CHAPTER 9: PHASE DIAGRAMS

Chapter 9- 20
 QUIZZ 29 MEI 2009 – DIAGRAM FASA
1. Apa itu diagram fasa?
2. Informasi apa yang kita peroleh dari diagram
fasa?
3. Apa yang dimaksud garis liquidus, solidus dan
solvus?
4. Apa yang dimaksud titik/reaksi eutektoid,
eutektik dan peritektik pada diagram fasa Fe-
Fe3C?
5. Tunjukkan letak perbedaan antara BAJA dan
BESI COR pada diagram fasa Fe-Fe3C!

Chapter 9-
 CHAPTER 9: PHASE DIAGRAMS
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• When we combine two elements...
what equilibrium state do we get?
• In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt%Cu - wt%Ni), and
--a temperature (T)
then...
How many phases do we get?
What is the composition of each phase?
How much of each phase do we get?

Chapter 9- 1
 THE SOLUBILITY LIMIT
• Solubility Limit:
Max concentration for
which only a solution
occurs.

• Ex: Phase Diagram:

Water-Sugar System
Question: What is the
solubility limit at 20C?
Answer: 65wt% sugar.
If Co < 65wt% sugar: syrup
If Co > 65wt% sugar: syrup + sugar. Adapted from Fig. 9.1,
Callister 6e.

• Solubility limit increases with T:

e.g., if T = 100C, solubility limit = 80wt% sugar.

Chapter 9- 2
 COMPONENTS AND PHASES
• Components:
The elements or compounds which are mixed initially
(e.g., Al and Cu)
• Phases:
a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform
physical and chemical characteristics (e.g., a and b).

Aluminum-
Copper
Alloy

Adapted from
Fig. 9.0,
Callister 3e.

Chapter 9- 3
 DEFINISI

•ATOM/ELEMENT/UNSUR

•COMPONENT (ELEMENT – COMPOUND)

•ALLOYING / PEMADUAN:
COMPOUND / SENYAWA
SOLID SOLUTION / LARUTAN
PADAT
Chapter 9-
EFFECT OF T & COMPOSITION (Co)
• Changing T can change # of phases: path A to B.
• Changing Co can change # of phases: path B to D.

• water-
sugar
system

Adapted from
Fig. 9.1,
Callister 6e.

Chapter 9- 4
 PHASE DIAGRAMS
• Tell us about phases as function of T, Co, P.
• For this course:
--binary systems: just 2 components.
--independent variables: T and Co (P = 1atm is always used).

• Phase
Diagram
for Cu-Ni
system

Adapted from Fig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e.

(Fig. 9.2(a) is adapted from Phase
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P.
Nash (Ed.), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH (1991).

Chapter 9- 5
PHASE DIAGRAMS: # and types of phases
• Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the # and types of phases present.

• Examples:

Cu-Ni
phase
diagram

Adapted from Fig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e.

(Fig. 9.2(a) is adapted from Phase
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P.
Nash (Ed.), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, 1991).

Chapter 9- 6
PHASE DIAGRAMS: composition of phases
• Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the composition of each phase.
Cu-Ni
system
• Examples:

Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e.

(Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams
of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)

Chapter 9- 7
PHASE DIAGRAMS: weight fractions of phases
• Rule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the amount of each phase (given in wt%).
Cu-Ni
• Examples: system

S 43  35
WL     73wt %
R S 43  32
R
Wa   = 27wt% Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e.
(Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams
R S of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)

Chapter 9- 8
 THE LEVER RULE: A PROOF
• Sum of weight fractions: WL  Wa  1
• Conservation of mass (Ni): Co  WL CL  WaCa
• Combine above equations:

• A geometric interpretation:
moment equilibrium:
WLR  WaS

1 Wa
solving gives Lever Rule
Chapter 9- 9
 EX: COOLING IN A Cu-Ni BINARY
• Phase diagram:
Cu-Ni system. Cu-Ni
• System is: system
--binary
i.e., 2 components:
Cu and Ni.
--isomorphous
i.e., complete
solubility of one
component in
another; a phase
field extends from
0 to 100wt% Ni.
• Consider
Co = 35wt%Ni.
Adapted from Fig. 9.3,
Callister 6e.
Chapter 9- 10
CORED VS EQUILIBRIUM PHASES
• Ca changes as we solidify.
• Cu-Ni case: First a to solidify has Ca = 46wt%Ni.
Last a to solidify has Ca = 35wt%Ni.
• Fast rate of cooling: • Slow rate of cooling:
Cored structure Equilibrium structure

Chapter 9- 11
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: Cu-Ni System
• Effect of solid solution strengthening
on:
--Tensile strength (TS) --Ductility (%EL,%AR)

Adapted from Fig. 9.5(a), Callister 6e. Adapted from Fig. 9.5(b), Callister 6e.

--Peak as a function of Co --Min. as a function of Co

Chapter 9- 12
 JENIS DIAGRAM FASA BINER
TDK LARUT SAMA SEKALI
LARUT SEMPURNA

L
L
L+a A+L L+B

a A+B

A B A B
LARUT SEBAGIAN

L
aL L+b
a b

ab
Chapter 9-
A B
 BINARY-EUTECTIC SYSTEMS
has a special composition
2 components with a min. melting T.
Cu-Ag
system

Adapted from Fig. 9.6,

Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.6 adapted
from Binary Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
Chapter 9- 13
 EX: Pb-Sn EUTECTIC SYSTEM (1)
• For a 40wt%Sn-60wt%Pb alloy at 150C, find...
--the phases present: Pb-Sn
a+b system
--the compositions of
the phases:

Adapted from Fig. 9.7,

Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.7 adapted
from Binary Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, T.B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
Chapter 9- 14
 EX: Pb-Sn EUTECTIC SYSTEM (2)
• For a 40wt%Sn-60wt%Pb alloy at 150C, find...
--the phases present: a + b Pb-Sn
--the compositions of system
the phases:
Ca = 11wt%Sn
Cb = 99wt%Sn
--the relative amounts
of each phase:

Adapted from Fig. 9.7,

Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.7 adapted
from Binary Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, T.B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
Chapter 9- 15
 MICROSTRUCTURES
IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-I
• Co < 2wt%Sn
• Result:
--polycrystal of a grains.

Adapted from Fig. 9.9,

Callister 6e.

Chapter 9- 16
 MICROSTRUCTURES
IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-II
• 2wt%Sn < Co < 18.3wt%Sn
• Result:
--a polycrystal with fine
b crystals.

Pb-Sn
system

Adapted from Fig. 9.10,

Callister 6e.

Chapter 9- 17
 MICROSTRUCTURES
IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-III
• Co = CE
• Result: Eutectic microstructure
--alternating layers of a and b crystals.

Pb-Sn
system

Adapted from Fig. 9.12, Callister 6e.

(Fig. 9.12 from Metals Handbook, Vol.
9, 9th ed., Metallography and
Microstructures, American Society
for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1985.)
Adapted from Fig. 9.11,
Callister 6e. Chapter 9- 18
 MICROSTRUCTURES
IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-IV
• 18.3wt%Sn < Co < 61.9wt%Sn
• Result: a crystals and a eutectic microstructure

Pb-Sn
system

Adapted from Fig. 9.14,

Callister 6e.
Chapter 9- 19
 HYPOEUTECTIC & HYPEREUTECTIC

Adapted from Fig. 9.7,

Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.7
adapted from Binary
Phase Diagrams, 2nd
ed., Vol. 3, T.B. Massalski
(Editor-in-Chief), ASM
International, Materials
Park, OH, 1990.)

(Figs. 9.12 and

9.15 from Metals
Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9,
Metallography and
Microstructures,
American Society
for Metals,
Materials Park,
OH, 1985.)

Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 9.15,

Fig. 9.15, Callister 6e. Adapted from Fig. 9.12, Callister 6e. (Illustration
Callister 6e. only)
Chapter 9- 20
 Fe-Fe3C phase diagram
Composition (at% C)

1538 1493

1394
L
Temperature (ºC)

1147ºC

Temperature (ºF)
 2.14 4.30

a 0.76
727ºC
Fe3C
0.022

Composition (wt%C)

Chapter 9-
IRON-CARBON (Fe-C) PHASE DIAGRAM
(Adapted from Fig. 9.24, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 9.24 from Metals Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9, Metallography and
Microstructures, American Society for
Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1985.)
Adapted from Fig. 9.21,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.21
adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed.,
Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-Chief), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
Chapter 9- 21
 Features
Phases present
L
a ferrite
 BCC structure
BCC structure Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic Fairly ductile

 austenite Fe3C cementite

FCC structure Orthorhombic
Reactions Non-magnetic Hard
ductile brittle
Peritectic L +  = 
Max. solubility of C in ferrite=0.022%
Eutectic L =  + Fe3C Max. solubility of C in austenite=2.11%

Eutectoid  = a + Fe3C Chapter 9-

 Proses pembentukan perlit
 (0.76 wt% C)  a (0.022 wt% C) + Fe3C (6.7 wt% C)

Chapter 9-
HYPOEUTECTOID STEEL

Adapted from Figs.

9.21 and 9.26,Callister
6e. (Fig. 9.21 adapted
from Binary Alloy
Phase Diagrams, 2nd
ed., Vol. 1, T.B.
Massalski (Ed.-in-
Chief), ASM
International, Materials
Park, OH, 1990.)

Adapted from
Fig. 9.27,Callister
6e. (Fig. 9.27 courtesy Republic Steel Corporation.) Chapter 9- 22
Xx XEutectoid steel

Chapter 9-
HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL

Adapted from Figs.

9.21 and 9.29,Callister
6e. (Fig. 9.21 adapted
from Binary Alloy
Phase Diagrams, 2nd
ed., Vol. 1, T.B.
Massalski (Ed.-in-
Chief), ASM
International, Materials
Park, OH, 1990.)

Adapted from
Fig. 9.30,Callister
6e. (Fig. 9.30
copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.) Chapter 9- 23
ALLOYING STEEL WITH MORE ELEMENTS
• Teutectoid changes: • Ceutectoid changes:

Adapted from Fig. 9.31,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.31 Adapted from Fig. 9.32,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.32
from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American Society for Elements in Steel, American Society for
Metals, 1939, p. 127.) Metals, 1939, p. 127.)

Chapter 9- 24
 SUMMARY

• Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:

--the number and types of phases,
--the wt% of each phase,
--and the composition of each phase
for a given T and composition of the system.
• Alloying to produce a solid solution usually
--increases the tensile strength (TS)
--decreases the ductility.
• Binary eutectics and binary eutectoids allow for
a range of microstructures.

Chapter 9- 25
 Concept Check 9.1
What is the difference between the states of phase equilibrium and
metastability?

Concept Check 9.2

A copper–nickel alloy of composition 70 wt% Ni–30 wt% Cu is slowly
heated from a temperature of 1300ºC.
(a) At what temperature does the first liquid phase form?
(b) What is the composition of this liquid phase?
(c) At what temperature does complete melting of the alloy occur?
(d) What is the composition of the last solid remaining prior to complete
melting?

Chapter 9-
 Concept Check 9.3
Is it possible to have a copper–nickel alloy that, at equilibrium, consists
of an phase of composition 37 wt% Ni–63 wt% Cu, and also a liquid
phase of composition 20 wt% Ni–80 wt% Cu? If so, what will be the
approximate temperature of the alloy? If this is not possible, explain
why.

Concept Check 9.4

At ( ), what is the maximum solubility (a) of Cu in Ag? (b) Of Ag
in Cu?
[

Chapter 9-
 Concept Check 9.5
Below is a portion of the H2O–NaCl phase diagram:

(a) Using this diagram, briefly explain how spreading salt on ice that is
at a temperature below ( ) can cause the ice to melt.
(b) At what temperature is salt no longer useful in causing ice to melt?

Chapter 9-
 Concept Check 9.6
The figure on the next page is the hafnium–vanadium phase diagram, for
which only single-phase regions are labeled. Specify temperature–
composition points at which all eutectics, eutectoids, peritectics, and
congruent phase transformations occur. Also, for each, write the
reaction upon cooling. [Phase diagram from ASM Handbook, Vol. 3,
Alloy Phase Diagrams, H. Baker (Editor), 1992, p. 2.244. Reprinted by
permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]

Chapter 9-
 Concept Check 9.7
For a ternary system, three components are present; temperature is also a
variable. What is the maximum number of phases that may be present
for a ternary system, assuming that pressure is held constant?
Concept Check 9.8
Briefly explain why a proeutectoid phase (ferrite or cementite) forms
along austenite grain boundaries. Hint: Consult Section 4.6.

Chapter 9-
9.46 Compute the mass fractions of ferrite and cementite in pearlite.
9.47 (a) What is the distinction between hypoeutectoid and く
hypereutectoid steels?
(b) In a hypoeutectoid steel, both eutectoid and proeutectoid ferrite exist.
Explain the difference between them. What will be the carbon
concentration in each?
9.48 What is the carbon concentration of an iron–carbon alloy for which
the fraction of total cementite is 0.10?
9.49 What is the proeutectoid phase for an iron–carbon alloy in which
the mass fractions of total ferrite and total cementite are 0.86 and 0.14,
respectively? Why?

9.52 Compute the mass fractions of proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite that
form in an iron–carbon alloy containing 0.35 wt% C.
9.53 The microstructure of an iron–carbon alloy consists of proeutectoid
ferrite and pearlite; the mass fractions of these two microconstituents are
0.174 and 0.826, respectively. Determine the concentration of carbon in
this alloy. Chapter 9-
 QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS-2
9.54 The mass fractions of total ferrite and total cementite in an iron–
carbon alloy are 0.91 and 0.09, respectively. Is this a hypoeutectoid or
hypereutectoid alloy? Why?

9.55 The microstructure of an iron–carbon alloy consists of proeutectoid

cementite and pearlite; the mass fractions of these microconstituentsare
0.11 and 0.89, respectively. Determine the concentration of carbon in this
alloy

9.63 For an iron–carbon alloy of composition 3 wt% C–97 wt% Fe,

make schematic sketches of the microstructure that would be observed
for conditions of very slow cooling at thefollowing temperatures:
(1250C),(1145C ), and (700C ). Label the phases and indicate their
compositions (approximate).

Chapter 9-
9.57 Compute the maximum mass fraction of proeutectoid cementite
possible for a hypereutectoid iron–carbon alloy.
9.58 Is it possible to have an iron–carbon alloy for which the mass
fractions of total cementite and proeutectoid ferrite are 0.057 and 0.36,
respectively? Why or why not?
9.59 Is it possible to have an iron–carbon alloy for which the mass
fractions of total ferrite and pearlite are 0.860 and 0.969, respectively?
Why or why not?
9.60 Compute the mass fraction of eutectoid cementite in an iron–carbon
alloy that contains 1.00 wt% C.
9.61 The mass fraction of eutectoid cementite in an iron–carbon alloy is
0.109. On the basis of this information, is it possible to determine the
composition of the alloy? If so, what is its composition? If this is not
possible, explain why.
9.62 The mass fraction of eutectoid ferrite in an iron–carbon alloy is
0.71. On the basis of this information, is it possible to determine the
composition of the alloy? If so, what is its composition? If this is not
possible, explain why. Chapter 9-
 QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS-4

9.64 Often, the properties of multiphase alloys may be approximated by

the relationship
E (alloy) = EaVa + EbVb
where E represents a specific property (modulus of elasticity, hardness,
etc.), and V is the volume fraction.The subscripts and denote the existing
phases or microconstituents. Employ the relationship above to determine
the approximate Brinell hardness of a 99.75 wt% Fe–0.25 wt% C alloy.
Assume Brinell hardnesses of 80 and 280 for ferrite and pearlite,
respectively, and that volume fractions may be approximated by mass
fractions.

Chapter 9-
 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements
9.65 A steel alloy contains 95.7 wt% Fe, 4.0 wt%W, and 0.3 wt% C.
(a) What is the eutectoid temperature of this alloy?
(b) What is the eutectoid composition?
(c) What is the proeutectoid phase?
Assume that there are no changes in the positions of other phase
boundaries with the addition of W.
9.66 A steel alloy is known to contain 93.65 wt%Fe, 6.0 wt% Mn, and
0.35 wt% C.
(a) What is the approximate eutectoid temperature of this alloy?
(b) What is the proeutectoid phase when this alloy is cooled to a
temperature just below the eutectoid?
(c) Compute the relative amounts of the proeutectoid phase and pearlite.
Assume that there are no alterations in the positions of other phase
boundaries with the addition of Mn.

Chapter 9-