BEBAN AKSIAL

P
2P P 
P
   stress   A
A 2A A 2 
   
  normal strain  2L L
L L
text, p. 48 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 1
 Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile
Materials

text, p. 52 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 2

 HUKUM HOOK

P 
  E  
E AE

Hukum Hook berlaku pada fase elastis, diluar kondisi elastis tidak dapat
diterapkan
 Deformasi/defleksi akibat beban aksial
• From Hooke’s Law:
 P
  E  
E AE
• From the definition of strain:


L
• Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
 
AE
• With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
  i i
i Ai Ei
text, p. 61 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 4
 Example 2.01
SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.

• Apply a free-body analysis on each

6
E  29 10 psi component to determine the
D  1.07 in. d  0.618 in. internal force

• Evaluate the total of the component

Determine the deformation of deflections.
the steel rod shown under the
given loads.

text, p. 62 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 5

SOLUTION: • Apply free-body analysis to each
component to determine internal forces,
• Divide the rod into three
components: P1  60  103 lb

P2  15  103 lb

P3  30  103 lb

• Evaluate total deflection,

Pi Li 1  P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 
      
A
i i iE E  1A A 2 A 3 


1     
 60 103 12  15  103 12 30 103 16 
 

6 
29 10  0.9 0.9 0.3 

 75.9 10 3 in.

L1  L2  12 in. L3  16 in.
  75.9 103 in.
A1  A2  0.9 in 2 A3  0.3 in 2
text, p. 62 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 6
contoh
Perbandingan Poisson
Hukum Hook secara umum
Hukum Hook untuk Geseran
• A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will
deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
 xy  f  xy 

• A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is similar the

previous plots of normal stress vs. normal strain
except that the strength values are approximately
half. For small strains,
 xy  G  xy  yz  G  yz  zx  G  zx

where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.

text, p. 89 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 10

Example 2.10

SOLUTION:
• Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress
and strain to find the corresponding
shearing stress.
A rectangular block of material with
modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is • Use the definition of shearing stress to
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. find the force P.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 0.04 in. under the action
of the force, determine a) the average
shearing strain in the material, and b)
the force P exerted on the plate.
text, p. 92 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 11
 • Determine the average angular deformation
or shearing strain of the block.
0.04 in.
 xy  tan  xy   xy  0.020 rad
2 in.

• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress and

strain to find the corresponding shearing
stress.
 
 xy  G xy  90 103 psi 0.020 rad   1800 psi

• Use the definition of shearing stress to find

the force P.
P   xy A  1800 psi 8 in. 2.5 in.   36 103 lb

P  36.0 kips

text, p. 92 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 12

Hubungan E, n, and G
• An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions.
• An initially cubic element oriented as in
top figure will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped. The axial load produces a
normal strain.
• If the cubic element is oriented as in the
bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a shear
strain.
• Components of normal and shear strain are
related,
E
 1  n 
2G
text, p. 92 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 13
Konsentrasi Tegangan: Hole

Discontinuities of cross section may result in  max

K
high localized or concentrated stresses.  ave

text, p. 107 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 14