COAL ANALYSIS

Process Coal Formation

 COALIFICATION PROCESS

Sub
Peat Lignite Bituminous
bituminous
PEAT
LIGNITE
Sub - Bituminous Anthracite
COAL RANGE & END USE
Coal component :
- Water as free moisture/surface moisture
- Water as inherent moisture
- Volatile matter (organic gasses)
- Ash
- Fixed carbon

Free Inherent
Volatile matter
moisture moisture

Fixed carbon Ash

 Moisture

 Surface moisture : water held on the surface of coal

particles
 Hydroscopic moisture: water held by capillary action
within the micro fractures of the coal
 Decomposition moisture: water held within the coal’s
decomposed organic compounds
 Mineral moisture: water which comprises part of the
crystal structure of hydrous silicates such as clays.
 Summary analysis methods

Free moisture (Air Dry Loss)

Heat the coal 40 oC . The different weight before heat and after heat is
free moisture

Total moisture (ASTM D 3302 02a)

Heat the coal 105 oC for 4 hours. The different weight before heat and
after heat is Total moisture
 Volatile matter
The components of coal, except for moisture, which are
liberated at high temperature in the absence of air (short
and long chain hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and
some sulfur)

Summary Analysis method (ASTM D 3175 - 02 )

Place sample coal into a closed capsule/crucible and heat in 900 oC for
20 minutes. The different weight before heat and after heat is volatile
matter
 Ash Content

non-combustible residue left after coal is burnt. It

represents the bulk mineral matter after carbon,
oxygen, sulfur and water has been driven off
during combustion

Summary Analysis method (ASTM D 3174 – 04 )

Place sample coal into a open capsule/crucible and heat slowly to 450
oC in 1 hour and continue to 750 oC in 1 hour, then hold the heat in
750 oC for 2 hours. The remaining coal in the capsule or crucible is ash
content.
 Fixed carbon

the carbon found in the material which is left after

volatile materials are driven off. This differs from
the ultimate carbon content of the coal because
some carbon is lost in hydrocarbons with the
volatiles

Summary Analysis method (by calculation)

FC = 100 – [VM + TM + Ash]

 Coal analysis base
AR (as-received) basis is the most widely used basis in industrial
applications. AR basis puts all variables into consideration and
uses the total weight as the basis of measurement.

AD (air-dried) basis neglect the presence of moistures other than

inherent moisture while

D (dry-basis) leaves out all moistures, including surface moisture,

inherent moisture, and other moistures.

DAF (dry, ash free) basis neglect all moisture and ash
constituent in coal while

DMMF (dry, mineral-matter-free) basis leaves out the presence

of moisture and mineral matters in coal, for example: quartz,
pyrite, calcite, etc.
Coal analysis base
 Coal Proximate Analysis

determine the amount of fixed carbon (FC),

volatile matters (VM), moisture, and ash within
the coal sample.
 Proximate Analysis

unit (ar) (ad) (db) (daf)

Moisture (wt. %) 3.3 2.7

Ash (wt. %) 22.1 22.2 22.8

Volatile Matter (wt. %) 27.3 27.5 28.3 36.6

Fixed Carbon (wt. %) 47.3 47.6 48.9 63.4

Total (wt. %) 100 100 100 100

Gross Calorific Value (MJ/kg) 24.73 24.88 25.57 33.13

Coal Range & Coal Compostition
 Coal Ultimate Analysis
Determine the constituent of coal, carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and other elements within the coal
sample

Ultimate Analysis unit (ar) (ad) (db) (daf)

Carbon (C) (wt. %) 61.1 61.5 63.2 81.9

Hydrogen (H) (wt. %) 3.00 3.02 3.10 4.02

Nitrogen (N) (wt. %) 1.35 1.36 1.40 1.81

Total Sulfur (S) (wt. %) 0.4 0.39 0.39

Oxygen (O) (wt. %) 8.8 8.8 9.1

 Coal component
Ultimate analysis Proximate analysis

water water

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Sulfur Volatile Matter
Nitrogen
raw coal

dry coal

Carbon Fixed Carbon

coke
Ash Ash
 Ash analysis
• determine the composition of coal ash
• determine the levels at which trace elements occur in ash
• prediction the ash behavior in the furnace area

Summary analysis method (D 3882 – 01 )

The ash of coal is digested and dilute into acidic solution. Then the
solution is analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)

Ash component
SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Na2O MgO K2O TiO2 SO3 CaO P2O3
 Ash analysis report
Reported as Oxide by
Analysis result by AAS calculating

Elements wt.% Oxides wt.%

Na 0.26 Na2O 0.35
Mg 0.29 MgO 0.48
Al 10.6 Al2O3 20.0
Si 34.6 SiO 74.1
P 0.05 P2O5 0.05
K 0.92 K2O 1.1
Ca 0.49 CaO 0.68
Ti 0.48 TiO2 0.80
Mn 0.05 Mn3O4 0.06
Fe 2.28 Fe2O3 3.25

Na2O = [MR Na2O/MR Na ] x Analysis result

 Slagging fouling index

Acid component : Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2

Base component : Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O

Slagging index : Base / Acid x Sulfur

> 2.6 severe
2.0 < x < 2.6 high
0.6 < x < 2.0 medium
X < 0.6 low

Fouling Index : Base/ Acid x Na2O

> 1.0 severe
0.5 < x < 1.0 high
0.2 < x < 0.5 medium
X < 0.2 low
 Ash Fusion Temperature (AFT)
To determine melting temperature of ash
Unit : oC

Summary Analysis method (ASTM D 1857 – 04 )

The ash of coal is shaped in to a certain pyramid model and then

heated slowly. The temperature of furnace when the shape is changed
is recorded as ash fusion temperature (aft)

1 2 3 4 5
IT ST HT FT
 Ash Fusion Temperature (AFT)

Initial condition Initial deformation Sperical

1250 oC 1350 oC

Flow
Hemispherical
1350 oC
1330 oC
 Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI)
Determine the hardness or the grindability of coal sample
Unit : HGI unit

Summary analysis method (ASTM D 409 – 02 )

The coal sample with specific size is placed into a HGI analyzer. After a
certain time of grinding, the coal sample is sieved. The HGI value is
determined by amount of coal sample that pass 200 micron sieve
 Heating Value
Determine the amount of heat released/produced by combustion
of a unit quantity sample of coal burned

Unit : Kcal/kg

Summary analysis method (ASTM D 5865 – 04)

The coal sample with specific size is placed into a bomb vessel. The coal
sample is then burned completely in bomb calorimeter instrument. The
heat released is recorded and calculated as heating value.
 Gross (or high, upper) Heating Value
The gross or high heating value is the amount of heat produced
by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of fuel.
The gross heating value is obtained when
all products of the combustion are cooled down to the
temperature before the combustion
the water vapor formed during combustion is condensed

Net (or lower) Heating Value

The net or lower heating value is obtained by
subtracting the latent heat of vaporization of the water vapor formed by
the combustion
from the gross or higher heating value.
 Coal Sampling
Hammer Sampler
00 EAU 01 GS 001

Hammer sampler
take sample (swing) every 110 ton coal
delivered

Sample divider
Conveyor Feeder
00 EAU 01 GS 002

1 : 12
Rotary Divider
Continue : discharged
00 EAU 01 GS 003

Crusher
Single Roll Crusher
00 EAU 01 GS 004 Reduce size

Reject Sampel divider

1 : 10
Belt Coveyor
00 EAU 01 gs 008

Turnstile Divider 370FA

Collected : discharged
00 EAU 01 GS 005

Sample collector
Reject
Collect sample

Bucket Elevator Sample Colletor

00 EAU 01 GS 007 00 EAU 01 GS 006

PT YTL Drawing No Revision No : 00

Operational of coal
JAWA TIMUR Related Doc. sampling system Drawing By
EAU 01
PAITON PHASE II Drawing Source Page 1/1
Coal Sample Preparation
Gross sample

Air dry loss Air drying

(min 20 kg)

Crusher
Crusher
(4.75 mm)
Divider

Drying 40 oC
Divider

Crusher Analisa HGI

Residual
(0.2 mm)
Moisture

Laboratory
Analysis
 Coal analysis and coal combustion

Hardgrove Grindability Index

The higher the softer
grindability better less mill wear
(spec: 45.0 – 56.0)

Moisture Content :
Excess residual water in coal limiting mill output temperature
 The higher moisture The more difficult to reach
 Plating in mill
(spec. max. 28.0%,ar)

Volatile Matter
spontaneous combustion at high temp exposure (mill inlet temp)
(max. 43%,ar)
Calorific Value (CV)
For the same energy produce
The lower the CV the greater burning rate .

 Limitation on mills capacity (greater pulverizing rate)

 Limitation of Fans (greater total air requirement)
(min. 4850 kcal/kg,ar)

Moisture Content :
Correlate with net energy in the coal.
Higher moisture greater flue gas flow.

(max. 28.0%, ar)

Ash content
Concern to the ash handling equipment
ESP, PFA transport system, Bottom Ash, GAH, GGH
(max. 7.0% for Lati, 4.0 % for Kideco)

Size
the larger the coal size, the greater the energy required to break it
down to (under 50 mm / PF fineness)
Ash Composition:
Na2O :
the driving force for deposition to take place (max. 3.0%)

Chlorine :
promotes slag problem (max.0.05%)

Slag index :
bases (or fluxing agents) / acid (or glass formers) x Total
Sulphur,% db
(Fe2O3 + CaO + MgO + Na2O + K2O)
(SiO2 + Al2O3 + TiO2)
Sulphur :
SO2 emission at stack gas (max. 0.85%,ar)
 Ash Fusion Temperature (in reducing atmosphere)

Initial Deform (ID)

correspond to the temp in an operating furnace at which the particles of ash tends
to accumulate as a “dry” product (min.1100 oC)

Softening (St)
related to conditions at which the ash shows a greatly accelerated tendency to
stick in large quantities to heat-exchange surface (min.1150 oC)

Hemisphere (Ht)
same with softening (at further extent) (min.1200 oC)

Fluid/ flow (Ft)

related to the temp at which the ash start to flow in drips or streams from furnace
walls (min.1250 oC)

Target (ideal)
limit the temp of flue gas entering the convection superheater section less than
Initial deformation (ID) or softening temp (St)
 Other Slag index
ratio of SiO2/Al2O3.
Higher ratio cause higher slag propensity.

Ratio of (CaO + Mg/O)/Fe2O3 and Fe2O3

used for a specific coal which has relatively high iron oxide content
(> 15%) to evaluate slag propensity.

Particle size
related to fugitive coal dust generation during unloading,
handling, transporting of coal
 0026580
Laboratory Sucofindo Surabaya Branch
Jl. A. Yani no. 315, Surabaya
Phone : (031) 8470547-51, Fax : (031) 8470563

CERTIFICATE OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

COAL BRAND : LATI COAL
VESSEL NAME : MV. “ CSL ASIA “ ; Ref : BRU – 027
QUANTITY : 45,706 MT Steam Coal in bulk
BUYER : PT. JAWA POWER
SUMITMAS TOWER II, 14 Floor
Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61 – 62, Jakart a 12190, Indonesia
SHIPPER : PT. BERAU COAL
GRAHA IRAMA, 10th Floor, Room 10 A-B
Jl. HR. Rasuna Said Block X-1 Kav. 01-02, Jakart a 12950, Indonesia
DISCHARGE PORT : Power Station Terminal Paiton, Probolinggo
DISCHARGE DATE : July 5 up to 6, 2007.

Samples were drawn from moving belt conveyor during unloading by automatic mechanical
sampling system. Collected samples were prepared and analyzed in accordance to ASTM
Standard methods with average results as follow :

Parameter Units Test Results

 Total Moisture, as received basis % wt 24.1
 Inherent Moisture, air dried basis % wt 12.5
 Ash, as received basis % wt 4.0
 Volatile Matter, as received basis % wt 35.7
 Fixed Carbon, as received basis % wt 36.2
 Total Sulfur, as received basis % wt 0.61
 High Heating Value, gross as received basis Kcal/Kg 5169

Surabaya, July 9, 2007. SUCOFINDO,

Order no. 212/35.10/000796/07/2007/01.

212/35/002056/07/2007.
O/C no. 00037574 SU PR IYAD I, ST.
Ws/Ta/icha Asst. Operation Manager
 0039474
0039474 2 of 2
Laboratory Sucofindo Surabaya Branch
Jl. A. Yani no. 315, Surabaya
Phone : (031) 8470563-51 Fax : (031) 5469128

CERTIFICATE OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS CERTIFICATE OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

COAL BRAND : LATI COAL
VESSEL NAME : MV. CSL ASIA ; Ref : BRU – 034
QUANTITY : 45,760 MT Steam Coal in Bulk. ASH ANALYSIS : Resu lt s
BUYER : PT. JAWA POWER
SUMITMAS TOWER II, 14 Floor  SiO2 % wt 44.54
Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61 – 62, Jakart a 12190, Indonesia
 Al2O3 % wt 20.65
SHIPPER : PT. BERAU COAL
GRAHA IRAMA, 10th Floor, Room 10 A-B  Fe2O3 % wt 9.25
Jl. HR. Rasuna Said Block X-1 Kav. 01-02, Jakart a 12950, Indonesia
 CaO % wt 8.00
DISCHARGE PORT : Power Station Terminal Paiton, Probolinggo
DISCHARGE DATE : August 31 up to September 1, 2007.  MgO % wt 4.75

Further to our Certificate of Sampling and Analysis No. 0038978 dated September 3, 2007 we  Na2O % wt 2.23
have carried out further testing of composite sample from the above shipment to ASTM
Standard, with the results as follows :
 K2 O % wt 1.99

 T iO2 % wt 0.97
REDUCING OXIDICING
ASH FUSION TEMPERATURE : ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE  P2O5 % wt 0.56
 Initial Deformation °C 1080 1140
 Spherical °C 1140 1230  SO3 % wt 6.59
 Hemispherical °C 1180 1250 Test Method : ASTM D 3682 - 01
 Flow °C 1240 1310

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS : Results

 Carbon (Dry Basis) % wt 68.43
 Hydrogen (Dry Basis) % wt 4.80 Surabaya, October 3, 2007. SUCOFINDO,
 Nitrogen (Dry Basis) % wt 1.21
 Sulfur (Dry Basis) % wt 0.78
 Oxygen (Dry Basis) % wt 17.55 Order no. 212/35.10/000994/08/2007/01.
 Chlorine (Dry Basis) % wt < 0.01 212/35/002492/08/2007. SU PR IYAD I, ST.
O/C no. 00038951 TECHNICAL MANAGER
Sp/Hp

Page 1 of 2 Page 2 of 2
This Result related to the samples submitted only and the report/certificate can not be reproduced in anyway, This Result related to the samples submitted only and the report/certificate can not be reproduced in anyway,
except in full context and with prior approval in writing from Sucofindo Laboratory. except in full context and with prior approval in writing from Sucofindo Laboratory.
Coal analysis Equipment

Sample
SIEVING
Divider
 Hardgrove Grindability
Bomb Index (HGI )
Calorimeter
Ash Fusion Temperature (AFT)
 Coal analysis and coal contract price
(Berau Coal)

Total Moisture
Max 25% (ar), if more
Each 1% of increasing moisture the price reduce 0.4%

Calorific value
Higher than contract
Price x [(GCVar – 5110)/5110]
Less than contract
Price x [(5110 - GCVar)/5110]
Sulfur Content
Standard contract = 0.7 %
Higher than contract
Each 0.1% of increasing sulfur the price reduce 0.4%
Less than contract
Each 0.1% of decreasing sulfur the price increase 0.4%

Ash Content
Standard contract = 4.0 %
Higher than contract
Each 1% of increasing ash the price reduce 0.4%
Less than contract
Each 1% of decreasing ash the price increase 0.4%
 PT Jawa Power - Standard Quality of Coal
LATI KIDECO

Coal Data Unit Range Standard Range Standard

minimum maximum value minimum maximum value

Proximate Analysis (as received)

Gross Calorivic Value Kcal/Kg 4950 5250 5110 4950 5150
Total Moisture % 22.5 28.0 24.6 28.0 22.3
Ash Content % 3.4 7.0 4.0 4.0 1.8
Fixed Carbon % 32.5 41.1 36.2 35.0 38.3
Volatile Matter % 33.9 42.0 35.2 35.0 43.0 37.6
Sulphur Content % 0.5 0.85 0.7 0.3 0.15

Physical Properties
Grindability (HGI) H 45 56 50 48 53
Coal Particle size mm < 50 < 50

Ultimate Analysis
Carbon % wt 72.8 74.7 74.0
Hydrogen % wt 5.0 5.6 5.3
Nitrogen % wt 1.3 1.6 1.4
Sulphur % wt 0.66 1.13 0.93 0.10 0.30 0.18
Oxygen % wt 17.40 19.30 18.40
Chlorine % 0.01 0.05 0.02
PT Jawa Power - Standard Quality of Coal
LATI KIDECO
Coal Data Unit Range Standard Range Standard

minimum maximum value minimum maximum value

Ash Analysis (dry basis)

SiO2 % wt 20.0 45.0 32.8
Al2O3 % wt 15.0 25.0 21.4
Fe2O3 % wt 15.0 25.0 20.0 25.0 15.0
CaO % wt 7.0 15.0 8.5
MgO % wt 3.1 4.0 3.1
Na2O % wt 3.0 1.0 0.2
K2O % wt 0.4 0.8 0.6
TiO2 % wt 0.4 0.8 0.6
SO3 % wt 9.0 12.0 11.0
P2O3 % wt 1.3
Other % wt