt pulls at each end
and is simply supported at the two bearings. The material has a yield
point of 36,000 Ib/in2• Determine the required diameter of the shaft
using the maximum shear stress theory together with a safety factor of
3.
10
400 + 200 lb
200 + 500 lb
11
12
Mc
x
I
d
c
2
d 4
I
64
M B 600 6 3600 lb.in
4200 d
x 2
d 4
64
42800
x
d3
y 0 13
Tr
xy
J
4800 d yx
2
d 4
32 xy x
24,480
xy xy
d3
T (500 200) 16 yx
300 16 4800 lb.in 24,480 42,800
xy x
d3 d3
OR
(400 200) 24
And
y
F .O.S .
max
yield
F .O.S . 2
( 1 2 )
2
yield 36000
1 2
FOS 3
15
2 2
42800 24,480
1 2 2 3
3
2d d
2 2
36,000 42800 24,480
2 3
3
3 2d d
2 2
12,000 42800 24,480
3
3
2 2d d
2 2
42800 24,480
36 10
6
3
3
2d d
d 1.76' '
16
Problem 02
The state of plane stress shown occurs at a critical point of a steel
machine component. As a result of several tensile tests, it has been found
that the tensile yield strength is y = 250 MPa for the grade of steel used.
Determine the factor of safety with respect to yield, using (a) the
maximum-shearing-stress criterion, and (b) the maximum-distortion-
energy criterion.
17
18
SOLUTION
Mohr's Circle. We construct Mohr's circle for the given state of stress
and find
ave OC 12 ( x y ) 12 (80 40) 20 MPa
Principal Stresses
a OC CA 20 65 85 MPa
b OC CA 20 65 45MPa
a. Maximum-Shearing-Stress Criterion. Since for the grade of steel used
the tensile strength is ay = 250 MPa, the corresponding shearing stress at
yield is
Y 12 Y 12 (250 MPa) 125 MPa 19
Y 125MPa
For m 65 MPa F.S F.S 19.2
m 65MPa
20
b. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Criterion. Introducing a factor of safety
into Eq. (7.26), we write
2
Y
a b
2
a
2
b
F .S
a = +85 MPa, b = -45 MPa, and y = 250 MPa, we have
2
250
85 85 45 45
2 2
F .S
250
114 .3 F .S 2.19
F .S
21
Comment. For a ductile material with y = 250 MPa, we have drawn the
hexagon associated with the maximum-shearing-stress criterion and the
ellipse associated with the maximum-distortion-energy criterion. The
given state of plane stress is represented by point H of coordinates a =
85 MPa and b = -45 MPa. We note that the straight line drawn through
points O and H intersects the hexagon at point T and the ellipse at point
M. For each criterion, the value obtained for F.S. can be verified by
measuring the line segments indicated and computing their ratios:
OT OM
a F .S 19.2 b F .S 2.19 22
OH OH
23
Example 10-12
The solid shaft shown in Fig. 10-41a has a radius of 0.5 in. and is made
of steel having a yield stress of y = 36 ksi. Determine if the loadings
cause the shaft to fail according to the maximum-shear-stress theory
and the maximum-distortion-energy theory.
Solution
The state of stress in the shaft is caused by both the axial force and the
torque. Since maximum shear stress caused by the torque occurs in the
material at the outer surface, we have
24
P 15 kip
x 19.10 ksi
A (0.5 in.) 2
1 2 Y
?
9.56 28.66 36
38.2 36 26
Thus, shear failure of the material will occur according to this theory.
Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory. Applying Eq. 10-30, we have
( 12 1 2 22 ) y
9.56 2
?
9.56 28.66 28.66 (36) 2
2
1187 1296
27
Maximum Principal Stress theory or
(Rankine Theory)
Problem
A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel is subject to an internal
pressure of 600 lb/in2. the mean radius of the cylinder is 15in. If the
material ha a yield point of 39,000lb/in2 and a safety of 3 is employed,
30
determine the required wall thickness using (a) the maximum normal
stress theory, and (b) the Huber-von Mises-Hencky theory.
P = 600psi.
r = 15"
y = 39000psi
F.O.S = 3
t=?
According to
Pr
c
t
where
c Circumferential stress / girth stress 31
600 15" 9000
c
t t
For lengitudinal stress
Pr
l
2t
600 15" 4500
c
2t t
By comparing 1 = c.
Thus, According to the normal stress theory, maximum Principal stress
should be equal to yield stress/FOS i.e.
|1| ≤ ult |2| ≤ ult
32
f = maximum (|1|, |2|, |3| - ult = 0)
As y = 39000psi
39000 9000
3 t
9000
13000
t
t 0.69 Ans.
Problem 02:-
The solid circular shaft in Fig. 18-12(a) is subject to belt pulls at
each end and is simply supported at the two bearings. The material has
a yield point of 36,000 Ib/in2• Determine the required diameter of the
shaft using the maximum normal stress theory together with a safety
factor of 3. 33
400 + 200 lb
200 + 500 lb
34
35
Mc
x
I
d
c
2
d 4
I
64
M B 600 6 3600 lb.in
4200 d
x 2
d 4
64
42800
x
d3
y 0 36
Tr
xy
J
4800 d yx
2
d 4
32 xy x
24,480
xy xy
d3
T (500 200) 16 yx
300 16 4800 lb.in 24,480 42,800
xy x
d3 d3
OR
(400 200) 24
2 2
42800 42800 24446.20
1 3
3
3
2d 2d d
ult 1
2 2
36000 42800 42800 24446.20
3
3
3
3 2d 2d d 38
2 2
42800 42800 24446.20
12000 3
3
3
2d 2d d
915 .92 10 6
457 .96 10 6
597 . 62 10 6
144 10 6 3
6
2d d d6
1.514 10 9
144 10 6
d6
d 6 10.51
d 1.48"
39
Mohr’s Criterion:-
40
Failure or strength envelope
Pure shear
ult c
41
tension
compression
42
Problem 3:-
In a cast-iron component the maximum principal stress is to be limited
to one-third of the tensile strength . Determine the maximum value of
the minimum principal stresses ,using the Mohr theory. What would be
the values of the principal stresses "associated with a maximum shear
stress of 390 MN/m2? The tensile and compressive strengths of the cast
iron are 360 MN/m2 and 1.41 GN/m2 respectively
43
ult t 360 MN / m 2
As indicated that
ult ( t )
1
3
360
120 MN / m 2
3
2 ?
As per Mohr's criterion
ult 1 (a)
ult 2 (b)
As ult t 360 MN / m 2
ult c 414 MN / m 2
1 120 MN / m 2
1 2
1
ult t ult c
Therefore
120 2
1 and 2 940 MN / m 2
360 1410
The Mohr's stress circle construction for the second part of this problem
is shown in Fig. 13.7. If the maximum shear stress is 390 MN/m 2, a
circle is drawn of radius 390 units to touch the two envelope lines. The
principal stresses can then be read off as +200 MN/m2 and -580
46
MN/m2•
max 390
ultc ultt
ult t 360
ult c 1410
47
Fig 13.7 48
Now from second state
max 390 MN / m 2
By shearing stress theory
ult t 1 2
ult c 1 2
Thus
380 1 2
1414 1 2
1 2
Also max
2
49
2R 1 2
Example 10-11
Solution
The maximum or critical stress occurs at a point located on the surface
of the shaft. Assuming the shaft to have a radius r, the shear stress is
3055.8lb.in.
1 2 max
r3
The maximum-normal-stress theory, Eq. 10-31, requires
|1| ≤ ult
3055.8lb.in.
20,000 lb / in 2
r3
Thus, the smallest radius of the shaft is determined from
3055.8lb.in.
20, 000 lb / in 2
r3
53
r 0.535 in. Ans.
Example 10-12
The solid shaft shown in Fig. 10-41a has a radius of 0.5 in. and is made
of steel having a yield stress of y = 36 ksi. Determine if the loadings
cause the shaft to fail according to the maximum-shear-stress theory
and the maximum-distortion-energy theory.
Solution
The state of stress in the shaft is caused by both the axial force and the
torque. Since maximum shear stress caused by the torque occurs in the
material at the outer surface, we have
54
P 15 kip
x 19.10 ksi
A (0.5 in.) 2
1 2 Y
?
9.56 28.66 36
38.2 36 56
Thus, shear failure of the material will occur according to this theory.
Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory. Applying Eq. 10-30, we have
( 12 1 2 22 ) y
9.56 2
9.56 28.66 28.66 (36) 2
2
?
1187 1296
57
Maximum Normal Strain or Saint Venant’s
Criterion
σx σy σz
x= σx / E x= x=
μσy / E –μσz / E
y= -μσx / E y= y=
σy / E -μσz / E
z= -μσx / E z= z= 59
-μσy / E σz / E
x = σx / E -μσy / E -μσz / E
= σx / E -μ / E (σy + σz)
y = σy / E -μσx / E -μσz / E
(2)
= σy / E -μ / E (σx + σz)
z = σz / E -μσy / E -μσx / E
= σz / E -μ / E (σx + σy)
Thus
1
1 E ( 2 3 )
E
2
2
E
( 1 3 ) (3)
E
3
3 ( 2 1 )
E E 60
Also
1 2
1 ( For 2 d ) ( 4)
E E
Equating 1 and 4
y 1
y 1 2
E E E
2 1
and 2
E E
Then
y 1 2 (5)
y 2 1 ( 6) 61
The yield surface ABCD is the straight under biaxial tension or biaxial
compression Individual principal stresses greater than σy can occur
without causing yielding.
62
Maximum Shear Strain Energy (Distortion
Energy Criterion (Von MISES Criterion)
U (1)
2
This work is stored as internal strain energy.
When an elastic element subjected to triaxial loading as show in Fig the
stresses can be resolves in to three principal stresses σ 1,σ2 and σ3. where
1,2 and 3 are the principal axes. These three principal stresses will be
accompanied by these principal strain related to the stresses by
equations 3,4and 5 64
1 u ( 2 3 )
1 (2)
E E
2 u ( 1 3 )
2 (3)
E E
3 u ( 1 2 )
3 (4)
E E
Where ε1, ε2, and ε3, are the normal strain in the direction of principal
stresses respectively of strain are expressed in term of stresses than
equation (5) taken the following form
1 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 2
U ( 1 ) 2 3
2 E E E 2 E E E 2 E E E
U
1
2E
12 22 33 2 ( 1 2 1 3 2 3 ) ( 6)
66
As the deformation of a material can be separated in to two parts
(a) Change in volume, (b) change in shape or distortion.
Similarly the total strain energy can be broken in to two parts. One part
representing the energy needed to cause volume change of the element
with no change in shape (Uv) and the other part representing the energy
U Uv Ud (7 )
The principal stresses σ1,σ2 and σ3 of Fig. (01) can be resolved in to two
states of stresses in Fig. (02) b & c. the state of stress shown in Fig. b
represents a hydrostatic stress condition in which all these principal
stress are equal to the quantity σ. 67
3
1
1
(a)
3-
(b)
2-
1-
(c)
68
Some materials were subjected to hydrostatic pressure resulting in
appreciable changes in volume but no change in shape and no failure by
yielding. Therefore the remaining portion of the stress (1 - ), (2 - )
and (3 - ) will result in distortion only (No volume change) and the
algebraic sum of the three principal strains produced by the three
principal stresses (1 - ave), (2 - ave) and (3 - ave) must be equal to
zero. i.e
(ε1+ε2+ε3)d=0 (9)
69
E 1 2 3 d 1 2 3
2 3 1
3 1 2 0
1 2 3 2
2 3 1 2
3 1 2 2
1 2 3 2 2 3 1 2
3 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 6
U Uv Ud (4)
a) As according to theory of distortion only energy due to
distortion is responsible for failure. Some experimental
evidence supports this assumption some materials were
subjected to hydrostatic pressure result in appreciable changes
in volume but no change in shape and no failure by yielding.
The hydrostatic pressure is the average of three principal
stresses 1 2 and 3 known as average stress.
1 2 3
max (5) 71
3
This principal strains ε in the material.
Due to there Principal stresses (1, 2, 3) three principal strains ε1, ε2,
and ε3, are produced. The state of stress in Fig below will result in
distortion only (No volume change) if sum of three normal strains is
zero. That is
1 1 2 u 2 3 2 2 1 3 2
E ( 1 2 3 ) 0 (6)
E 3 1 2 2
Which eh reduces to
(1 2 ) 1 2 3 3 0
1 2 3 / 3 (5) 72
The normal strains corresponding to these stresses are found from three
dimension from of Hook’s law given by the following equation.
(1 2 ) (7 )
E
Strain energy resulting from these stresses or strains can be obtained by
subject through these values is
1 2 3 , 1 2 3
1 1 1 3
Uv . . . . (8)
2 2 2 2
73
3 ( 1 2 3 ) (1 2u ) ( 1 2 3 ) (5)
Uv .
2 3 E 3
(1 2u )
Uv ( 1 2 3 ) 2 (9)
6E
Ud = U- Uy
1 1 2u 2
Ud
1 2 3 2u 1 2 1 3 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
2E 6E
(10)
Ud
1
6E
3( 12 22 32 ) 6u ( 1 2 1 3 2 3 ) 1 2u 1 2 743
2
When the third force in the
Ud
1 u 2
6E
1 2 1 2 22 22 2 2 3 32 32 2 3 1 12 (12)
Ud
1 u
6E
1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 (13)
Ud
1 u 2
3E
1 2 1 2 22 (14)
1 u
Ud
6E
2 y2 (16)
1 u
6E
(2 y )
2 1 u
6E
1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2
2 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2 2
y (17)
76
For biaxial stress system
y2 12 2 1 2 22 (18)
77