Department of Mathematics (UIS)

M. Sc. DATA SCIENCE

(Batch 2020)
Sem 1

Presented By Supervisor
Harshita Rawat Dr. Shiv Kumar Sharma
20MSM3066

Department of Mathematics
University Institute (UIS)
of Engineering www.cuchd.in
www.cuchd.in
 CONTENT
• what are moments ?
• What is skewness
• What is kurtosis

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 CONT……
Solution: Let (X,Đ) be a discrete topological space. Let x≠y be any two distinct point of X.
Now G= {x} is Đ open set which do not contain y. Similarly H= {y} is Đ-open set
which does not contain x.Thus there exist Đ-open set containing one of the point which
do not contain x. Hence (X,Đ) is T1 space.
Example:
2. Usual topological space is T1 space.
Usual topological space:-Let X=R , the set of real no
Define μ={Փ, A R: for each xϵA there exist open interval (a,b)
s.t xϵ(a,b) ⊆ A}i.e. μ be the collection of all those subsets of A of R
such either A= Փ or if A ≠ Փ then for each xϵA there exist open interval(a,b)
s.t. xϵ(a,b) ⊆ A.Then μ is a topology on R known as usaul topology on R
and (R, μ) is known usual topological space.
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 CONT…….
Solution:- Let (R,μ) be a usual topological space. Let x≠y be any two points in R.
Take δ=| |>0 then G = (x–δ, x+δ) is μ-open set containing x but not y .
or H= (y–δ, y+δ ) is μ-open set containing y but not x.
Thus (R,μ) is T1 space.

Theorem:- Prove that the property of being a T1 space is preserved by

one –one ,open maps and hence is a topological property.
Topological property :- A property which when satisfied by topological space is
also satisfied by every homomorphic image of this
space is called topological property.

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 CONT…….
Proof:- Let (X, Ί) be a T1space and f be a one-one and open mapping of (X, Ί) onto another
topological space (Y, ǥ) .To prove the space (Y, ǥ) is also a T1 space.
Let , be any two distinct points of Y. Since f is one one and onto mapping there-
fore there exist distinct points , of X such that f( )= , f ( )= .As,X being a
T1 space .Then, there exist two open set G such that ∈ G but ∉G .i.e f( )∈
f(G) but f( ) ∉ f(G) i.e ∈ f(G) but ∉ f(G) .But f being open mapping and G
is a Ί-open set. f(G) is a ǥ-open set .Thus there exist ǥ-open set f (G) such that
∈ f(G) but ∉ f(G) .And so,(Y,ǥ) is a T1 space.Since the property of being a
space is preserved under one one and open mapping.It will be preserved under
Homomorphism. Hence the property of being T1 space is a topological property.

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 THEOREM
Theorem:-Prove that co-finite space is a T1 space.
Proof :- Let (X, Ί) be a co-finite topological space .
Let x ≠ y be any two distinct points of X.
Now, Gx=X-{x}={x}
Which is finite set.
Also, X-{x} ≠ Φ
Therefore X-{x} is Ί-open set
Which contain y but not y.
And llarly, Gy=X-{y} is Ί-open set.

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 CONT……
Which contain x but not y.
Thus (X, Ί) is T1 space.

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 CONT……….

Theorem: Prove that Indiscrete topological space contain two or more point is not T1space.
Indiscrete topology: Let X be a non empty set ,then the collection I={Φ,X} Considering
of the empty set Φ and the whole set X is obviously topology for X.

It is called Indiscrete topological space.

Proof:- Let (X, Ί) be Indiscrete topological space such that Let x ≠ y be any
two distinct points of X.As Φ and X are the only I –open set in X. And X is the
only open set of any point in X.Therefore there does not exist open set containing the
element which do not contain y also. Also there does not exist open set containing
y which do not contain x.
Hence (X, Ί) is not a T1Space 8
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THANK
YOU

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