SPEECH ACTS,EXPRESSING OPINIONS,

AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT

TURN TAKING
THE WRITING DEMANDS OF NARRATION,
PROCESS COMMUNICATION EXPOSITION AND
DESCRIPTION
CAUSE AND EFFECT

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

 objectives
• Increase your vocabulary
through collocation and words in
a cline
• Express your opinion in various
situations in oral or written
forms
• Express agreement and
disagreement over certain issues
• Use speech acts appropriately in
oral and written discourse
• Use the functions of sentences
appropriately
 IN LOVE, WOULD RATHER CHOOSE TO
FOLLOW YOUR HEART OR YOUR MIND?
expressing opinions
There are times wherein you’ll be asked to give
your reactions on varied situations or events.
You should expect that there will be others that
will disagree or agree with what you think. In
this case, you should welcome such opinion
because you cannot always influence other
people’s belief and values.
expressions
• I think/ feel that…
• I believe that…
• In my opinion…
• It is my opinion that…
• My view/ perception of
the matter/ issue is
that…
agreement
• Uh-huh
• You are correct
• I agree
• I certainly agree with you
• I think so, too
• We share the same
opinion
• That’s really true
• I think you are right
disagreement
• Ah-ah
• You are wrong!
• I don’t agree with you
• I disagree with what
you said
• I don’t think so
• I think you are
mistaken
Partial agreement clarification
• You have a point there, • Please explain more
but… your point.
• I agree with you in a • Would you be kind to
sense but… elaborate more on the
• That may be true, matter?
however… • Could you elaborate on
• I get what you mean that?
but…
Is the blue side in the
front or back of the
cube?
Rectangles or
diamonds?
 FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE-

SULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIF-

IC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE

EXPERIENCE OF YEARS.

How many Fs do you see in the

text above? 
speech acts
in order to fully understand a message, it is very
important to know the action in accordance with
the language being used. Speech acts are used
to give meaning and understand a discourse.
 example

• “There is a policeman
at the corner.”

This could be a warning, an assurance, a

dare, a hint, or a reminder to go and take
your car out of the handicapped space you
are parked in.
 This could be a threat or
example a promise, depending
on whether his
presence tomorrow is a
disadvantage or an
• “I promise I’ll be advantage to the
there tomorrow.” listener. Contrast the
sentence above with:

• “If you don’t behave,

I promise you there’s This sentence says it’s a
going to be trouble.” “promise,” but it’s a
“threat.”
speech acts force
Utterance

Locutionary Force (what is said)

Illocutionary Force (what is done)

Perlocutionary Force (the effect)

utterance
An utterance is a spoken
word or string of spoken
words. At the simplest
level, to utter is simply to
say a word with no
particular forethought or
intention to communicate
a meaning.
propositional
A more meaningful type
of utterance makes
reference to or describes
a real or imaginary object.
In the act of making a
propositional utterance
the speaker gains the
opportunity to interact.
 An illocutionary utterance
illocutionary is spoken with the
intention of making
contact with a listener.
Illocutionary utterances
are usually sentences that
contain propositional
utterances, that is, they
refer to things in the world
-- but it is their intentional
nature that is of the most
importance.
 Illocutionary speech acts
perlocutionary may be intended to
provide information, solicit
answers to questions, give
praise, and so on, but they
don't necessarily require
that the listener change his
or her behavior.
Perlocutionary utterances,
on the other
hand, do attempt to effect
a change.
types of speech act
• Commissives (Affect Speaker, Subjective)
TYPES: Oath, Offer, Promise

• Declaratives (Change the Macrocosmic Social World)

TYPES: Baptism, Marriage

• Directives (Change the Microcosmic Social World)

TYPES: Command, Request

• Expressives (Feelings of Speaker)

TYPES: Apology, Thanks
types of speech act
• Interrogatives (Hearer Knows Best)
TYPES: Closed (yes-no), Loaded, Open

• Imperatives (Directives) (Affect Hearer)

TYPES: Request, Requirement, Threat, Warning

• Performatives (Affect world)

TYPES: Agreement, Appointment, Baptism, Declaration of Independence,
Dedication, Marriage

• Representatives (Objective Descriptive Statements)

TYPES: Statement that is either True or False
speech act model
example
CONTEXT  INTENTION  MEANING  TYPE OF ACT 

A friend has just asked To answer the

how I feel 
I feel fatigued  Statement 
question 
Someone I'm trying to
avoid has asked me if I'd
like to go dancing
To politely avoid her  I'd rather not  Statement 
tonight 

My husband and I are

That we do something Could we turn this Question
watching a football
game on television  else  off?  or Request 

It's late and my small

children are asking if we To put them to bed  No, go to bed  Command 
can go to the movies 
collocations
A COLLOCATION is an expression consisting of
two or more words that correspond to some
conventional way of saying things. Collocations
of a given word are statements of the habitual
or customary places of that word.”
types of collocations

COLLOCATIONS may be categorized in to two

groups namely, the LEXICAL and
GRAMMATICAL COLLOCATIONS
lexical collocations

 lexical collocation is a type of construction

where a verb, noun, adjective or adverb forms a
predictable connection with another word
lexical combinations

• Noun + Noun:  Peace and order

Love and hate
• Adjective + Noun:  Short
Check andcircuit
balance
Excruciating pain
SmallFast
butfood
terrible
• Adjective + Adjective: Broad
Rich anddaylight
powerful
Hopelessly devote
Cute and cuddly
• Adverb + Verb:  Highly anticipate
Strongly oppose
Evenly distributed
lexical combinations

• Adverb + Adjective:  Badly harmed

Partly
Lion’scloudy
roar
• Noun + Verb:  Physically
Duck walkfit
Suicide note
• Verb + Noun:  Make room
grammatical collocations

 grammatical collocation is a type of

construction where for example a verb or
adjective must be followed by a particular
preposition, or a noun must be followed by a
particular form of the verb
grammatical combinations

depend on
• Verb + Preposition:  Pass by
Walk on
• Adjective + Preposition:  Afraid of

• Noun + Particular form of verb:

  Strength to lift it
Ears to hear with
When is a collocation NOT a
collocation?
  The term "collocation" in its linguistic sense is relatively new
and not all linguists agree on its definition. In fact there is
considerable disagreement and even some confusion. Some
linguists treat fixed phrases as extended collocations. Others
suggest that when a sequence of words is 100% predictable, and
allows absolutely no change except possibly in tense, it is not
helpful to treat it as a collocation. Such sequences they generally
treat as fixed expressions ("prim and proper") or idioms ("kick
the bucket").