GFDM

GENERALISED FREQUENCY
DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
S.MAHALAKSHMI 19ML05
B.THARINI 19ML14
R.KEERTHANA 19ML33
 INTRODUCTION

• Flexible, Non-orthogonal, Multicarrier modulation scheme

proposed for 5G Wireless networks.
• Based on digital multicarrier transceiver concept.
• Based on traditional filter bank multi-branch multicarrier
concepts.
• Used for scenarios exhibiting high degree of spectrum
fragmentation.
• GFDM-Transceiver architecture, PHY concept
• Exploit spectrum white spaces in wireless communication.
• Spectrum holes in the UHF TV bands are mainly due to
digital dividend.
• Design of such devices are difficult to execute due to two
reasons
1) Signal generation - to avoid harmful
interferences.
2) Receiver - to sense even very weak TV signals.
• TV white spaces – not consecutively places in the spectrum.
• UHF TV spectrum exhibits strong spectrum fragmentation.
• Exploit detected TV spaces – system is required.
• That can cope up with strong spectrum fragmentation and
which is able to perform aggregation of several TV white
spaces by one single wide band signal.
GFDM addresses the following demands
• low out of band radiation
• digital implementation
• flexible signal bandwidth
Usage of multi carrier system – exploit vacant spectrum.
OFDM – cause spectral leakage even when using pulse
shaping techniques.
GFDM – combines the flexibility and simplicity of OFDM
with stronger interference reduction mechanism.
 GFDM FEATURES

• Lower PAPR compared to OFDM

• Ultra-low out of band radiation due to adjustable Transmitter
filtering.
• Block based transmission using cyclic prefix insertion.
• Efficient FFT based equalization.
• Enables multi user scheduling compared to OFDM.
5G Techniques
• GFDM (Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing)
• UF-OFDM (Universal Filtered Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing)
• FBMC (Filter Bank MultiCarrier)
Why GFDM not OFDM?
• Flexible in terms of time-frequency resources
• Resilient to synchronization requirement
• Good spectral efficiency as it uses circular pulse shaping which
reduces cyclic prefix length in frequency selective fading channel
GFDM vs OFDM
(1) OFDM (2)GFDM
GFDM transmitter:
• Multi carrier system
• Implements classical filter band approach
• Cyclic prefix (CP) insertion - for low complex equalization at the
receiver side.
Block diagram of GFDM Transmitter:
• A tail biting technique is used to shorten the cyclic prefix in order to
enhance the spectral efficiency.
• Every subcarrier is modulated individually, using some form of QAM
signalling.
• subcarrier n as
s(n,k)
where k represents the QAM symbol index.
• After up- sampling, the symbols index now turns into the sample
index k’, representing the sample duration TS.
• Subsequently, cyclic prefix insertion is performed, accounting for the
filter length of the digital pulse shaping, the filter length of the digital
receive filter and the length of the mobile channel impulse response.
After cyclic prefix insertion, digital pulse shaping is performed
subcarrier-wise as follows
s(n,k’)∗gTx(n,k’)
which is crucial to yield low out of band radiation.
∗ denotes the convolution operation with respect to k’
 S(n)= Σk Σm dk,m gKm(n)

gKm(n)=g[(n-mK) mod N] e-j[(2*pi)/K]kn

• K indicates subcarrier
• M indicates subsymbol
• gkm(n) sampled valued of g(t)
• N=MK
• Sharp filter edges are required which in turn necessitate high Tx-filter
orders.
• Large filter orders are generally problematic due to the cyclic prefix,
which has to be matched to the aggregate filter lengths of all system
filters involved.
• For the digital Tx-filter, a tail- biting technique according the figure
below, can be applied in order to reduce the CP overhead as depicted
Principle of CP shortening by tail biting:
• In OFDM high PAPR is achieved using low PAPR simple equalization
• GFDM signal generation scheme we can interpret GFDM as parallel
SC-CP system realized in the digital domain. There are numerous
consequences from this observation:
• Each subcarrier represents an independent SC-CP link, which can be
modulated individually having its own bandwidth and pulse shaping.
• The GFDM carriers are no longer orthogonal but exhibit mutual
interference which can be adjusted by the individual Tx-filters and
signal bandwidths.
• Due to the digital realization, GFDM combines the simple equalization
of OFDM and SC-FC with the ability of flexible white space allocation
and controllable out of band radiation.
Block diagram of Receiver:
Spectrum of GFDM:
Problems in GFDM:
• High complexity
• High out of band leakage
• High PAPR
BLOCKS INVOLVED IN GFDM RECEIVER
• LNA
• ADC
• Baseband conversion
• Down sampling
• Removal of cyclic prefix
• Frequency domain transformation
• Equalization
• Inverse Fourier Transform
• Symbol damping
• decoder
LNA
It is an electronic amplifier that amplifies a very low power signal
without degrading its signal to noise ratio.
ADC
Analog to digital convertor that converts the analog signal back
to digital signal.
CARRIER MULTIPLICATION
Each subcarrier is demodulated by using the corresponding
carrier frequencies that was used during modulation.
DOWNSAMPLING
Converting the signal to a lower frequency signal
• The GFDM receiver performs parallel SC-CP demodulation for each
GFDM subcarrier.
• After passing the LNA and down converted stage, the received signal
is ADC from which we obtain the digitised received signal.
• The received signal is mixed to the baseband individually in each of
the digital receiver branches and filtered subsequently.
• The receiver filtering is used to cancel out the undesired adjacent
channel interference.
• Steep filter edges will provide low inter channel interference .
• Sharp filter edges typically require high filter orders that has to be
compensated on the length of the cyclic prefix.
• The signal is the down sampled and the cyclic prefix is removed.
• The signal is transformed using FFT as one tap equalisation can be
performed only in frequency domain.
• The signal is converted back in time domain using IFFT.
The received signal is given as,
Z=HAd + V
H=channel circulant convolution matrix
A= Modulation matrix
d=vector of constellation points
V=noise
Z=𝑾𝑴𝑵 𝑫 𝑾𝑯
𝑴𝑵 Ad + V
where,
MN is the order of IFFT matrix
D is the diagonal of channel freq. matrix
To recover the signal from Z, we can consider two types of receivers:
Two stage Receiver
Single stage Receiver
a)Two stage Receiver
channel is first equalised, followed by GFDM self interference
equalisation ie. GFDM demodulator.

b)Single stage Receiver

Both channel and self interference are equalised simultaneously.
GFDM performance evaluation w.r.t OFDM
• BER
• GFDM uses different filter orders for Tx and Rx filtering.
• The orders of digital Tx and Rx cosine roll-off filters are denoted by
Otx and Orx resp
• Clearly, GFDM performance is slightly worse than OFDM due to
orthogonality loss.
• PAPR
Advantages.
• GFDM exposes superior PAPR than OFDM because of lower number
of subcarriers.
• GFDM combines both the advantage of specific sub carrier allocation
and low PAPR.
• Low PAPR allows to reduce the hardware cost and power
consumption.
• High degree of flexibility in the system allows for multi user
scheduling.
THANK YOU!!!