- Before you start designing your PCB, it’s a good

idea to make a schematic of your circuit. The

schematic will serve as a blueprint for laying out
the traces and placing the components on the
PCB. Plus, the PCB editing software can import
all of the components, footprints, and wires in to
the PCB file, which will make the design process
easier.
Start by logging in to EasyEDA, and create a new
project
is a web-based EDA tool
suite that enables hardware
engineers to design, simulate,
share - publicly and privately – and
discuss schematics, simulations
and printed circuit boards.
Once you’re on the Start page, click on the
“New Schematic” tab
Now you’ll see a blank canvas where you can draw the schematic.
It’s best to place all of your schematic symbols on the canvas
before drawing any wires
In EasyEDA, schematic symbols are located in “Libraries”.
The default EasyEDA library has most of the common
symbols, but there are also “User Generated Libraries” with
lots of other symbols
 Each schematic symbol you use needs to have a PCB footprint
associated with it. The PCB footprint will define the component’s
physical dimensions and placement of the copper pads or through
holes.
The schematic symbols in the EasyEDA library
already have footprints associated with them,
but they can be changed if your’re using a
different size or style
To change the footprint associated with a schematic symbol, search
in the “User Generated” libraries for a footprint that matches the
component you’re using. Once you find it, click on the heart icon
to “Favorite” it
Then copy the name of the component
 Now click on the symbol in the schematic editor, and paste
the name of the new footprint into the “package” field in the
right sidebar menu
 Once all of your symbols are placed on the schematic and
you’ve assigned footprints to each symbol, it’s time to start
drawing the wires.
 After all the wiring is done, it’s a good idea to label the
symbols. The labels will be transferred over to the PCB
layout and eventually be printed on the finished PCB. Each
symbol has a name and value that can be edited by clicking
on the label.
 The next step is to import the schematic into the PCB editor,
but before we do that, let’s talk about some things to keep in
mind when designing your PCB.
 PCB DESIGN OPTIMIZATION
 Identify what each part of your circuit does, and divide the circuit into sections
according to function. For example, the LM386 audio amplifier circuit has four
main sections: a power supply, an audio input, the LM386, and an audio output.
It might help to draw some diagrams at this point to help you visualize the design
before you start laying it out.
 Keep the components in each section grouped together in the same area of the
PCB to keep the conductive traces short. Long traces can pick up electromagnetic
radiation from other sources, which can cause interference and noise.
 The different sections of your circuit should be arranged so the path of electrical
current is as linear as possible. The signals in your circuit should flow in a direct
path from one section to another, which will keep the traces shorter.
Each section of the circuit should be supplied power with separate
traces of equal length. This is called a star configuration, and it ensures
that each section gets an equal supply voltage. If sections are connected
in a daisy-chain configuration, the current drawn from sections closer to
the supply will create a voltage drop and result in lower voltages at
sections further from the supply
PCB LAYERS
The traces on one layer can be
Larger circuits can be difficult to design
connected to the other layer with a
on a single layer PCB because it’s via.
hardA via is a copper plated hole in
to route the traces without another. the
YouPCB that electrically connects
might need to use intersecting one with
the top layer to the bottom layer.
copper layers, with traces routed on bothYou can also connect top and
sides of the PCB. bottom traces at a component’s
through hole:
 GROUND LAYERS

Some double layer PCBs have a ground layer, where the

entire bottom layer is covered with a copper plane connected
to ground. The positive traces are routed on top and
connections to ground are made with through holes or vias.
Ground layers are good for circuits that are prone to
interference, because the large area of copper acts as a shield
against electromagnetic fields. They also help dissipate the
heat generated by the components.
 LAYER THICKNESS
Copper weight is the term manufacturers use to describe the layer
thickness, and it’s measured in ounces. The thickness of a layer
will affect how much current can flow through the circuit without
damaging the traces. Trace width is another factor that affects how
much current can safely flow through the circuit.
To determine safe values for width and thickness, you need to know
the amperage that will flow through the trace in question. Use an
online trace width calculator to determine the ideal trace thickness
and width for a given amperage.
 PCB TRACES
If you look at a professionally designed PCB, you’ll probably
notice that most of the copper traces bend at 45° angles. One
reason for this is that 45° angles shorten the electrical path
between components compared to 90° angles. Another reason is
that high speed logic signals can get reflected off the back of the a
ngle, causing interference.
 TRACE WIDTH

Like layer thickness, the width of your traces will affect how much
current can flow through your circuit without damaging the circuit.
The proximity of traces to components and adjacent traces will also
determine how wide your traces can be. If you’re designing a small
PCB with lots of traces and components, you might need to make
the traces narrow for everything to fit.
Open your schematic in the schematic editor, and
click on the “Convert Project To PCB” button
The footprints associated with each schematic
symbol will be automatically transferred to the
PCB editor
Notice the thin blue lines connecting the components. These are called
rats nest lines. Rats nest lines are virtual wires that represent the
connections between components. They show you where you need to
route the traces according to the wiring connections you created in your
schematic
 Now you can start arranging the components, keeping in mind the
design tips mentioned above. You might want to do some research to
find out if there are any special design requirements for your circuit.
Some circuits perform better with certain components in specific locations.
For example, in an LM386 amplifier circuit the power supply
decoupling capacitors need to be placed close to the chip to reduce
noise.
After you’ve arranged all of the components, it’s time to start drawing the
traces. Use the ratsnest wires as a rough guide for routing each trace. How
ever, they won’t always show you the best way to route the traces, so it’s a
good idea to refer back to your schematic to verify the correct connections
 Traces can also be routed automatically using the software’s auto-router.
For complicated circuits, it’s generally better to route traces manually, but
try the auto-router on simpler designs and see what it comes up with. You
can always adjust individual traces later.
Now it’s time to define the size and shape of the PCB outline.
Click on the board outline and drag each side until all of the
components are inside
The last thing to do before placing the order is to run a design rule
check. A design rule check will tell you if any components overlap
or if traces are routed too close together. The design rule check can
be found by clicking the “Design Manager” button in the right side
window
Items that fail the design rule check will be listed below the “DRC Errors”
folder. If you click on one of the errors, the problem trace or component
will be highlighted in the PCB view
You can specify your own settings for the design rule check by clicking
the drop down menu in the upper right hand corner and going to
Miscellaneous > Design Rule Settings
This will bring up a window where you can set design
rules for trace width, distance between traces, and
other useful parameters
At this point it’s a good idea to double check your PCB layout against
your schematic to make sure that everything is connected properly. If
you’re satisfied with the result, the next step is to order the PCB.
EasyEDA makes this part really easy…
This will take you to another screen where you can choose the
options for your PCB order:
 You can select the number of PCBs you want to order, the number of
copper layers, the PCB thickness, copper weight, and even the PCB
color. After you’ve made your selections, click “Save to Cart” and you’ll be
taken to a page where you can enter your shipping address and
billing information.

You can also download your PCB’s Gerber files if you want to send t
hem to a different manufacturer
Gerber files are a set of image files that contain the patterns used to
manufacture your PCB. All of the files are compressed into a single
zip file. There is a separate file for the copper traces, silk screen,
and locations of drill holes and vias
Chemicals

- a form of matter having constant chemical composition

and characteristics properties.
- a substance obtained by a chemical process producing a
chemical effect.
 Read the product label.
Some chemical products come with disposal
instructions right on the label and following those
instructions should be enough. Even for products with
out disposal instructions, you should still read the
labels so you can be aware of the warnings and cautions
concerning said products.
• Items such as batteries and light bulbs have to
be recycled at special recycling centers.
• Never mix cleaning products together. If you
only have a small amount of cleaning product left in
each bottle, it may be tempting to mix them into one
bottle for disposal. Different chemicals can react with
each other to form very hazardous fumes and noxious
gases.
 Read the material safety data sheet.
In addition to the product label, you want
to read the MSDS for industrial chemicals.
The MSDS gives you important
information about the chemical: its toxicity,
reactivity, and disposal considerations.
• Every chemical product you buy
should come with an MSDS sheet.
However, you can also use the online
MSDS database to look up the MSDS for
the specific formulation of the chemical
you wish to dispose.
 Search the list of hazardous wastes.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has many resources on determining if your
waste is considered hazardous and what kind
of special disposal is necessary. The EPA
regulates hazardous waste using the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976.
Determine if your waste is hazardous by
referring to this EPA flow chart.
•If your waste is classified as hazardous by the
EPA, you will need to contact the EPA for
proper disposal.
•You can contact the EPA online or by
looking up your local EPA office and
contacting them directly by phone.
 Use proper safety precautions.
When dealing with any chemicals, you should
always wear gloves, long-sleeved shirts, pants,
goggles, and closed-toe shoes. You want to
minimize skin exposure as much as possible.
Chemicals often emit noxious fumes, so you
want to work in a well-ventilated area. Also, make
sure to tie back your hair if it is long.
Never breathe deeply and inhale chemical fumes,
particularly if you are unsure of what the chemical
is.
Read all safety information for a chemical before
working with it or disposing of it.
If you get a chemical on your skin or in your eye,
seek medical attention right away. You should
also immediately rinse the affected area with
water for at least 15 minutes.
 Dilute bleach and hydrogen peroxide to
pour down the drain.
Make a very dilute solution of bleach or
hydrogen peroxide by adding at least 10 tim
es the amount of water. Let the dilute
solution sit for at least an hour before
disposal.
 Store solvents for special collection.
Solvents such as paint and varnish must be
disposed of at a special recycling center or
collected by a hazardous waste company.
Many home improvement stores have paint
recycling centers as well. Latex paints can
be disposed of at home. Stir in an equal
part of cat litter to match the amount of
paint. Stir until the paint thickens and allow
the mixture to sit for one hour. You can
throw the hardened paint away in the
garbage.
 Recycle automotive fluids.
Car-related fluids such as antifreeze, motor
oil, and transmission fluid can be collected
and recycled. None of these items can be
thrown away or disposed of down the drain.
Collect the fluid and bring it to a nearby
recycling center. Use a recycling locator to
help you find a location near you.
 Drain all aerosol canisters.
Do this by turning them upside down
and spraying them into an absorbent
material, like paper towels, rags, or a
sponge. Once the can has lost all of
its pressure, wrap it in several layers of
newspaper and throw it out with
regular household trash. Alternatively,
you can dispose of partially filled cans
by taking them to a Household
Hazardous Waste collection center.
 Return pool chemicals back to your local
pool store.
Most pool stores will take pool chemicals
and dispose of them properly. Alternatively,
you can check with the community pool
and see if they have any need of your
unused chemicals. If you must dispose of
them in the garbage, make sure the
chemicals are dry, stored in their original
containers and double-bagged to prevent
contamination.
 Submit industrial chemicals to a
hazardous material collection system.
If you are unsure of the proper method of
disposal for a potentially dangerous product,
like a car battery, seek out a hazardous material
collection service nearby and see if they will
take your waste. Most communities should
have such a service. Laboratories have specific
waste disposal departments that take care of
this. Once you have a full container, schedule a
pick-up for disposal.
Store the used chemical in a proper container
for disposal. A sealed plastic container is
generally sufficient.
 Know the acids and bases that cannot be
neutralized.
There are some acids and bases that cannot
be neutralized and disposed of down the
sewer drain. Disposal of the following
should be done through the proper
hazardous waste collection channels: per
chloric acid concentrated nitric acid
fuming (concentrated), sulfuric acid
hydrofluoric acid
acids or bases with dyes or surfactants
acids of bases with heavy metals
organic acids and bases that remain toxic
after neutralization
 Identify the strength of the acid or base.
Strong acids (pH < 2.0) and strong bases
(pH > 12.0) must be neutralized before
dilution and disposal down the drain. The
strength of the acid or base can be
determined using a pH meter or pH strips.
Strong acids and bases must be neutralized
to a pH range between 6.0 and 9.0.A pH m
eter directly measures the pH of the
solution.
pH paper has a color indicator that tells
you the strength of the solution.
 Neutralize strong acids with sodium
hydroxide.
Work in a fume hood (or well-ventilated
area) because this process emits noxious
fumes. Keep the solution constantly stirring
and slowly add sodium hydroxide. This
reaction will release heat so it is important
that the sodium hydroxide is added slowly.
Keep adding sodium hydroxide until the
acid is neutralized. Placing the container in
a second container of ice will help avoid
overheating and potential injury.
You should also wear goggles and a mask
to protect yourself from noxious fumes.
 Neutralize strong bases with
hydrochloric acid.
The process of neutralizing a strong base is
the same as neutralizing a strong acid
except you use hydrochloric acid instead of
sodium hydroxide. Slowly add the
hydrochloric acid to the strong base while
constantly stirring the solution. This
reaction also releases heat, so add slowly
and keep the container in a bucket of ice to
avoid superheating the container.
 Check the pH again.
After neutralization, the pH should be in
the range between 6.0 and 9.0. Use the pH
meter or pH paper strips to ensure the
proper neutralization of the acid or base. If
the pH is not in the correct range, continue
adding the neutralizing acid or base to the
solution until the correct pH is reached.
Acid-base indicator solutions can also be
used to test the pH of the solutions. As the
pH of the entire solution changes, the color
of the indicator will change. If you have
access to an indicator, it can make your
neutralization process easier.
 Dilute by adding acid or base to water.
To dilute the solution, always add the acid
or the base directly to the water. Adding
water to the acid or base can superheat the
water and lead to explosions. Diluting the
acid or base is an exothermic reaction,
meaning it will give off heat. Place the
container in an ice bucket to avoid
superheating the container.
You can calculate the amount of water
needed to dilute the solution based on the
strength of the acid or base.
 Pour it down the drain.
Once the solution has been neutralized and
diluted, it can be poured directly down the
drain. Keep the water running while you
pour the solution down the drain to further
dilute. If the waste contains a heavy metal
such as copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, or
mercury, you cannot dispose of it down the
sink. It must be disposed of as hazardous
waste by an environmental health and safety
office.
TENK U BERY MATS!!