From a European perspective, the 17th

century is often described as the

beginning of the Age of Reason,
a period when advances in scientific
knowledge challenged beliefs in
religious doctrine and Renaissance
order. Nature was shaped according
to human will, and typically by royal
privilege.

17th CENTURY

Some of the world’s most illustrious gardens, such as

Submitted by : the Taj Mahal, Katsura Imperial Villa, and Versailles,
T.M.Malini, M.Arch were created in the 17th century, and are discussed
(Landscape) in this chapter.
 JAPAN-EDO PERIOD

THE MUGHAL GARDEN - SACRED SYMMETRIES

PERSIA-GARDENS OF PARADISE

17TH C ITALIAN BAROQUE STYLES

THE NETHERLANDS-THE FLOWERING OF THE DUTCH

LANDSCAPE

ENGLISH GARDENS-A RESTRAINED MIX OF EUROPEAN

STYLES

FRENCH CLASSICAL GARDENS-THE CONTROL OF

NATURE
TIME LINE
TIME LINE
TIME LINE
TIME LINE
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
 (借景; Japanese: shakkei; Chinese: jièjǐng) is the
principle of "incorporating background landscape into
the composition of a garden" found in traditional East
Asian garden design. The term is Chinese in origin, and
appears in the 17th century garden treatise Yuanye.

Borrowed scenery in the style of Song

and Ming Dynasty gardens located at
the Zhishan Garden
 Concealment. (miegakure, literally 'hide and reveal.') The Zen Buddhist
garden is meant to be seen all at once, but the promenade garden is
meant to be seen one landscape at a time, like a scroll of painted
landscapes unrolling. Features are hidden behind hills, trees groves or
bamboo, walls or structures, to be discovered when the visitor follows
the winding path.
Another beauty
“trick” used by
the Japanese
garden designers
was to create
the landscape so
that it would be
impossible for the
visitor to see all
the elements at
a glance.
Instead, the
visitor uncovers
the garden step
by step, while
strolling through
the alleys.
Called miegakure, this “hide and reveal” technique hides important landscape features behind
hills, trees or buildings, so that by following the path the visitor will be delighted to continuously
discover new attractions.
Miegakure can be enjoyed in the garden of Kodaiji, Kyoto: from this point you will admire the
bridge architecture, but you will be completely unaware that a very beautiful pond is hidden
behind the hill…
 SHALAMAR, KASHMIR
Shalamar, built as a summer palace along the shores of Lake Dal by Jahangir
in 1619, was expanded by Shah Jahan in 1630. Set in a wide ravine and framed
by the mountains, Shalamar consists of three terraces connected by a central
axis of water punctuated with jets. The main canal is bordered by pathways on
both sides, shaded by chenar trees. Turf, flowers, and fruit trees grew on the
terraces. At each level change, shallow falls were highlighted by chini kanas.

THROUGH FLOATING
ISLANDS: Shalamar was
approached by boat
from a long canal cut
through the marshes.
NISHAT BAGH, KASHMIR
Nishat Bagh was built in 1620, most
likely by a relative of Jahangir’s wife,
hence it had no official function.
Twelve terraces (representing the
astrological signs) climbed up the
slope, visually uniting with the distant
mountains. Unlike the hierarchical
division of space at Shalamar,
the terraces at Nishat Bagh formed
a large pleasure garden with a separate
zenana at the top.
COHESIVE GEOMETRY: Vauxle-Vicomte is considered by many to be
the most successful of Le Notre’s gardens.
 BAROQUE GEOMETRY: The design of Villa Aldobrandini incorporates
site planning principles and architectural features that are typical of
Frascati villas.

Optical illusions become evident: The garden

terrace disappears and the uppermost
loggias of the villa appear to hover over
the water staircase, framed by the
pillars. Conversely, from the villa, the
watercourse, hemmed in by the woods,
appears much closer
The villa marks the threshold between
paradise (the river of life springing from
the grotto in the woods) and the world
(the city of Rome in the distance).
 DESIGN VOCABULARY

MUGHAL EMPIRE
Chadars, Chini-kanas,
Chabutras

PERSIA
Talars, Chahar baghs, Flowers
 DESIGN VOCABULARY

ITALY
Water theaters, Stairs, “Stage”
management

FRANCE
Reflective pools, Bosquets,
Parterres de broderie
17th CENTURY / MUGHAL GARDENS
 CHADAR
CHADAR: Patterns carved on the surface of the
water chute created different effects in the
cascade.

Chadar (literally, "shawl"): A stone or

marble chute; usually textured,
creating bounces or ripples in the
waterfall; if not textured, it contains
zigzag patterns made from different-
colored stones

Humayun's Tomb
 CHINI-KANAS

CHINI-KANA: Candles or
flowers placed in the niches
enhanced the effect of the
falling water.

A chini-kana is a low wall

with niches, likea
dovecote
 Chabutra: A raised platform in
a garden, meant for sitting,
with water flowing around or
beneath it

Completed in 1632, this large mausoleum

sits atop the center of the two crossing water axes
like a monumental chabutra.
CHABUTRA
17th CENTURY / PERSIAN GARDENS
TALAR: Stone lions spouted water into a
white marble basin within the porch.

TALAR
CHARBAGH

Charbagh or Chahar Bagh is a Persian-style garden layout. The

quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into
four smaller parts. In Persian, "Chār" means 'four' and "bāgh" means
'garden'.
 FLOWER
when poetry is able to tell us of the wonderful love felt by this people for their flowers
and their rose-gardens.
Bulbs, and tulips in particular, were collected with
passion. The enduring love of flowers is evident in
Dutch garden design.

A Persian garden in Tehran in 1971.

17th CENTURY / ITALIAN GARDENS
Water theaters,

A large concave/convex staircase is

centered on the amazing water theater
and crowned with a unicorn, the
Borrome herald. The uppermost terrace
behind the water theater affords
breathtaking views of the lake and the
Swiss Alps.
 STAIRS

Paths and stairs move the visitor

to and from the axis in a subtle
choreography of dark to light, open
space to enclosed, internal focus to
outward view.
 “STAGE” MANAGEMENT

A grotto (Italian grotto and

French grotte) is any type of natural or
artificial cave that is associated with
modern, historic, or prehistoric use by
humans. When it is not an
artificial garden feature, a grotto is
often a small cave near water and
often flooded or liable to flood at high
tide.
17TH CENTURY / FRENCH GARDENS
A reflecting pool or reflection pool is a
water feature found in gardens, parks,
and at memorial sites. It usually consists
of a shallow pool of water, undisturbed
by fountain jets, for a reflective surface.

The reflecting pool of the garden of

thevaux-le-vicomte

Wells Cathedral in the reflecting

pool of the garden of the Bishop's Palace
 BOSQUET

Château d'Amboise: the parterres

have been recreated in the twentieth
GARDENS BOSQUETS: The bosquets were
decked out with proscenium arches,
century as rectangles of lawns set in
chandeliers, and tapestries as set decorations gravel and a formal bosquet of trees
for performances.

In the French formal garden, a bosquet (French, from Italian bosco,

"grove, wood") is a formal plantation of trees, at least five of identical
species planted as a quincunx, or set in strict regularity as to rank and file,
so that the trunks line up as one passes along either face.
 PARTERRES DE BRODERIE

A parterre is a formal garden constructed on a level surface, consisting of

planting beds, typically in symmetrical patterns, separated and connected by
gravel pathways. Beds may be edged in stone or tightly lipped hedging and
may not contain flowers.

French parterres originated in 15th-century gardens of the French

Renaissance often taking the form of knot gardens. Later, during the 17th
century Baroque era, they became more elaborate and more stylised. The
French parterre reached its highest development atVersailles; this inspired
many other similar parterres throughout Europe.
THANK YOU