AN INTRODUCTION TO

TOPOLOGY
BY
DIVYANSHU KALA
M.Sc. Mathematics
INTRODUCTION
• A topology on a set X is a collection T of subsets of X having
the following properties:
• (1) 0 and X are in T.
• (2) The union of the elements of any subcollection of T is in T.
• (3) The intersection of the elements of any finite subcollection of
T is in T.
• A set X for which a topology T has been specified is called a
topological space.
Examples of Topological Spaces
• Let X be a three-element set, X = (a, b, c). There are many
po&sible topologies on X
• (X, 0, (a, b), (b), (b, c)) is the toplogy on X , while (X,0,(a),(b)) is not
a Topology on X
• If X is any set, the colleCtion of all subsets of X is a topology
on X; it is called the discrete topology . The collection consisting
of on X and 0 only is also a topology X; we shall call it the
indiscrete topology, or the trivial topology.
• Let X be a set; let T be the collection of all subsets V of X such
that X -V either is finite or is all of X is a topology on X. Both X
and 0 are in T , It is called called the finite Complement Topology.
• The collection of all open subset of Real line is forms a topology
caleed usual Topology on R
• Let X be a topological space with topology T. If Y is a subset of
X, the collection Ty = {YnU: UE Tl is a topology on Y, called the
subspace topology.
Open And Closed Sets

• Those subsets of X which belong to the Topology T on X are called

open with respect to T, A subset Which is open with respect to one
Topology may or may not be open with respect to other
• Supoose X={a,b,c} and T={0,(a),(b),(a,b),X} then (a) ,(b),(a,b) open in
T,but if T°={0,X} then these subsets are note open inT°
• A subset of a Topological space is said to be closed if and only if its
complement is open
• {(c),(b,c),(a,c)} are Closed under T while 0 and X are both open and
closed under any Topology.
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