CHEMISTRY

PROJECT
2019-2020

NAME- ARYAN SAHNI

CLASS- XII-B
ROLL NO.– 23

BAL BHAVAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

 CERTIFICATE
It is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
investigation work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data
collection and investigation has been completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by ARYAN SAHNI of
Class XII-B under the guidance of Mr. Rahul Vadehra
(Chemistry Teacher), regarding his project titled “To
Study the Presence of Insecticides and Pesticides in
Various Fruits and Vegetables”.

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I place my sincere thanks to my chemistry teacher Mr.
Rahul Vadehra for guiding and giving me moral
support in different matters regarding the topic. I
would also like to thank Lab Assistant Mr. Dushyant for
guiding me on step by step basis and ensuring that I
completed all my experiments with ease.
I also thank our Principal Mr. Vividh Gupta for
providing me all the facilities to finish the project on
time.
Last but not the least, I thank my parents for their
encouragement and support in my humble venture.
 CONTENT
• AIM
• INTRODUCTION
• THEORY
• BASIC CONCEPT
• APPARATUS
• PROCEDURE
• OBSERVATION
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM

TO STUDY THE PRESENCE OF

INSECTICIDES AND PESTICIDES IN
VARIOUS FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
 INTRODUCTION
In the past decade there has been a tremendous
increase in the yields of various crops to meet the
demand of overgrowing population, achieved by using
pesticides and insecticides. These are chemicals that
are sprayed over crop to protect it from pests. For
example, DDT, BHC, zinc phosphide, Mercuric
chloride, dinitrophenol, etc. All pesticides are
poisonous chemicals and are used in small quantities
with care. Pesticides are proven to be effective against
variety of insects, weeds and fungi and are
respectively called insecticides, herbicides and
fungicides.
Most of the pesticides are non-biodegradable and remain
penetrated as such into plants, fruits and vegetables . From
plants they transfer to animals , birds and human beings who
eat these polluted fruits and vegetables. Inside the body they
get accumulated and cause serious health problems. These
days preference is given to biodegradable insecticides like
malathion. The presence of Insecticides residues in even raw
samples of wheat, fish, meat , butter etc. have aroused the
concern of agricultural administrators, scientists and health
officials all over the world to put a check over the use of
insecticides and to search for non insecticidal means of pest
control.
 THEORY
Nitrogen present in organic compounds is detected by
“Lassaigne’s Test”. The elements present in the compound are
converted from covalent form into the ionic form by fusing
the compound with sodium metal. Following reaction takes
place:

Cyanide of sodium so formed on sodium fusion is

extracted from the fused mass by boiling it with
distilled water. This extract is known as sodium fusion
extract.
 BASIC CONCEPT
Pesticides are classified according to the pests they control. The four main
types of pesticides are (i) Herbicides (ii) Fungicides (iii) Rodenticides (iv)
Insecticides. Herbicides eliminate plants threat grow where they are not
wanted. Farmers use them to reduce weeds in such public areas as parks and
ponds. People use herbicides in their yards to get rid of crab grass, dandelions
and other weeds.

Fungicide:-
Certain fungi cause disease and may infect both plants and animals, including
human beings. Fungicides control plant diseases that infect food-crops-wood
used for building houses in often breated with fungicides to prevent dry not.

Rodenticides are used to control rats and other rodents that destroy stored
food. Rats also carry bacteria that cause such disease as rabies and typhus.

Insecticides:-
Farmers use insecticides to protect their crops from insect damage. In urban
areas, public health officials use them to fight mosquitos and that insect carry
germs. People use insecticides indoor to control pests and ants and
cockroaches.
 APPARATUS
• MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Mortar and pestle, Beakers, Funnel, Glass rod,
Filter paper, China dish, Water bath, Tripod
stand, Fusion tube, Knife, Test tube.
• REQUIREMENTS:
Samples of various fruits and vegetables,
alcohol, sodium metal, Ferric Chloride, Ferrous
Sulphate Crystals, Distilled Water and Dil.
Sulphuric acid.
 PROCEDURE
• Take different kinds of fruit and vegetables and cut
them into small piece separately.

• Transfer the cut piece of various fruits and vegetables

in mortar separately and crush them.

• Take different beaker of each kind of fruits and

vegetables and place the crushed fruit and vegetable
in these beakers, and add 10ml of alcohol to each or
these. Stir well and filter collect the filtrate in
seperate china dishes.
• Evaporate the alcohol by heating china dishes one by one
over water bath and let the residue dry in an oven.
• Heat a small piece of dry sodium in a fusion tubes, till it
melts. Then add one of the above residue from china
dish to the fusion tube and heat till red hot. Drop the hot
fusion tube in china dish containing about 110ml of
distilled water. Break the tube and boil the contents of
the china dish for about 5 minute to cool and filter
solution. Collect the filtrate.
• To the filtrate add 1ml freshly prepared ferrous sulphate
solution and warm the contents. Then, add 2-3 drops of
ferric chloride solution and acidity with the dil.
Hydrochloric acid if a blue or green precipitate or
colouration is obtained, it indicated the presence of
nitrogen containing insecticide.
• Repeat the test of nitrogen for residue
obtained from other fruits and vegetable and
record observation.

OBSERVATION
SR.NO NAME OF THE FRUIT TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF
AND VEGETABLE PRESENCE OF INSECTICIDE/PESTICIDE
NITROGEN

1. Tomato +ve Yes

2. Grapes +ve Yes

3. Carrot -ve No

4. Potato +ve Yes

 CONCLUSION
Thus from the above experiment we conclude
that the fruits and vegetables that we consume
especially grapes, tomato and potato contain
nitrogen containing insecticides and pesticides.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.encyclopedia.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. www.scribd.com
4. Practical manual in chemistry for class XII