Fohp Skin

FOHP111 1ST SEM SY201819
by Sonnie P. Talavera, MD
FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF TISSUES

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF TISSUES
Body Tissues
 Cells are specialized for particular functions
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Four primary types
 Epithelium
 Connective tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Muscle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.41
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Epithelial Tissues
 Found in different areas
 Body coverings
 Body linings
 Glandular tissue
 Functions
 Protection
 Absorption
 Filtration
 Secretion
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
 Composition
 Epithelial cells
 Extra/intracellular substance
 Characteristic
 Continuous cells in apposition over a large portion of
their surface
 Cell rest in continuous extracellular layer, called the
basal lamina
 Absence of blood vessels among the cell (avascularity)
 Cells are arrange in sheets or layers
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Function
 Asa boundary layer
 Specialized for absorption and secretion
 They bear motile cilia to move a film of fluid or

mucous over its surface
 On the exterior of the body, resist abrasion and
dehydration
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Origins of Epithelium
Three Primary Germ Layer
Ectoderm
 - epidermis, glandular appendages of the skin
Mesoderm
 -vascular endothelium, kidney, reproductive tracts
Endoderm
 - intestinal tract, liver , pancreas and lungs
Membranous epithelium
 Covering the surfaces and lining cavities
Epithelium Characteristics
 Cells fit closely together

 Tissue layer always has one free
surface
 The lower surface is bound by a
basement membrane
 Avascular (have no blood supply)
 Regenerate easily if well nourished
Subtypes of epithelial tissue
 Number of cell layers
Simple Epithelium
 one layer
Stratified Epithelium
 2 or more than one
layer
Figure 3.16a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.44a
Classification of Epithelium
 Shape of cells
Squamous
 flattened
Cuboidal
 cube-shaped
Columnar
 column-like
Figure 3.16b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.44b
Simple Epithelium
 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat
cells
 Usually forms
membranes
 Lines body
cavities
 Lines lungs and
capillaries Figure 3.17a
 Endothelium
Simple Epithelium
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of
cube-like cells
 Common in
glands and their
ducts
 Forms walls
of kidney tubules
 Covers the
ovaries, thyroid Figure 3.17b
follicle Slide 3.46

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Simple Epithelium
Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall
cells
 Often includes
goblet cells, which
produce mucus
 Lines digestive
tract and
Gallbladder, uterus
and fallopian tube Figure 3.17c
Simple Epithelium
 Pseudostratified
 Single layer, but some
cells have different
size and nucleus in
diff areas
 Often looks like a
double cell layer
 Sometimes ciliated,
such as in the
respiratory tract
 May function in Figure 3.17d
absorption or
secretion
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the free edge
are flattened
 Found as a protective
covering where
friction is common
 Locations
 Skin
 Mouth
 Esophagus Figure 3.17e
 Stratified cuboidal
 Two layers of cuboidal cells
 Glands of sweat gland and sebaceous
 Stratified columnar
 Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape
 Ducts of salivary and mammary duct
 Stratified cuboidal and columnar
 Rare in human body and found mainly in
ducts of large glands
 Transitional
epithelium
 Shape of cells
depends upon the
amount of stretching
 Lines organs of the
urinary system
Figure 3.17f
Glandular Epithelium
 Gland – one or more cells that secretes a
particular product
 Two major gland types
 Endocrine gland
 Ductless
 Secretions are hormones
 Exocrine gland
 Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
 Include sweat and oil glands
Based on number of cells
 Unicellular gland (goblet cells)
 Multicellular gland
Based on nature of secretion
 Mucous(goblet cells)
 Serous(parotid gland)
 Muco-serous(sublingual, submandibular)
 Cytogenic (testis, ovarie)
Based on fate of secretory cells during secretion
Merocrine gland – no destruction of cells
 Sweat gland
Apocrine gland- partial destruction of cells
 Mammary gland
Holocrine gland-total destruction of cells
 Sebaceous gland
Based on morphology
• Tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar
Connective Tissue
 Found everywhere in the body/ characterized by large amount of
extracellular material that separate cell from one another
 Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
 Functions
 Binds body tissues together
 Supporting and moving
 Protecting
 Cushioning and insulating
 Storing energy
 Conecting tissue to one another
 Enclosing and separating tissues
Connective Tissue Characteristics
 Variations in blood supply

 Some tissue types are well vascularized
 Some have poor blood supply or are
avascular
 Extracellular matrix
 Non-living material that surrounds living
cells
Connective Tissue
Components of extracellular matrix
 Protein fiber (Collagen, reticular, elastic)
 Ground substance (proteoglycans)
 Fluids
Classification of Connective tissue
 Areolar or Loose
 Collagen and elastic fiber
 Most common cells found fibroblast
Connective Tissue
Classification of Connective tissue
 Areolar or Loose
 Collagen and elastic fiber
 Most common cells found fibroblast
 Adipose
 Collagen and elastic tissue
 Filled with lipds
 Acts as pad and thermal insulator
 Dense
Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Two types:
Dense Collagenous
 has extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fiber
 Ex Tendon, Ligament, Dermis, Capsule
Dense Elastic
 Has more abundant elastic fiber among collagen fiber
 Ex Vocal cords, Wall of large arteries, Elastic ligaments
Connective Tissue Types
 Areolar connective
tissue
 Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
 Soft, pliable tissue
 Contains all fiber
types
 Can soak up excess
fluid Figure 3.18e
 Areolar connective
tissue
 Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
 Soft, pliable tissue
 Contains all fiber
types
 Can soak up excess
fluid Figure 3.18e
 Reticular
connective tissue
 Delicate network of
interwoven fibers
 Forms stroma
(internal supporting
network) of
lymphoid organs
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Bone marrow Figure 3.18g
 Dense connective
tissue
 Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
 Cells are fibroblasts
 Examples
 Tendon – attach
muscle to bone
 Ligaments – attach
bone to bone Figure 3.18d
 Hyaline cartilage
 Most common/ abundant
cartilage
 Covers the joint and costal
cartilages
 Composed of:
 Abundant collagen
fibers
 Rubbery matrix
 Entire fetal skeleton is
hyaline cartilage Figure 3.18b
 Fibrocartilage
 Has more collagen than
hyaline cartilage
 Highly compressible
 Example: forms cushion-
like discs between
vertebrae
Figure 3.18c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.58b
 Elastic cartilage
 Contains elastic fiber that
appears as cpoiled fibers
among bundles of
collagen fiber
 Provides elasticity
 Example: supports the
external ear, epiglottis
and auditory tube
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.58a
 Bone
(osseous tissue)
 Composed of:
 Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities)
 Hard matrix of calcium
salts
 Large numbers of
collagen fibers
 Used to protect and
support the body
Figure 3.18a
 Hard connective tissues
consists of cells and
mineralized matrix
 Bone cells or osteocytes
are located on spaces in
the matrix called lacunae
Two types:
 Compact
 Cancellous
Figure 3.18a
 Blood
 Unique bec the matrix is
liquid, enabling blood
cells to move through
blood vessels
 Blood cells surrounded
by fluid matrix
 Fibers are visible during
clotting
 Functions as the
transport vehicle for
materials Figure 3.18h
Slide 3.63
Muscle Tissue
 Main characteristic to contract or shorten
 Muscle contration is aa result of contractile
proteins located within the muscle cells
 Function is to produce movement
Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
Muscle Tissue Types
 Skeletal muscle
 40% of persons body
weight
 attached to the skeletal
system that enable
voluntarily movement
 Cells attach to connective
tissue
 Cells are striated
 Cells have more than one
nucleus
Figure 3.19b
Muscle Tissue Types
 Cardiac muscle
 Found only in the
heart
 Function is to pump
blood (involuntary)
 Cells attached to other
cardiac muscle cells at
intercalated disks
 Cells are striated
 One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.19c
Muscle Tissue Types
 Smooth muscle
 Involuntary muscle
 Surrounds hollow organs,
skin and eyes
 Responsible for
movement of food in the
Digestive System and
urination in Urinary
System
 Attached to other smooth
muscle cells
 No visible striations Figure 3.19a
 One nucleus per cell Slide 3.67

Nervous Tissue
 Forms the brain, spinal
cord, and nerves
 Responsible for
coordinating and
controlling bodily activities
 Neurons and neuroglia
nerve support cells
 Function is to send
impulses/ electrical signal
to other areas of the body
 Irritability
 Conductivity
Figure 3.20
Tissue Repair
 Regeneration
 Replacement of destroyed tissue by the
same kind of cells
 Fibrosis
 Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue
(scar tissue)
 Determination of method
 Type of tissue damaged
 Severity of the injury
Events in Tissue Repair
 Capillaries become very permeable

 Introduce clotting proteins
 Wall off injured area
 Formation of granulation tissue
 Regeneration of surface epithelium
Regeneration of Tissues
 Tissues that regenerate easily
 Epithelial tissue
 Fibrous connective tissue and bone
 Tissues that regenerate poorly
 Skeletal muscle
 Tissues that are replaced largely with scar
tissue
 Cardiac muscle
 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin and Body Membranes
 Largest organ of the body
 Skin appendages
 Sweat gland
 sebaceous
gland
 Hairs
 Nails
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.1
Skin and Body Membranes
 Function of body membranes
 Line or cover body surfaces
 Protect body surfaces
 Lubricate body surfaces
Classification of Body Membranes
 Epithelial membranes
 Cutaneous membrane
 Mucous membrane
 Serous membrane
 Connective tissue membranes
Cutaneous Membrane
 Cutaneous membrane = skin
 A dry membrane
 Outermost protective boundary
 Superficial epidermis
 Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
 Underlying dermis
 Mostly dense
connective tissue Figure 4.1a
Mucous Membranes
 Surface epithelium
 Type depends on site
 Underlying loose connective
tissue (lamina propria)
 Lines all body cavities
that open to the
exterior body surface
 Often adapted
for absorption
or secretion Figure 4.1b
Serous Membranes
 Surface simple
squamous epithelium
 Underlying areolar
connective tissue
 Lines open body cavities
that are closed to the
exterior of the body
 Serous layers separated
by serous fluid
Figure 4.1c
Serous Membranes
 Specific serous membranes
 Peritoneum
 Abdominal
cavity
 Pleura
 Around the
lungs Figure 4.1d
 Pericardium
 Around the
heart
Connective Tissue Membrane
 Synovial membrane
 Connective tissue
only
 Lines fibrous
capsules
surrounding joints
Figure 4.2
Integumentary System
 Skin (cutaneous membrane)

 Skin derivatives
 Sweat glands
 Oil glands
 Hairs
 Nails
FUNCTIONS:
 Keeps water and other precious molecules in the

body
 Keeps water out (so one can swim for hours
without becoming waterlogged)
 Protects the body from external agents
 Insulates and cushions deeper organs
 Protects body from mechanical damage (bumps
and cuts), chemical damage ( from acids and
bases), thermal damage (heat and cold),
ultraviolet radiation and bacteria.
FUNCTIONS:
 Regulates heat loss from the body surface

 Acts as a mini excretory system; urea, salt,
water are loss when we sweat
 Manufactures several proteins important to
immunity
 Storage of vitamin D precursor
 Contains cutaneous receptor that serve as
sensors for touch, pressure, temperature, and
pain
Skin Functions
 Protects deeper tissues from:

 Mechanical damage
 Chemical damage
 Bacterial damage
 Thermal damage
 Ultraviolet radiation
 Desiccation
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.9A
Skin Functions
 Aids in heat regulation

 Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
 Synthesizes vitamin D
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.9B
LAYERS OF THE SKIN
2 Principal Layers
 Epidermis
 Dermis
EPIDERMIS
 Superficial protective layer of the skin

 Composed of Stratified Squamous Keratrinized
Epithelium that varies in thickness
 All but the deepest layers of epidermis are
composed of dead cells
 Composed of 4-5 layers, depending on its location
within the body
 Palms and soles have five layers because these
areas are exposed to most friction
Skin Structure
 Epidermis – outer layer

 Stratified squamous epithelium
 Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)
 Dermis
 Dense connective tissue
Skin Structure
 Deep to dermis is the hypodermis

 Not part of the skin
 Anchors skin to underlying organs
 Composed mostly of adipose tissue
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
Stratum Basale
 Composed of single layer of cells in contact with dermis
 4 types of cells in the stratum basale:

Keratinocytes
 Produce keratin which toughens and waterproofs skin
Melanocytes
 Synthesize the pigment melanin providing a protective barrier to UV
radiation in sunlight
Tactile cells (Merkel cells)
 Aid in tactile (touch) reception
Non pigmented granular dendrocytes (Langerhans cells)
 Protective macrophagic cells that ingest bacteria and other foreign
debris
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
Statum Spinosum (Spiny layer)
 Contains several stratified layer of cells
 Spiny appearance due to changed shaped of keratinocytes
 With limited mitosis
 This layer plus stratum basale are collectively called
Strat5um Germinativum
Stratum Granulosum (Granular layer)

 Consist of only 3-4 flattened rows of cells
 Cells here appear granular due to the presence of
keratohyaline granules
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
Stratum Lucidum (Clear layer)

 Nuclei, organelles and cell membranes are no longer visible so this layer appear
clear
 Exist only in the lips and the thickened skin and soles and palms
 Contains a translucent substance called eleidin
Stratum Corneum (Hornlike layer)

 Composed of 25-30 layers of flattened, scale like anucleated cells, which are
continuously shed as flake like residues of cells
 This surface layer is cornified and is the real protective layer of the skin
 Cornification is brought on by keratinization and the hardening, flattening process
that takes places as the cells die and are pushed to the surface
 Friction at the surface of skin stimulates additional mitotic activity of stratum basale,
resulting in the formation of a callus for additional protection
Layer of Epidermis
 Strata – layers
 You do not need to know! Rejoice!
COLORATION OF THE SKIN
Caused by expression of a combination of 3

pigments:
 Melanin
 Carotene
 Hemoglobin
VITILIGO
WHITE SKIN PATCHES
FRECKLES
AGGREGATED PATCH OF MELANIN
A BIRTHMARK(CONGENITAL MELANOCYTIC
NEVUS)-IS A MOLE THAT IS PRESENT AT BIRTH
MELANIN
 Brown-black pigment produced by the melanocytes of

stratum basale
 Guard skin against damaging effect of ultraviolet rays of
sunlight
 Gradual exposure to sunlight promotes increased
production of melanin; hence tanning of the skin
 In albino, there is a normal number of melanocytes but
lacks enzymes tyrosinase, that converts the amino acid
thyrosine to melanin
 “freckles” – caused by aggregated patch of melanin
 “vitiligo” – lack of melanocytes in localized areas of the
skin causing distinct white spots
CAROTENE
 A yellowish pigment found in epidermal cells

and fatty parts of dermis
 Abundant in skin of Asians
 Together with melanin, accounts for the

yellowish-tan color in Asians

Melanin
 Pigment (melanin) produced by

melanocytes
 Color is yellow to brown to black
 Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum
basale
 Amount of melanin produced depends
upon genetic and exposure to sunlight
HEMOGLOBIN
 Not a pigment of the skin, rather it is the

oxygen-binding pigment found in RBC
 Oxygenated blood flowing through the dermis
gives its pinkish tones

SURFACE PATTERNS
Congenital Patterns:
Positive fingerprints or friction ridges

 Present on palms and soles
 Formed by the pull of elastic fibers within the dermis
 Function to prevent slipopage when grasping objects
Acquired Lines:
 Deep Flexion Creases
 Found on the palms
 Shallow Flexion Lines
 Seen on knuckles and surface of other joints
SURFACE PATTERNS
Furrows in the forehead and face (wrinkles)
 Acquired from continual contraction of facial muscles,
such as from smiling or squinting in bright light or
against the wind; facial lines become more strongly
delineated as person ages
Langer Lines
 Lines of tension in the skin produced by the orientation
of collagen and elastic fibers in nonrandom pattern of
arrangement
 Surgical incision should be made parallel to Langer lines
to promote better wound healing
DERMIS
 Deeper and thicker than epidermis

 A strong and stretchy envelop that helps to hold
the body together
 Blood vessels within the dermis nourish the living
portion of the epiudermis
 With numerous collagenous, elastic, and reticular
fibers that gives support to the skin
 Highly vascular and glandular
 Contains many nerve endings and hair follicles
LINES OF LANGER (TENSION LINES) – PRODUCED
BY THE ORIENTATION OF COLLAGEN AND ELASTIC
FIBERS IN THE BODY
EPIDERMAL RIDGES – PALMS AND
SOLES
Acquired lines:
-Shallow
Flexion lines-
knuckles and
surface of other
joint
-Deep Flexion
creases-palms
Deep Flexion
creases-
palms
Dermis
 Two layers
Papillary layer
 Projections called dermal papillae
 Pain receptors
 Capillary loops
Reticular layer
 Blood vessels
 Glands
 Nerve receptors
LAYERS OF THE DERMIS
Papillary Layer
 In contact with the epidermis
 Accounts for about 1/5 of the entire dermis
 With numerous projections called Dermal Papillae, that
extend from the upper portion of the dermis into the
epidermis
Dermal papillae contain capillary loops, which furnish
nutrients to the epidermis
 Some papillae house pain receptors (free nerve endings)
and touch receptors (Meissner’s Corpuscles)
 Dermal papillae form the base for the friction ridges on the
fingers and toes
LAYERS OF THE DERMIS
Reticular layer
 Deepest skin layer
 Contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands,

and deep pressure receptors (Pacinian
corpuscles)
 Many phagocytes are found here; they engulf
bacteria that have managed to get through the
epidermis
Skin Structure
Figure 4.4
CUTANEOUS GLANDS
 All enxocrine glands (they release secretions to

skin surface via ducts)
 Sebaceous glands
 Sweat glands
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
 Found all over the skin, except on palms and soles
 Ducts usually empty into a hair follicle but some open directly onto
skin surface
 Secretion is called sebum, a mixture of oily substance and
fragmented cells that keeps skin soft and moist and prevents hair
from becoming brittle
 If the drainage pathway for sebaceous gland becomes blocked for
some reason, the glands become infected, resulting in acne
 Sebum also contains chemicals that kills bacteria
 Become very active when sex hormones are produced in increased
amounts during adolescence, thus skin is oilier during this period of
life
Appendages of the Skin
 Sebaceous glands (all over except
palms and soles of feet)
 Produce oil
 Lubricant for skin
 Kills bacteria
 Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles
 Glands are activated at puberty
 Acne – active infection of sebaceous
glands
SWEAT GLANDS
 Also called sudoriferous glands
 Widely distributed in the skin; numerous in
palms, sole, axillary and pubic regions
 Secretion evaporates and cools the body
2 types:
 Merocrine
 Apocrine
SWEAT GLANDS
Merocrine Sweat Glands
 More numerous and found all over body especially in
forehead, back, palms and soles
 Secretion reaches skin surface via a duct that opens
directly on surface of skin through sweat pores
 Secretion is mostly water with few salts
SWEAT GLANDS
Apocrine Sweat Glands
 Much larger, localized gland found in axillary and
pubic regions where they secrete into hair follicles
 Not functional until puberty
 Secretion is thick and rich in organic substance which

is odorless when released but quickly broken down by
bacteria into substances responsible for body odor.
SWEAT GLANDS
Mammary Gland
 Found within the breast
 Specialized sudoriferous or sweat gland that secrete

milk during lactation
 Under the stimulus of pituitary gland
 Sweat glands
 Widely distributed in skin
 Two types
 Eccrine
 Open via duct to pore on skin surface
 Apocrine
 Ducts empty into hair follicles
Sweat and Its Function
 Composition
 Mostly water
 Some metabolic waste
 Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
 Function
 Helps dissipate excess heat
 Excretes waste products
 Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
 Odor is from associated bacteria
 Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
 Eccrine sweat glands
 Merocrine glands: forehead, back, palms, soles
 More numerous
 Secretion is mostly water, opens directly onto skin surface
 Function is to cool the body
 Apocrine sweat glands

 Larger,localized glands: axillary and pubic regions
 Become functional at puberty
 More viscous – fatty acids and proteins, empties into hair follicles
 Released odorless until broken down by bacteria

 An apocrine gland, which produces little sweat but is responsible for the
body's natural '
 If the drainage
pathway becomes
blocked for some
reason, the glands
may become
infected, resulting
in ACNE formation
 Ceruminous
glands
 Modified
sudoriferous
glands
 Secrete
cerumen (ear
wax)
 Empties into the
ear canal
 Mammary glands
 Specialized sweat
gland
 Found within the
breast tissue
 Undergoes cell
hypertrophy (size
increase) and cell
hyperplasia
(increase in
number) under
pituitary influence
in pregnancy
 Secrete milk
during lactation
JUVENILE FIBROADENOMA WITH
FIBROADENOMATOID HYPERPLASIA,
ENLARGED LEFT BREAST
SEVERE BREAST HYPERTHROPHY
HAIR
 Characteristic of all mammals, but its

distribution, function, density and texture varies
across mammalian species
 Humans are relatively hairless, with only the

scalp, face, pubis and axilla being densely
haired
HAIR
 Men with more obvious hair because of the

male hormone
 Certain regions of the body are hairless, like

the palms, soles, lips, nipples, penis, labia
minora
 Lifespan 3-4 months for eyelash, 3-4 years in

scalp hair
HAIR
Primary Function of Hair: Protection
 e.g. scalp hair, eyebrows are protection from the
sunlight
Parts of Hair
 Shaft – the visible but dead portion of hair
projecting above surface of the skin
 Root – enclosed in the follicle
 Hair bulb matrix – the growth zone; contains
melanocytes that give color to the hair
HAIR
3 Layers of Hair in Cross Section

 Medulla – inner part
 Cortex – thick middle part
 Cuticle – covers cortex and forms toyughened

outer portion
 Hair
 Produced by
hair bulb
 Consists of hard
keratinized
epithelial cells
 Melanocytes
provide pigment
for hair color Figure 4.7c
Hair Anatomy
 Central medulla
 Cortex surrounds
medulla
 Cuticle on outside of
cortex
 Most heavily
keratinized Figure 4.7b
Associated Hair Structures
 Hair follicle
 Dermal and epidermal
sheath surround hair root
 Arrector pilli
 Smooth muscle
 Sebaceous gland
 Sweat gland
Figure 4.7a
LAYERS IN CROSS SECTION
 Medulla – inner part

 Cortex - thick middle
part
 Cuticle – covers cortex
and forms tough outer
portion
LANUGO – FINE, SILKY FETAL (IMMATURE)
HAIR
VELLUS – SHORT, FINE HAIRS
Fine vellus hairs grow all over the body except the palms
and soles.
DEFINITIVE – GROWS UP TO A CERTAIN
LENGTH ONLY, MOST DOMINANT TYPE OF
HAIR . EYELASHES ,EYEBROW,PUBIC AND
AXILLARY HAIR.
 Nails
 Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
 Heavily keratinized
 Stratum basale extends beneath the nail
bed
 Responsible for growth
 Lack of pigment makes them colorless
Nail Structures
 Free edge Figure 4.9
 Body
 Root of nail
 Heavily
keratinized
 Nail body – visible attached portion
 Hyponychium – beneath free edge
 Nail matrix – growth area of the nail,

proximal portion of nail bed
 Lunula – white crescent shape
 Free edge – distal
exposed portion
 Nail root – covered
by skin
 Eponychium –
(cuticle) covers the
nail root
Nail bed – where nail body and root
are attached
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
 Infections
 Athletes foot
 Caused by fungal infection
 Boils and carbuncles
 Caused by bacterial infection
 Cold sores
 Caused by virus
Athlete’s Foot
Boils
Cold Sores
 Infections and allergies

 Contact dermatitis
 Exposures cause allergic reaction
 Impetigo
 Caused by bacterial infection
 Psoriasis
 Cause is unknown
 Triggered by trauma, infection, stress
Impetigo
Psoriasis
 Burns
 Tissue damage and cell death caused by
heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
 Associated dangers
 Dehydration
 Electrolyte imbalance
 Circulatory shock
Rules of Nines
 Way to determine the extent of burns

 Body is divided into 11 areas for quick
estimation
 Each area represents about 9%
 Pg. 108 textbook
Severity of Burns
 First-degree burns
 Only epidermis is damaged
 Skin is red and swollen
 Second degree burns
 Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
 Skin is red with blisters
 Third-degree burns
 Destroys entire skin layer
 Burn is gray-white or black
Critical Burns
 Burns are considered critical if:

 Over 25% of body has second degree
burns
 Over 10% of the body has third degree
burns
 There are third degree burns of the face,
hands, or feet
Skin Cancer
 Cancer – abnormal cell mass
 Two types
 Benign
 Does not spread (encapsulated)
 Malignant
 Metastasized (moves) to other parts of
the body
 Skin cancer is the most common type of
cancer
Skin Cancer Types
 Basal cell carcinoma
 Least malignant
 Most common type
 Arises from statum basale
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Arises from stratum spinosum
 Metastasizes to lymph nodes
 Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Basal Cell
Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Skin Cancer Types
 Malignant melanoma
 Most deadly of skin cancers
 Cancer of melanocytes
 Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood
vessels
 Detection uses ABCD rule
ABCD Rule
 A = Asymmetry
 Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
 B = Border irregularity
 Borders of mole are not smooth
 C = Color
 Different colors in pigmented area
 D = Diameter
 Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter

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FOHP111 1ST SEM SY201819

FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF TISSUES

 They bear motile cilia to move a film of fluid or

 Cells fit closely together

follicle Slide 3.46

 Variations in blood supply

 One nucleus per cell Slide 3.67

 Capillaries become very permeable

 Skin (cutaneous membrane)

 Keeps water and other precious molecules in the

 Regulates heat loss from the body surface

 Protects deeper tissues from:

 Aids in heat regulation

 Superficial protective layer of the skin

 Epidermis – outer layer

 Deep to dermis is the hypodermis

 4 types of cells in the stratum basale:

Stratum Granulosum (Granular layer)

Stratum Lucidum (Clear layer)

Stratum Corneum (Hornlike layer)

Caused by expression of a combination of 3

 Brown-black pigment produced by the melanocytes of

 A yellowish pigment found in epidermal cells

 Together with melanin, accounts for the

 Pigment (melanin) produced by

 Not a pigment of the skin, rather it is the

Positive fingerprints or friction ridges

 Deeper and thicker than epidermis

 Contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands,

 All enxocrine glands (they release secretions to

 Secretion is thick and rich in organic substance which

 Specialized sudoriferous or sweat gland that secrete

 Secretion is mostly water, opens directly onto skin surface

 Function is to cool the body

 Apocrine sweat glands

 Released odorless until broken down by bacteria

 Characteristic of all mammals, but its

 Humans are relatively hairless, with only the

 Men with more obvious hair because of the

 Certain regions of the body are hairless, like

 Lifespan 3-4 months for eyelash, 3-4 years in

3 Layers of Hair in Cross Section

 Cortex – thick middle part

 Cuticle – covers cortex and forms toyughened

 Medulla – inner part

 Nail matrix – growth area of the nail,

 Infections and allergies

 Way to determine the extent of burns

 Burns are considered critical if:

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