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“Separation Axioms”
T4 Space:-
Definition and Pictorial Representation
Examples
Theorems based on T4 Space
T5 Space:-
Definition and Pictorial Representation
Examples
Theorems based on T5 Space
Introduction:-
“Alexandroff” and “Hopf” Postulated the “separation axioms” as
“Ti-spaces” where {i=0,1,2,3,4,5}. The letter “Ti” is developed from
the german word “Ternnugs”.
G H
x or y
Examples:-
1. Every “Discrete space” is a T0 – space.
2. If X={a,b} and T= {Ø,{a},X} .then ,(X,T) is a T0-space.
•Note that:- (a) An “Indiscrete space” is not a T0-space.
(b)Every “Metric space” is a T0- space.
(c)If (X,T) is a “Cofinite Topological space” then,it is a T0-
space.
Theorems Based On T0-space:-
(d) The space “(R,U)” is a T0-space.
1) Let T and ρ be two Topologies on a non-empty set X ,and let ρ be finer than
T. show that, if T is a T0-space,so is ρ.
2) The property of being a T0-space is preserved under one-one mappings and
Hence ,it is a “Topological Property”.OR (The “Homeomorphic Image” of
T0-space is a T0-space) OR (The property of being a T0-space is
“Topological Property”.)
3) 3. Every subspace of a T0-space is a T0-space. And Hence the Property is
“Hereditary” OR (The Property of being a T0-space is “Hereditary
Property”).
“T1-spaces” OR “Frechet spaces”
Definition:- A Topological space (X,T) is said to be “T1-space” Or “T1-
Topology” Or “T1 Axiom of separation” iff for every distinct pair x,y of X,
there exists open sets G and H s.t.
x є G , y does not belongs to G AND x does not belongs to H , y є H
•Note that:- The Open Sets G and H are “not necessarly” Disjoint.
Pictorial Representation:-
(X,T)
G H
x y
Examples:-
1. Every “Discrete Topological space with two or more points” is a T1-space.
2. If X={a,b,c} and T= {Ø,X {a},{b},{c},{a,b}}. Then,(X,T) is a T1-space.
•Note that:-
(a) An “Indiscrete space” is not a T1-space.
(b)Every “Metric space” is a T1- space.
for every pair of distinct points x and y in X ,there exists disjoint nbds
of x and y; i.e. there exists a nbd “N” of “x” and “M” of “y” s.t. N ∩
M=Ø
Pictorial Representation:-
N M
x y
N ∩ M= Ø
Examples:-
1. Every “Discrete space” is a T2 -space.
2. If X={1,2,3} and T={{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3},{1,3},X,Ø} Then, (X,T) is a T2-space.
But, If X={1,2,3} and T={X, Ø,{1,2}} Then, The space (X,T) is not a T2-space.
•Note that:-
(a) An “Indiscrete space” is not a T2-space.
(b)Every “Metric space” is a T2- space.
•Remark:-
“Every T2-space is a T1-space .but, Converse need not be true.”
For example:- “Cofinite Toplogical Space” ,Which is a T1-space,
. but not a T2-
space.”
Theorems Based On T2-space:-
1) Every “Singleton subset” of a T2-space is “Closed”.
2) Every subspace of a Housedroff space is a Housedroff space. And Hence
X
Example:-
Let X = {a,b,c} and let Ƭ = {∅, {a}, {b,c}, X}. Then (X,Ƭ) is a
regular space but not a T3 space.
Theorems Based On T3-space :-
1) Every metric space is regular(T3)
2) The space (R,U) is T3.
3) The property of a space being a regular space is topological
property or topological invariant.
4) Regularity of topological space is hereditary.
5) Every compact Hausdorff space is a T3-space.
6) Every T3 space is a T2 space.
7) A topological space is regular iff each open nbd of an
element x∈ X, contains the closure of another open nbd of
x.
T4-Spaces
Normal Space:-
Definition :- A topological space (X,Ƭ) is normal iff for each
pair E, F of disjoint closed subsets of X, there is a pair U, V of
disjoint open subsets of X such that E ⊂ U, F ⊂ V and U ∩ V = ∅.
X
Example:-
Let X = {a,b,c} and let Ƭ = {∅, {a}, {b,c}, X}. Then (X,Ƭ) is a
normal space but not a T4 space.
Theorems Based On T4-space :-
1) A topological space X is normal iff for any closed set F and open set G
containing F, there exists an open set V such that
F ⊂ V ⊂ ¯V ⊂ G
2) A closed subspace of a normal space is normal.
3) The property of being a T4-space is hereditary.
4) Every metric space is normal(T4).
5) Every compact Hausdorff space is normal(T4).
6) Uryshon’s Lemma:- Let F1, F2 be any pair of disjoint closed sets in a normal
space X. then there exists a continuous map f : X→[0,1] such that f(x)=0 for
x ∈ F1 and f(x)=1 for x ∈ F2.
7) Tietze extension theorem:- The space X is normal iff every continuous real
function f defined on a closed subspace F of X into closed interval [a,b] has
a continuous extension f* : X →[a,b].
T5-Spaces
Completely Normal Space:-
Definition:- A topological space (X,Ƭ) is said to be completely
normal iff for any two separated subsets E and F of X, there exist
open set U and V such that E ⊂ U, F ⊂ V and U ∩ V = ∅.
Separated sets:- Two sets E and F are separated sets if
E ≠ ∅, F ≠ ∅, ¯E ∩ F = ∅, E ∩ ¯F = ∅
T5-Space:- A completely normal T1 space is called a T5 space.
Pictorial Representation:-
X
Example:-
Let X = {a,b,c} and let Ƭ = {∅, {a}, {b,c}, X}. Then (X,Ƭ) is a
completely normal space but not a T5 space.
Theorems Based On T5-space:-
1) Every completely normal space is normal and hence every
T5-space is a T4-space.
2) Every homeomorphic image of a completely normal space is
completely normal.
3) Every metric space is completely normal.
4) The property of space being completely normal is
hereditary.
5) A topological space is completely normal iff every subspace
is normal.
Referance:-
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