Marine Fuels

Class 2 and 1 Engineer Course

AR/AMR/Fuel 1
 Main
Menu

CMV 1 1/07 /00 6

AR/AMR/Fuel 2
Crude Oil Types
 Paraffinic Base - Persian Gulf...

 Napthenic Base - Northern Europe...

 Asphaltic Base - Texas...

AR/AMR/Fuel 3
Crude - Paraffinic Base
 Straight chain or Normal
 Good ignition property
 Low auto ignition temperature
 High auto ignition temperature
several variations…
 Melting and boiling points vary...

AR/AMR/Fuel 4
Low auto ignition temperature
High auto ignition temperature

AR/AMR/Fuel 5
Source of Marine Fuel
 Atmospheric Distillation
 Vacuum Distillation
 Catalytic Cracker
 Visbreaker

AR/AMR/Fuel 6
Residual Fuels
 Product of primary distillation…
 Blended with distillate ensuring stability &
compatibility
 Property depends on: Type of crude, type of
refinery, severity of refinery….

AR/AMR/Fuel 7
 HSD Characteristics

Vacuum Cat Crack Vis Brk

Den 15 C 0.978 0.985 1.018
Vis 50 C 450 450 450
S %wt 4 4 4
V ppm 80 110 150
Ashp 3.3 5 6
AR/AMR/Fuel 8
 Main
Menu

CMV 1 1/07 /00 12

AR/AMR/Fuel 9
AR/AMR/Fuel 10
Fuel Oil: Density
 Storage based on volume
 Density for mass & volume correlation
 Important for bunker capacity (kg / cu.m)
 Rel Den at 15 deg C = 0.991 (max)
 Change in density correction
 Change in specific heat correction

AR/AMR/Fuel 11
Fuel Oil: Viscosity
 Resistance of fluids to change in shape
 Internal friction of molucles
 Produce a frictional drag force
 Kinematic viscosity widely used

 Abs Viscosity / Density at Temp

AR/AMR/Fuel 12
Fuel Oil: Viscosity
 Increase in temperature & its effect on
viscosity
 Lab testing of viscosity: Time taken for
given volume of oil flow
 On-board testing: Rugged using a smooth
steel sphere…
 Test temperature: 80 deg c for HFO

AR/AMR/Fuel 13
Fuel Oil: Viscosity
 Viscosity for correct atomisation
necessary: 13 - 17 cSt for slow speed
engines - Poor lubrication < 2cSt
 High viscosity: Longer sprays and coarser
atomisation …

Poor combustion, liner & piston ring wear,

high mechanical stresses
AR/AMR/Fuel 14
Fuel Oil: Flash Point
 Minimum temperature at which immediate
and momentary ignition…
 Close FP < Open FP
 Fire and explosion risk for storage and
transportation
 FP > 66 deg C
 FP < 22 deg C Highly flammable

AR/AMR/Fuel 15
Fuel Oil: Pour Point
 Blocks fuel filters…
 Loss engine load, speed control…
 Sticks fuel pump racks
 Increased resistance engine controls
 Use on-board test…
 Oil temperature in storage > 10 deg C

AR/AMR/Fuel 16
Fuel Oil: CCR
 Soot fires…
 Deposits…
 Liner wear and abrasives…
 Wear piston rings
 Choked nozzle
 Scavenge ports, exhaust valves, turbine
blades,...
AR/AMR/Fuel 17
 Fuel & Engine reliability

Al, Si V, Na
NOx
Abrasive wear HT Corrosion

Engine
Reliability

S Ignition Quality Ashphaltene

LT Corrosion Combustion, Flame Combustion

AR/AMR/Fuel 18
Fuel Oil: Water Content
 Corrosion, Sludge, Bacteria...
 Lowers effective Cal Value
 Na in sea water combines with V and forms
ash…burning exhast valves, HT corrosion
 Emulsified fuel under controlled conditions
good …
 Sea water sludging...

AR/AMR/Fuel 19
Fuel Oils: Sulphur
 High as more distillate removed from fuel
 LT corrosion < 200 deg C
 Sulphate deposits
 Cyl oil with high TBN
 Metal Temp > Dew Point of acid
 Slow speed operation not prolonged
 S, Pmax, Dew Point, CW Temp...
AR/AMR/Fuel 20
Fuel Oil: Vanadium & Sodium
 V & Na form Ash…
 Melted V & Na directly corrode steel…at 550
deg C
 V & Na form ash at lower temp on Exh V/V
 Na:V 1:3 can cause deposits…
 V present in soluble compounds

AR/AMR/Fuel 21
Fuel Oil: Aluminium
 Cat fines: Complex Al - silicates…
 High wear: Liners, rings, fuel pumps…
 Fuel production process
 Removed by efficient centrifuging
 Limits: 80 mg Al & 170 mg Si

AR/AMR/Fuel 22