DISTILLATION

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 Group Members

Khawaja Rehan Ahmed UW-15-ChE-BSc-016

Shaharyar Abbasi UW-15-ChE-BSc-014
Abu baker Sufyan Amjad UW-15-ChE-BSc-034
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Outline
Distillation
Types of distillaton
Components of a distillation column
Types for calculation number of trays
McCabe-thiele method

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DISTILLATION
 Equilibrium-staged separation process
 In which a liquid or vapor mixture or both, containing two or more
components,
 Is separated into its component fractions of desired purity by the
application and removal of heat

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TYPES OF DISTILLATON

According to the method of separation

 Simple distillation
 Fractional distillation
 Steam distillation
 Vacuum distillation

According to the nature of the process feed

 Binary or multicomponent distillation

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COMPONENTS OF A DISTILLATION COLUMN

1) Condenser
2) Trays
3) Accumulator
4) Pumps
5) Reboiler
6) Feed/Bottom Exchanger
7) Charge Heater / Steam Preheater

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CALCULATION METHODS
 Staged columns in distillation
 Packed columns in distillation

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CALCULATION NUMBER OF TRAYS

Basic Concepts
 Boiling-Point Diagrams
 Equilibrium Curves
 McCabe-Thiele Method
 Ponchon-Savarit Method
 Enthalpy Composition Method

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Boiling-Point Diagrams

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Equilibrium Curves

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McCabe-Thiele Method
The graphical solution for fractional distillation problems developed by McCabe and Thiele is based on
the following assumptions:

 There are no heat losses in the distilling column or the column is adiabatic.

 The specific heat changes are negligible compared to latent heat changes.

 The heat of vaporization per mole is constant; that is, the effect of concentration on the molal latent
heat of vaporization is insignificant.

 The last assumption is the statement of constant molal overflow (CMO) and is the most important.

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The McCabe-Thiele method makes use of an xy diagram on which the

following are plotted:
 Diagonal
 Equilibrium data
 Operating lines
three straight lines that represent the entire distilling column

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Rectifying Operating Line

An overall material balance at the top section of the distilling column gives

Vn1  Ln  D
A total material balance on the more volatile component is given by

yn 1Vn 1  x n Ln  x DD

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The following rectifying operating line equation results

Ln xD D
yn 1  xn 
Ln  D Ln  D
Expressed in terms of the reflux ratio R

R xD
y n 1  xn 
R 1 R 1

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Stripping Operating Line

Overall material balance

Vm1  Lm  B
Material balance on the more volatile component

ym1Vm1  x m Lm  x BB

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Stripping operating line equation

Lm x BB
y m 1  xm 
Lm  B Lm  B

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Feed Line
Overall material balance

F  Vm1  Ln  Vn 1  Lm
Material balance on the more volatile component

x FF  ym1Vm1  x n Ln  yn 1Vn 1  x mLm

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Feed line equation

ym1Vm1  yn 1Vn 1  x mLm  x n Ln  x F Vn 1  Vm1  Lm  Ln 

Another form of equation

q xF
y x (feed line or q-line)
q 1 q 1

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The feed entering in the tray may have one of these conditions:

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Description of the McCabe-Thiele method can be visualized

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Total Reflux for McCabe-Thiele Method

At total reflux,

L0 L0
R  
D 0
And the y-intercept of the rectifying operating
line becomes 0
xD xD
 0
R 1  1
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The overall operating line is the 45º diagonal line. This results in the number of
stages N being minimum

At total reflux R   The number of stages N  Nmin

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Conclusion

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References
 P. Schweitzer, "Handbook of Separation Techniques for Chemical
Engineers", 3rd. Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1997.
 H. Kister, Distillation Operation, McGraw-Hill, , 1990.
 C. J. GeanKoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operations, Prentice-Hall
International, Inc, 1993.
 a. M. M. M.F. Doherty, Conceptual Design of Distillation Systems,
McGraw-Hill, 2001.

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