TA PA N G , M A R I E L L E J A N E

C A S T R O, M A R K DAV I D
S A N T O S , K AT R I N A M A E
VILLAFLOR, AARON
J U L I A N , A R J AY
R E Y E S , J H O N PAT R I C K
B A L I N G I T, A L B E R T O
V I B AT, J O H N K E N N E T H

GROUP 1
RAINFALL
• RAINFALL
All water flowing or stored on the land
surface or subsurface is derived directly or
indirectly from precipitation, i.e. rainfall including
snowfall. It is one of the most important basic
processes in the hydrological cycle and this raises
two particular problems when studying
hydrological cycle. The first is the extent to which
the areal rainfall distribution can be determined
from point measurements and the second is the
degree to which errors in the assessment of true
catchment rainfall affect the decision outcome.
• RAINFALL FREQUENCY
Probability of occurrence is described by the term return
period, which is the average number of years between
two rainfall events that equal or exceed a given number of
inches over a given duration.

Frequency is also an important characteristic because it

establishes the frame of reference for how often
precipitation with given characteristics is likely to occur.
From the standpoint of highway design, a primary
concern is with the frequency of occurrence of the
resulting surface runoff, and in particular, the frequency
of the peak discharge. While the designer is cautioned
about assuming that a storm of a given frequency always
produces a flood of the same frequency.
• RAINFALL INTENSITY AND
DURATION
Analysis of intensity and duration for an average
storm pattern reveals that the storm has one very
intense period near the halfway point and less
intense periods before and after.

The relationship between rainfall intensity and

duration for various return periods for a given
location in the United States is shown on intensity-
duration-frequency (I-D-F) curves developed by
various governmental agencies based on data from
Weather Bureau records.
 RUNOFF
HYDROGRAPH
WHAT IS RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH?

Runoff is the two-round system while Hydrograph is a graph

showing the rate of flow versus time past a specific point in a
river channel or conduit carrying flow. The rate of flow is
typically expressed in cubic meters or cubic feet per second
(cms or cfs). It can also refer to a graph showing the volume
of water reaching a particular outfall, or location in a
sewerage network. Graphs are commonly used in the design
of sewerage, more specifically, the design of surface
water sewerage systems and combined sewers.
TERMINOLOGIES

• Discharge
• Rising limb
• Peak discharge
• Recession(or falling) limb
• Lag time
• Team to peak
TYPES OF HYDROGRAPHS

• Storm Hydrographs
• Flood Hydrographs
• Regimes
• Direct Runoff
UNIT HYDROGRAPH
An unit hydrograph (UH) is the
hypothetical unit response of a watershed
(in terms of runoff volume and timing)
to a unit input of rainfall. It can be
defined as the direct runoff
hydrograph (DRH) resulting from one unit
(e.g., one cm or one inch) of effective
rainfall occurring uniformly over that
watershed at a uniform rate over a unit
period of time. As a UH is applicable only
to the direct runoff component of a
hydrograph (i.e., surface runoff), a
separate determination of the baseflow
component is required.
SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY
HYDROGRAPH
• In subsurface hydrology (hydrogeology), a hydrograph is a
record of the water level (the observed hydraulic head in wells
screened across an aquifer).
• Typically, a hydrograph is recorded for monitoring of heads in
aquifers during non-test conditions (e.g., to observe the
seasonal fluctuations in an aquifer). When an aquifer test is
being performed, the resulting observations are typically
called drawdown, since they are subtracted from pre-test levels
and often only the change in water level is dealt with.
RASTER HYDROGRAPH
Raster hydrographs are pixel-based plots for visualizing
and identifying variations and changes in large
multidimensional data sets. Originally developed by Keim
(2000) they were first applied in hydrology by Koehler
(2004) as a means of highlighting inter-annual and intra-
annual changes in streamflow. The raster hydrographs in
Water Watch, like those developed by Koehler, depict years
on the y-axis and days along the x-axis. Users can choose to
plot streamflow (actual values or log values), streamflow
percentile, or streamflow class (from 1, for low flow, to 7 for
high flow), for Daily, 7-Day, 14-Day, and 28-Day streamflow.
HOW TO COMPUTE A DIRECT
RUNOFF?
The first step is to compute the total volume of direct
runoff. To do this, add all direct runoff values, and multiply
the sum of all the direct runoff flows by the time interval
(in seconds) of the series as shown below. (convert cubic
feet per second to cubic feet of volume). After getting the
total runoff volume, find the equivalent runoff depth by
dividing the runoff volume by the basin area. Do not forget
to use appropriate conversion factors in calculations to have
uniformity in the units of various quantities involved. Note
that, the depth thus calculated is equal to the total excess
rainfall depth.
EXAMPLE:
WHAT IS THE VOLUME OF A
WATER THAT RUNS OFF A
50’X20’ ROOF DURING 1” RAIN
STORM?
Answer: 623 Gal(144,000cu.in)
SUBBASINS
 In computing a runoff hydrograph. If the delineated
drainage basin is too large or not sufficiently homogeneous.
It must be subdivided into smaller unit called subareas or
subbasins. We must remember that one of the underlying
assumptions of hydrograph construction is a drainage
basin with relatively uniform characteristics throughout.
These characteristics include over conditions, average slope,
and soil types.
Figure 10-21(a) shows the outline of the drainage
basin with the stream branched into two areas differing
characteristics. Figure 10-21(b) shows how the basin can be
subdivided into two subareas for computing purposes. The
point of analysis for the overall basin is the confluence of
the two branches of the stream.
 The hydrograph for the entire basin at the point of
analysis is the sum of the hydrographs generated by each
of the subareas. Each subareas produces a hydrograph just
as any single watershed does.

To compute the total runoff hydrograph for the

drainage basin in Figure 10-21, compute the hydrographs
for the two subareas and add them together. Hydrographs
are added by using the principle of superposition, in which
each ordinate of the resulting hydrograph is the sum of the
ordinates of the subarea hydrograph for each point along
the time axis. The following example illustrates this
concept.
EXAMPLE 10-4
Find the runoff hydrograph for the drainage basin
depicted in Figure 10-21 for a 25-years storm. Runoff
hydrographs for the two subbasins are shown in the tabular
form in Column 2 and 3 in Table 10-3.
Also, notice in Figure 20-22 that the shape of the
resulting hydrograph is different from the generalized
shapes of the individual subbasins resulting from unit
hydrograph for those subbasins. If the overall drainage
basin has been modelled as a whole, the resulting unit
hydrograph and therefore the derived hydrograph, would
not reflect the shape down.
Figure 10-22 HYDROGRAPH USED IN EXAMPLE 10-4
FIGURE 10-21 DRAINAGE BASIN DIVIDED INTO SUBBASINS
SOLUTION:

The overall runoff hydrograph is shown in Column 4

of Table 10-3. Column 4 is determined by adding the values
in columns 2 and 3 for each time value in Column 1. This is
an example of the superposition principle of hydrographs. A
graphical depiction of the hydrograph is shown in Figure 10-
22.

Scrutiny of Figure 10-22 and Table 10-3 reveals that

the peak runoff for the resulting hydrograph is less than the
sum of the peaks of the subarea hydrographs. This is a very
important attribute of hydrograph analysis. Because of the
timing of the peaks, the summation of the hydrograph is
smaller than the one might expect.
ROUTING
WHAT IS ROUTING IN HYDROLOGY?

In Hydrology, routing is a technique used to

predict the changes in shape of hydrograph as water
moves through a river channel or a reservoir. In flood
forecasting, hydrologists may want to know how a
short burst of intense rain in an area upstream of a
city will changes as it reaches the city.
 FLOOD ROUTING
Learning Objectives (Bedient et al, Chapter 4)
• Be able to calculate the outflow hydrograph from the inflow
hydrograph to either a reservoir or river reach
Approach
• Hydrologic Routing uses the continuity equation to relate
inflows, outflows and storage to solve for outflows
– Simpler, more empirical, parameters estimated at
application scale from experience and data
• Hydraulic Routing uses continuity and momentum to solve
open channel flow equations
– More complex, while elegant mathematically, often
requires information on flow geometry that is difficult
to obtain or not available

• We will only cover Hydrologic Routing (P241-268, 294-

298 – Muskingham Cunge)
HYDROLOGIC RESERVOIR
ROUTING
Continuity
𝑑𝑆
=𝐼−𝑄
𝑑𝑡

Given I(t) and Initial S or Q,

solve for S(t) and hence Q(t)

- Storage Indicator (Puls)

method
- Runga-Kutta Method
HYDROLIC RIVER ROUTING
• Continuity

𝑑𝑆
• =𝐼−𝑄
𝑑𝑡

𝑆2 −𝑆1 1 1
• = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − (𝑄1 + 𝑄2 )
𝑡 2 2

• Storage Relation

• 𝑆 = 𝐾 𝑥𝐼 + 1 − 𝑥 𝑄

•  𝑄2 = 𝐶0 𝐼2 + 𝐶1 𝐼1 + 𝐶2 𝑄1
DETERMINATION OF STORAGE COEFFIECIENTS
RESERVOIR
AND STREAMFLOW ROUTING
How do reservoirs, stream reaches, and distributed
elements alter the runoff hydrograph? • Determine the time and
magnitude of flow at a point on a
watercourse from known or
assumed hydrographs at points
upstream
• Hydrologic (lumped) 𝑑𝑆 = 𝐼(𝑡) − 𝑄(𝑡)
• Storage equation 𝑑𝑡

• Hydraulic (distributed)
• St Venant Equations
RESERVOIR ROUTING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Identify reservoir system components
2. Describe the storage continuity equation
3. Use the level pool method to derive reservoir output
(Puls method)
4. Specify outlet characteristics
5. Route inflow through the reservoir
and outlet
6. Evaluate if the basin/outlet are
properly sized
DRY CANYON, LOGAN DETENTION
BASIN ABOVE CLIFFSIDE TERRACE
OUTLET SPECIFICATION
UNMANNED

Weir Outlet pipe

(orifice)
2
Qout  Cd 2 g  b  h 3 / 2 Qout  Cd A 2 gh
3
b = weir crest length [L] A = cross-sectional area of
orifice [L2]
Cd = discharge coefficient [fraction]
g = gravitation constant [L/T2]
h = water height above crest [L]

Both give a stage (h) vs discharge (Qout) relationship

LEVEL-POOL ROUTING STEPS
1.Estimate inflow hydrograph, I(t)
2.Establish outlet stage-discharge relationship (h vs Q)
3.Establish basin stage-storage relationship (h vs S)
4.Establish discharge-storage relationship (Q vs S) and
Q vs (2S/Δt + Q)
5.Start at time step 1: S1, I1, Q1, I2, Δt known
– Proceed with iterative calculations
CONCLUSIONS
1. Inflows, storage characteristics, and outlet
properties influence reservoir output
2. Combine reservoir and outlet stage-storage-
output relationship and continuity equation
to iteratively solve for output
3. Check that reservoir is properly sized!
4. Reservoirs can alter the magnitude and
timing of the hydrograph
THANK YOU!