PROPERTIES OF

STEEL
Steel is an essential material for society and sustainable development;
needed for people to satisfy their needs and aspirations. It is used in
providing transportation such as automobiles and railroads, building shelters
from small housing to large multi-family dwellings, construction industries,
delivering energy such as electricity and natural gas, supplying water with
pumps and pipelines. Steel is an iron-based material containing low amounts
of carbon and alloying elements that can be made into thousands of
compositions with exacting properties to meet a wide range of needs.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
The following table lists
the typical properties of
steels at room
temperature (25°C).
The wide ranges of
ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength, and
hardness are largely due
to different heat
treatment conditions.
STRAIN – STRESS DIAGRAM
Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)
From the origin O to the point called
proportional limit, the stress-strain
curve is a straight line. This linear
relation between elongation and the
axial force causing was first noticed
by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is
called Hooke's Law that within the
proportional limit, the stress is directly
proportional to strain. The constant of
proportionality k is called the Modulus
of Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and
is equal to the slope of the stress-
strain diagram from O to P.
STRAIN – STRESS (ε-σ) DIAGRAM
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond
which the material will no longer go
back to its original shape when the
load is removed, or it is the
maximum stress that may e
developed such that there is no
permanent or residual deformation
when the load is entirely removed.

Elastic and Plastic Ranges

The region in stress-strain diagram
from O to P is called the elastic
range. The region from P to R is
called the plastic range.
STRAIN – STRESS (ε-σ) DIAGRAM
Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the
stress-strain diagram is the
ultimate strength or tensile
strength.

Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of
the material at rupture. This is also
known as the breaking strength.
REINFORCING STEEL
Most people are familiar with reinforcing steel, commonly called "rebar". It is used in
bridges, buildings, skyscrapers, homes, warehouses, and foundations to increase the
strength of a concrete structure. Rebar is used in concrete to provide additional
strength, as concrete is weak in tension, while steel is strong in both tension and
compression.
 REINFORCING STEEL

• Primary reinforcement refers to the steel which is employed

to guarantee the resistance needed by the structure as a whole
to support the design loads.

• Secondary reinforcement, also known as distribution or thermal reinforcement, is

employed for durability and aesthetic reasons, by providing enough localized resistance
to limit cracking and resist stresses caused by effects such as temperature changes
and shrinkage.

• Rebar is also employed to confer resistance to concentrated loads by providing enough

localized resistance and stiffness for a load to spread through a wider area.

• Rebar may also be used to hold other steel bars in the correct position to
accommodate their loads.
REINFORCING STEEL
EC2 does not cover the use of
plain or mild steel
reinforcement. Principles and
rules are given for deformed
bars, de-coiled rods, welded
fabric and lattice girders.

deformed bars coils

welded fabric lattice girders

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

• Strength
• Ductability
• Weldability
• Bendability
• Bond characteristics
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
Strength
Yield strength fyk or f0,2k and tensile strength
Ductability
Ratio of tensile strength to yield strength k=ft/fyk
Elongation at maximum force εuk
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
Weldability
Weldability is usually defined by two parameters
Carbon equivalent value (CEV)
Limitation on the content of certain element

Table. Chemical composition (% mass)

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Properties of reinforcement steel (Annex C – EC2)

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Properties of reinforcement steel (Annex C – EC2)

STEEL BAR SIZES
SIZE (Diameter) THEORETICAL WEIGHT (kG/m)
6mm 0.222
8mm 0.395
10mm 0.62
12mm 0.89
14mm 1.21
16mm 1.58
18mm 2
20mm 2.47
22mm 2.98
25mm 3.85
28mm 4.83
32mm 6.31
40mm 9.87
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION