PRINCIPLES OF AQUACULTURE

(AKU3201)

POND CULTURE
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Method of culture

• POND CULTURE
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Outline
• Pond culture
• Types of ponds
• Pond construction
• Pond management
• Types of culture
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• POND
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POND
• POND =

- enclosed space
- shallow water
- useful nutrients
- good physico-chemical parameters
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POND CULTURE
• POND CULTURE =

- Cultivation of any aquatic organisms

- Natural environment
- Provide food in the captivity of pond
area
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Types pond
• 3 types:

1) Dug-out (excavated)pond
2) Embankment pond
3) Concrete pond
4) Combination pond
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1) Dug-out pond
• No pond engineering basis
• Small
• No commercial purpose
• One pond/house
• Excavated
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2) Embankment pond
• Fish pond with dikes around
• Generally earthen ponds
• Rectangular/square in shape
• Most common type of aquaculture
pond in Malaysia
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EARTHEN POND
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3) Concrete pond
• Ponds made of concrete or cement
• Ground level / above ground level
• Rectangular, square, circular
• Advantages/ disadvantages
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Concrete pond
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4) Combination ponds
• Embankment + concrete ponds
• Dikes covered by concrete/cement
• Bottom is earthen
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Pond type
• Nursery
• Transition pond (Intermediate size animal)
• Grow-out/Rearing pond
• Treatment
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Typical pond structure

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• POND CONSTRUCTION
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Pond construction
• Land
• Select the site (soil & water quality)
• Prepare the site
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Pond construction
• Clear land from all vegetation
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Water
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• Dig pond & compact

• Sheep foot roller
• The soil can be stockpiled for dike
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Dike
b) Height
freeboard
1- 1.5 m
 Freeboard : 30 cm
> 1m

b) Width
1-1.5m
 >1m
 Plant grass on dikes
 Don’t use plants
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Pond bottom
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Pond bottom
• Pond depth: 1.0m – 1.5m
• Near inlet = 0.5-1.0m shallow end
• Near outlet = Sloping 1.5 m at the drain
end
• Drain system – allow water to be
removed by gravity
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Pond bottom
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Advantages of sloping bottom

• Easy fish harvesting

• Easy pond drainage
• Easy pond drying
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Inlet & outlet pipe

• Inlet & outlet – Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• Individual inlet & outlet
• Filter water entering & leaving ponds
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Water inlet system

• Water pump – pumps water from a
water source

• Inlet pipe
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Water outlet system

• Outlet pipe = removes water from the
pond

• T-pipe – maintains water level of the

pond to avoid flooding
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Monk
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Monk
• Control amount of water in & out of
pond
• Normally concrete
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• Grooves to control the flow of water

• Also to prevent the predators & escaping
crops
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Monk
• Concrete pipe with appropriate
diameter
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Summary
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Pond management
• Cleaning & drying
• Liming
• Fertilizing
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Pond drying
• Flush pond with water to remove sediments
• Dry the pond until the bottom cracks
Advantages
- Improve soil texture
- Removal of undesirable metabolites e.g H2S
- Elimination of predators, parasites & their
eggs & unwanted macrophytes
- Removal of excessive mud from pond
bottom
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• Excessive mud
- Increase the height of pond bottom
- Decrease depth
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Pond liming
• Pond preparation for fertilization
 Calcium oxide (CaO) = Quicklime
 Calcium carbonate(CaCO3)= Limestone
• Neutral-alkaline pH (7-8)
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Pond liming
• Advantages
- Favourable environment for microbial
growth
- Raise pH to desirable levels
- Pond disinfectant – kill parasites
- Increase the effectiveness of fertilizer
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Pond fertilization
• 2 type of fertilizers
A) Organic fertilizers
Animal manures, compost, sewage

B) Inorganic fertilizers (Synthetic fertilizer)

Contain concentrated NPK
(Nitrogen, phosphorus, kalium)
 Superphosphate, triple superphosphate
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Pond fertilization
• Increase primary productivity
• Stimulate phytoplankton production
(autotrophic)
• Stimulate bacteria & zooplankton
(heterotrophic)
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Phytoplankton/ Microalgae
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Zooplankton
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Pond fertilization
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Polyethylene sheet
• High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
• Pond lining
 Actions Schedule
10–12 days before stocking. The most
effective method of eradication of
Drying
unwanted fish and aeration of pond
soil.
10–12 days (or one month) before
stocking. It is necessary in undrainable
Poisoning ponds. 2–3 mg/l. Rotenone, 0.25 mg/l
Phostoxin, or 0.15 mg/l Thiodin
(waiting time one month) are suitable.
5–6 days before stocking. 40–140 kg
Liming lime/ha after dewatering, or 40 kg/ha
followed by daily 10–15 kg for 1 week.
Racking the bottom of undrainable
Bottom treatment ponds for a few days for aeration of
upper soil layer.
 Actions Schedule
3–4 days before the planned stocking.
Partial or total refilling The required water depth is at least 1
m.
3–4 days before the stocking (on the
day of refilling) 100–150 kg poultry or
Manuring 200–250 kg cattle manure for one ha as
a preparatory dose followed by 10–15
kg or 20–25 kg daily dose.
If well water is used for refilling (or
algal blooming is not sufficient in
undrainable ponds) in addition to
Fertilization
manure 5–7 kg/ha Urea and 3–4 kg/ha
TSP followed by daily dose of 0.5 kg
Urea and 0.2 kg TSP.
30–50 hours before stocking Dipterex
treatment (0.5–1.0 mg/l) or
Eradication of Copepods
Sumithion/Edithion (2-3 mg/l) if
cyclops are present in the water.
 HATCHERY WORK AND POND PREPARATION
Schedule of activities In hatchery For pond preparation
Poisoning, repeated
12 days before stocking -
netting
6 days " " - Liming
5 days " " Injection/stripping Refilling, manuring
3 days " " Hatching Raking of pond bottom
Cleaning of larvae
2 days " " Dipterex treatment
keeping tanks
Raking of pond bottom
1 day " " Cleaning of larvae
Sumithion/Edithion
12–20 hours before stocking keeping tanks
treatment, repeated
netting
First feeding of fry
0 day 3–4 hours before Stocking
stocking
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Types of culture
• Monoculture
• Polyculture (Integrated)
- Common carp =benthic
- Grass carp = herbivor
- Silver carp = phytoplankton
- Bighead carp = zooplankton
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Types of culture
• 3 different types
a) Extensive
b) Semi-intensive
c) Intensive

- Stocking & fertilization rates

- Supplementary feed quality
- Level of technology
- Level of investment
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a) Extensive
- Simplest method of culture
- Low stocking rate
- Use fertilizers
- Low level of technology
- Investment = low
- Yield = low
- Production rate 100-500kg/ha/year
- e.g., backyard hatchery, wastewater
treatment ponds, rice field
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b) Semi-intensive
- Stocking rate > extensive
- Fertilizer + additional feed
- Technology > extensive; pond
preparation & management
- Investment > extensive
- Yield > extensive
- Production rate 500-4000kg/ha/year
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c) Intensive
- High stocking rate
- Greater dependence on commercial
feeds
- High technology = e.g automated
feeding, aeration, H20 purification
- High level investment
- High yield/ risk
- Production rate 5,000-
15,000kg/ha/year