Building Code Requirements for

Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-11)

Overview of ACI 318M
Design of Prestressed Concrete
Evaluation of Existing Structures
David Darwin
Vietnam Institute for Building Science and
Technology (IBST)

Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

December 12-16, 2011

This morning

Overview of ACI 318M-11

Design of Prestressed Concrete

(Chapter 18)

Strength Evaluation of Existing

Structures (Chapter 20)
This afternoon

Analysis and design of

Flexure
Shear
Torsion
Axial load
Tomorrow morning

Design of slender columns

Design of wall structures
High-strength concrete
Overview of ACI 318M-11
Legal standing
Scope
Approach to Design
Loads and Load Cases
Strength Reduction Factors
Legal standing

Serves as the legal structural concrete

building code in the U.S. because it is
adopted by the general building code (IBC).
Scope

ACI 318M consists of 22 chapters and 6

appendices that cover all aspects of building
design
Chapters
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Scope, Contract Documents, Inspection,
Approval of Special Systems

2. NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS

Chapters
3. MATERIALS
Cementitious Materials, Water, Aggregates,
Admixtures, Reinforcing Materials
4. DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Freezing and Thawing, Sulfates, Permeability,
Corrosion
5. CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING

6. FORMWORK, EMBEDMENTS,
AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
7. DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
Hooks and Bends, Surface Condition, Tolerances,
Spacing, Concrete Cover, Columns, Flexural Members,
Shrinkage and Temperature Steel, Structural Integrity
8. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN — GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Design Methods; Loading, including Arrangement of
Load; Methods of Analysis; Redistribution of Moments;
Selected Concrete Properties; Requirements for
Modeling Structures (Spans, T-beams, Joists...)
9. STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
REQUIREMENTS
Load Combinations, Strength Reduction Factors,
Deflection Control
10. FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS
Beams and One-way Slabs, Columns, Deep Beams,
Bearing
11. SHEAR AND TORSION

12. DEVELOPMENT
AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT
13. TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS

14. WALLS
15. FOOTINGS

16. PRECAST
CONCRETE
17. COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL
MEMBERS

18. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

19. SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS
20. STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING
STRUCTURES

21. EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT
STRUCTURES

22. STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE

Appendices
A. STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS*

B. ALTERNATIVE
PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLEXURAL AND
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
C. ALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH
REDUCTION FACTORS
D. ANCHORING TO CONCRETE*

E. STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION

F. EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SI-METRIC, MKS-
METRIC, AND U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS OF
NONHOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS IN THE CODE
Approach to design
Qd = design loads

Sn = nominal strength
Sd = design strength

M = safety margin
Design Strength  Required Strength
Sd = Sn  Qd

Sd = design strength = Sn

 = strength reduction factor
 = load factors
Qd = design loads
 and  in Chapter 9 of ACI 318M
Loads Qd
specified in ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Reston, Virginia, USA
Loads
Dead loads (D)*
Live loads (L)*
Roof live loads (Lr)*
Wind loads (W)  full load
Earthquake loads (E)  full load
Rain loads (R)*
Snow loads (S)*
* Service-level loads
Loads
Impact – include in L
Self-straining effects (temperature, creep,
shrinkage, differential settlement, and
shrinkage compensating concrete) (T)
Fluid loads (F)
Lateral soil pressure (H)

Factored Load = U = Qd

Load cases and load factors
by ASCE 7 and ACI 318M

U = 1.4D
U = 1.2D + 1.6L + + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.5W)
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
Load cases and load factors
by ASCE 7 and ACI 318M
U = 0.9D + 1.0W
U = 0.9D + 1.0E
Load factors by ACI 318M
If W based on service-level forces, use 1.6W place of
1.0W
If E based on service-level forces, use 1.4E in place
of 1.0E

Details of other cases covered in the Code

Strength reduction () factors

Tension-controlled sections 0.90

Compression-controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.75
Other members 0.65
Shear and torsion 0.75
Bearing 0.65
Post-tensioning anchorages 0.85
Other cases 0.60 – 0.90
Tension-controlled and compression-
controlled sections
T-beam
b

hf

d
dt
h

As

bw
Strain through depth of beam
Design Strength ( x nominal strength) must
exceed the Required Strength (factored load)
Bending Mn  Mu

Axial load Pn  Pu

Shear Vn  Vu

Torsion Tn  Tu
Load distributions and modeling
requirements
Structure may be analyzed as elastic
using properties of gross sections

Ig = moment of inertia of gross (uncracked)

cross section
3
b
Beams: Ib = ½ Ig  Iweb = w h
12
3
Columns: Ic = Ig = bh
12
Analysis by subframes

1. The live load applied only to the floor or roof

under consideration, and the far ends of
columns built integrally with the structure
considered fixed
2. The arrangement of load may be limited to
combinations of
(a) factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on alternate spans, and
(b) factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on two adjacent spans
(a)

(b)

(c)
Moment and shear envelopes
Columns designed to resist
(a) axial forces from factored loads on all floors
or roof and maximum moment from factored
live loads on a single adjacent span of the
floor or roof under consideration

(b) loading condition giving maximum ratio of

moment to axial load

More on columns
For frames or continuous construction, consider
effect of unbalanced floor or roof loads on both
exterior and interior columns and of eccentric
loading due to other causes

For gravity load, far ends of columns built integrally

with the structure may be considered fixed

At any floor or roof level, distribute the moment

between columns immediately above and below
that floor in proportion to the relative column
stiffness
Simplified loading criteria
 Beams, two
or more spans
ln
M  factor  w u l n 2

Beams, two
spans only

Slabs,
spans ≤ 3 m

Beams,  col stiffnesses

≥ 8  beam stiffnesses
Max +ve Max –ve left

Composite
Max –ve right
Allowable adjustment in maximum
moments for t  0.0075
Design of prestressed concrete
(Chapter 18)
Behavior of reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete under service loads
Theory of prestressed concrete
Stresses
Methods of prestressing concrete members
• Pretensioning

• Post-Tensioning

57
Prestressing steels
Strength of prestressing steels available in
U.S.
Seven-wire strand: fpu  1725, 1860 MPa

fpy (stress at 1% extension)  85% (for stress-

relieved strand) or 90% (for low-relaxation
strand) of fpu

fpu = ultimate strength

fpy = yield strength
Strength of prestressing steels available in
U.S.
Prestressing wire: fpu  1620 to 1725 MPa
(function of size)

fpy (at 1% extension)  85% of fpu

Strength of prestressing steels available in
U.S.

High-strength steel bars: fpu  1035 MPa

fpy  85% (for plain bars) and 80% (for deformed
bars) of fpu

fpy based on either 0.2% offset or 0.7% strain

Maximum permissible stresses in
prestressing steel
Due to prestressing steel jacking force:
0.94fpy
0.80fpu
manufacturers recommendation

Post-tensioning tendons, at anchorage devices

and couplers, immediately after force transfer:
0.70fpu
Prestressed concrete members are
designed based on both

Elastic flexural analysis

Strength
Elastic flexural analysis
Considers stresses under both the
Initial prestress force Pi and the
Effective prestress force Pe

Note: fc = concrete compressive strength

fci = initial concrete compressive
strength (value at prestress transfer)
Classes of members
U – uncracked – calculated tensile stress in
precompressed tensile zone at service
loads = ft  0.62 fc

T – transition between uncracked and

cracked 0.62 fc < ft  1.0 fc

C – cracked ft > 1.0 fc

fc in MPa
Concrete section properties
e = tendon eccentricity
k1= upper kern point
k2= lower kern point
Ic = moment of inertia
Ac = area
radius of gyration:
r2 = Ic/Ac
section moduli:
S1 = Ic/c1
S2 = Ic/c2
Bending moments
Mo = self-weight moment

Md = superimposed dead load moment

Ml = live load moment

Concrete stresses under Pi
Concrete stresses under Pi + Mo
Concrete stresses under Pe + Mo + Md + Ml
Maximum permissible stresses in concrete at
transfer
(a) Extreme fiber stress in compression, except as in
(b), 0.60fci
(b) Extreme fiber stress in compression at ends of
simply supported members 0.70fci
(c) Extreme fiber stress in tension at ends of simply
supported members 0.50 fci *
(d) Extreme fiber stress in tension at other locations
0.25 fci *

* Add tensile reinforcement if exceeded

Maximum permissible compressive
stresses in concrete at service loads
Class U and T members

(a) Extreme fiber stress in compression due to

prestress plus sustained load 0.45fc

(b) Extreme fiber stress in compression due to

prestress plus total load 0.60fc
Flexural strength

Aps
T = Apsfps
 ps
Stress-block parameter 1

1  0.85 for 17 MPa  fc  28 MPa

For fc between 28 and 56 MPa, 1

decreases by 0.05 for each 7 MPa
increase in fc

1  0.65 for fc  56 MPa

Stress in prestressing steel at ultimate
Members with bonded tendons:

p = Aps/bdp = reinforcement ratio

b = width of compression face
dp = d (effective depth) of prestressing steel
Members with bonded tendons and non-prestressed bars:

  p  f pu d  
f ps  f pu 1   p        
 1  f c d p  
   f y / f c and      f y / f c
  and  refer to compression reinforcement, As

 f pu d 
 p        shall be taken  017
. , d   015
. dp
 f c d p 
Members with unbonded tendons with span/depth
ratios  35:

but not greater than fpy or greater than fpe + 420 MPa

Pe
fpe = stress in Aps at Pe =
Aps
Members with unbonded tendons with span/depth
ratios > 35:

but not greater than fpy or greater than fpe + 210 MPa
Loss of prestress
(a) Prestessing steel seating at transfer
(b) Elastic shortening of concrete
(c) Creep of concrete
(d) Shrinkage of concrete
(e) Relaxation of prestressing steel
(f) Friction loss due to intended or
unintended curvature of post-tensioning
tendons
Limits on reinforcement in flexural
members
Classify as tension-controlled, transition, or
compression-controlled to determine 

Total amount of prestressed and nonprestressed

reinforcement in members with bonded
reinforcement must be able to carry 1.2 
cracking load
Minimum bonded reinforcement As in
members with unbonded tendons
Except in two-way slabs, As = 0.004Act
Act = area of that part of cross section
between the flexural tension face and
center of gravity of gross section
Distribute As uniformly over precompressed
tension zone as close as possible to
extreme tensile fiber
Two-way slabs:
Positive moment regions:
Bonded reinforcement not required where tensile
stress ft  0.17 fc
Nc
Otherwise, use As =
0.5fy
Nc = resultant tensile force acting on portion of
concrete cross section in tension under effective
prestress and service loads
Distribute As uniformly over precompressed
tension zone as close as possible to extreme
tensile fiber
Two-way slabs:
Negative moment areas at column supports:
As = 0.00075Acf
Acf = larger gross cross-sectional area of slab-
beam strips in two orthogonal equivalent
frames intersecting at the columns

Distribute As between lines 1.5h on outside

opposite edges of the column support

Code includes spacing and length requirements

Two-way slabs
Use Equivalent Frame Design Method
(Section 13.7)
Banded tendon distribution

Photo courtesy of Portland Cement Association

Development of prestressing strand

development length

= transfer length

Pe
fse  fpe 
Aps
Shear for prestressed concrete members is
similar to that for reinforced concrete
members, but it takes advantage of
presence of prestressing force
Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zone
design
Load factor = 1.2  Ppu = 1.2Pj

Pj = maximum jacking force

 = 0.85
Strength evaluation of existing structures
(Chapter 20)
Strength evaluation of existing structures
(Chapter 20)
When it is required

When we use analysis and when perform a load test

When core testing is sufficient

Load testing
A strength evaluation is required
when there is a doubt if a part or all of a structure
meets safety requirements of the Code

If the effect of the strength deficiency is well

understood and if it is feasible to measure the
dimensions and material properties required for
analysis, analytical evaluations of strength
based on those measurements can be used
If the effect of the strength deficiency is not well
understood or if it is not feasible to establish the
required dimensions and material properties by
measurement, a load test is required if the
structure is to remain in service
Establishing dimensions and material
properties

1. Dimensions established at critical sections

2. Reinforcement locations established by
measurement (can use drawings if spot
checks confirm information in drawings)
3. Use cylinder and core tests to estimate fc
Core testing
If the deficiency involves only the
compressive strength of the concrete
based on cylinder tests
Strength is considered satisfactory if:
1. Three cores are taken for each low-strength
test
2. The average of the three cores  0.85fc
3. No individual core has a strength < 0.75fc
Steel
Reinforcing and prestressing steel may be
evaluated based on representative material
If analysis is used, values of  may be
increased

Tension-controlled 0.90  1.0

Compression controlled 0.75 and 0.65 
0.90 and 0.80
Shear and torsion 0.75  0.80
Bearing 0.65  0.80
Load test procedure

Load arrangement:
Select number and arrangement of spans or
panels loaded to maximize the deflection and
stresses in the critical regions
Use more than one arrangement if needed
(deflection, rotation, stress)
Load intensity
Total test load = larger of
(a) 1.15D + 1.5L + 0.4(Lr or S or R)
(b) 1.15D + 0.9L + 1.5(Lr or S or R)
(c) 1.3D

In (b), load factor for L may be reduced to 0.45,

except for garages, places of assembly, and
where L > 4.8 kN/m2
L may be reduced as permitted by general
building code
Age at time of loading  56 days
Loading criteria
Obtain initial measurements (deflection,
rotation, strain, slip, crack widths) not more
than 1 hour before application of the first
load increment
Take readings where maximum response is
expected
Use at least four load increments
Ensure uniform load is uniform – no arching
Take measurements after each load
increment and after the total load has been
applied for at least 24 hours

Remove total test load immediately after all

response measurements are made

Take a set of final measurements 24 hours

after the test load is removed
Acceptance criteria
No signs of failure – no crushing or spalling
of concrete
No cracks indicating a shear failure is
imminent
In regions without transverse reinforcement,
evaluate any inclined cracks with horizontal
projection > depth of member
Evaluate cracks along the line of
reinforcement in regions of anchorage and
lap splices
Acceptance criteria
Measured deflections
2
At maximum load: 1  t
20 ,000h
1
24 hours after load removed: r 
4

t  MIN(distance between supports, clear span + h)

 2 x span for cantilever
Acceptance criteria
If deflection criteria not met, may repeat the
test (at least 72 hours after first test)

2
Satisfactory if:  r 
5

 2  maximum deflection of second test relative to

postion of structure at beginning of second test
Provision for lower loading
If the structure does not satisfy conditions or
criteria based on analysis, deflection, or shear,
it may be permitted for use at a lower load
rating based on the results of the load test or
analysis, if approved by the building official
Case study
1905 building
Chicago, Illinois
USA

Cinder concrete
floors

Load capacity OK for use

as an office building?
Safety shoring
Deflection
measurement
devices
Load through
window
Moving lead ingots through the window
Load stage 14
Findings
Floor could carry uniform load of
2.4 kN/m2

Building satisfactory for both apartments (1.9

kN/m2) and offices (2.4 kN/m2)
Summary
Overview

Prestressed concrete

Strength evaluation of existing structures

118
Figures copyright  2010 by
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1221 Avenue of the America
New York, NY 10020 USA

Figures copyright  2011 by

American Concrete Institute
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331 USA

Duplication authorized or use with this presentation only.

 The University of Kansas
David Darwin, Ph.D., P.E.
Deane E. Ackers Distinguished Professor
Director, Structural Engineering & Materials Laboratory

Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Architectural Engineering

2142 Learned Hall
Lawrence, Kansas, 66045-7609
(785) 864-3827 Fax: (785) 864-5631

daved@ku.edu