MALARIA

_______________________________

PRESENTED BY :

Mr. AARYAN RAJ

ROLL NO – 05
B.S.c NURSING 3rd YEAR
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
RISK FACTORS
ETIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MENIFESTATION
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
COMPLICATION
PREVENTION
SUMMARY
 INTRODUCTION

MALARIA IS A VECTOR BORNE

DISEASE
IT IS CAUSED BY PROTOZOAN
PARASITE
IT IS A VERY COMMON INFECTIOUS
DISEASE
IT IS TRANSMITTED BY FEMALE
ANOPHELES MOSQUITO
NO VACCINE IS AVAILABLE
 DEFINITION
MALARIA IS INFECTIOUS DISEASSE
CAUSED BY PROTOZOAN PARASITE
FROM THE PLASMODIUM FAMILY THAT
CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY THE BITE OF
THE ANOPHELES MOSQUITO OR BY A
CONTAMINATED NEEDLE OR
TRANSFUSION.
RISK FACTORS
YOUNG CHILDREN
PREGNANT WOMEN
PEOPLE WITH HIV / AIDS
INTERNATIONAL TRAVELERS FROM
NON-ENDEMIC AREAS
IMMIGRANTS FROM ENDEMIC
AREAS AND THEIR CHILDREN
 ETIOLOGY
4 TYPES OF MALARIAL PARASITES ARE
RESPOSIBLE FOR MALARIAL
INFECTION AMONG HUMAN BEINGS.
THEY ARE :-
1. PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
2. PLASMODIUM VIVAX
3. PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
4. PLASMODIUM OVALE
 PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
IT CAUSES THE MOST DANGEROUS FORM,
MALIGNANT OR FALCIPARUM MALARIA.
IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAJORITY OF
MALARIAL DEATHS GLOBALLY.
ROUGHLY 50% OF ALL MALARIAL INFECTIONS
ARE CAUSED BY P.FALCIPARUM
REMAINING SPECIES ARE NOT TYPICALLY AS
LIFE THREATENING AS P.FALCIPARUM
INCUBATION PERIOD RANGES FROM 9-14 DAYS
 PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
IT IS ALSO CALLED BENIGN MALARIA.
IT IS NOT AS DANGEROUS AS
P.FALCIPARUM OR P.VIVAX
IT CAUSES FEVER THAT RECUR AT
APPROXIMATELY 3 DAY INTERVAL.
INCUBATION PERIOD RANGES FROM
18-40 DAYS.
 PLASMODIUM VIVAX
IT IS FOUND EXTENSIVELY IN THE
WORLD
IF NOT TREATED , THIS CAUSES
FEVER FOR LONG PERIOD.
IT CAN LEAD TO SEVERE DISEASE AND
DEATH DUE TO SPLENOMEGALY.
INCUBATION PERIOD RANGES FROM
10-17 DAYS.
 PLASMODIUM OVALE
THIS CAUSES VERY FEW CASES OF
MALARIA.
ITS INFECTION IS LIMITED TO
VIETNAM AND AFRICA.
INCUBATION PERIOD RANGES
FROM 12-18 DAYS.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
THE TYPICAL ATTACK COMPRISES
THREE DISTINCT STAGES :-
1. COLD STAGE
2. HOT STAGE
3. SWEATING STAGE
 COLD STAGE
THE ONSET IS WITH HEADACHE,
NAUSEA AND CHILLY SENSATION.
TEMPERATURE RISES RAPIDLY TO
39-41°C.
SEVERE HEADACHE
VOMITING
THIS STAGE LASTS FOR ¼-1 HOUR.
 HOT STAGE
PATIENT FEELS BURNING HOT AND
CASTS OFF HIS CLOTHES.
SKIN IS HOT AND DRY TO TOUCH.
INTENSE HEADACHE.
THIS STAGE LASTS FOR 2-6 HOURS.
 SWEATING STAGE
FEVER COMES DOWN WITH
PROFUSE SWEATING.
TEMPERATURE DROPS RAPIDLY TO
NORMAL.
SKIN IS COOL AND MOIST.
THIS STAGE LASTS FOR 2-4 HOURS.
 DIAGNOSIS
BLOOD EXAMINATION
PATIENT’s GENERAL SYMPTOMS
MICROSCOPY
SEROLOGICAL TEST
PCR
SALIVA AND URINE INVESTIGATION
 MANAGEMENT
1. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
2. NURSING MANAGEMENT
 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
MALARIA IS TREATED WITH A CLASS OF DRUGS
CALLED ANTI MALARIAL.SOME OF THEM ARE:-

CHLOROQUINE – IT CAN BE TAKEN TO PREVENT

P.FALCIPARUM AND P.VIVAX
DOXYCYCLINE – YOU CAN TAKE DOXYCYCLINE IF
YOU CANNOT TAKE MEFLOQUINE.
MALARONE – IT IS A COMBINATION OF TWO ANTI
MALARIAL MEDICINES (ATOVAQUONE & PROGUANIL)
PRIMAQUINE – IT IS TAKEN TO PREVENT P.VIVAX &
P.OVALE.
 NURSING MANAGEMENT
THE PATIENT MUST BE CLOSELY MONITORED.
DAILY MONITORING OF PATIENT’S SERUM BILIRUBIN AND
PARASITE COUNT.
DURING THE FEBRILE STAGE, SPONGES, ALCOHOL RUBS
AND ICE CAP ON THE HEAD WILL BRING THE
TEMPERATURE DOWN.
APPLICATION OF EXTERNAL HEAT AND OFFERING HOT
DRINKS DURING CHILLING STAGE IS HELPFUL.
PROVIDE COMFORT AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT.
ENCOURAGE THE PATIENT TO TAKE PLENTY OF FLUIDS.
THE BED AND CLOTHING SHOULD BE KEPT DRY.
CONSIDER SEVERE MALARIA AS MEDICAL EMERGENCY
THAT REQUIRE CLOSE MONITORING OF VITAL SIGNS.
 COMPLICATIONS
ANEMIA
SPLENOMEGALY
CEREBRAL FEVER
ABNORMAL LIVER FUNCTION
LOW NUMBER OF WBC
BLACKWATER FEVER
PULMONARY EDEMA
TIREDNESS
COMA AND DEATH IN SEVERE CASES
 PREVENTION
MALARIA CAN OFTEN BE AVOIDED USING THE ABCD
APPROACH TO PREVENTION, WHICH STANDS FOR:-
AWARENESS OF RISK – FIND OUT WHETHER YOU ARE AT
RISK OF GETTING MALARIA.
BITE PREVENTION - AVOID MOSQUITO BITES BY USING
INSECT REPELLENT, COVERING YOUR ARMS AND LEGS,
AND USING A MOSQUITO NET.
CHECK WHETHER YOU NEED TO TAKE MALARIAL
PREVENTION TABLETS - THE RIGHT ANTIMALARIAL
TABLETS AT THE RIGHT DOSE, AND FINISH THE COURSE.
DIAGNOSIS – SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ADVICE IF YOU
HAVE MALARIAL SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING UP TO A YEAR
AFTER YOU RETURN FROM TRAVELLING
 SUMMARY
 MALARIA IS AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE
CAUSED BY THE PARASITE PLASMODIUM.
IT SPREADS BY THE BITE OF FEMALE
ANOPHELES MOSQUITO.
IN SEVERE CASES, IT CAN EVEN BE LIFE
THREATENING FOR HUMAN BEINGS.