CANOEING WATERSPORT/ACTIVITY

CANOEING

is an activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle.

Common meanings of the term are limited to when the canoeing is the central
purpose of the activity. Broader meanings include when it is combined with
other activities such as canoe camping, or where canoeing is merely a
transportation method used to accomplish other activities. Most present-day
canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational activity. In some
parts of Europe canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking, with a canoe
being called an open canoe.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR BASIC KAYAK SAFETY RULES THAT
KAYAKING ALL BOATERS SHOULD FOLLOW
Be aware of weather conditions and water temperature. Prepare for changes
in weather and the possibility of a capsize. If paddling in cold water, a wet
suit or dry suit can keep you warm and comfortable. In warm weather, a long
sleeve shirt can provide sun protection.
Invest in appropriate clothing for your
climate. One advantage of sit-inside kayaks
is that you can shield yourself from some of
the elements, while sit-on-tops leave you
more exposed. Dress for the day.

Beware of off-shore winds that make it

difficult to return to shore.

Always follow the boating rules of the area

you're in.
Most importantly, WEAR YOUR PERSONAL
FLOATATION DEVICE. Coast Guard regulations
require that all kayaks have a lifejacket on board.
Wearing your lifejacket will help keep your head
above water and add insulation to your body,
keeping you warmer in cold water. There are
great PFDs designed specifically for paddlers. Buy
one that fits well, and always wear it while you
paddle.

Tell someone your paddle plan, which includes:

where you are going, what you will be doing, how
long you expect to be gone and how many people
are in your party. Then stick to your plan.
 Paddling in the surf zone or in rivers
can be dangerous. Always wear a
helmet.

Stay hydrated. Always bring plenty

of water and food.

When paddling in a new area, check with the locals regarding currents,
shoreline conditions and weather patterns. Plan an "escape" route - an
alternative place to get off the water should environmental conditions dictate it.
Abiding by these rules will help to make your kayak adventure safer and fun.
HISTORY OF CANOEING
Canoeing is an ancient mode of transportation. Modern recreational canoeing
was established in the late 19th century. In 1924, canoeing associations from
Austria, Germany, Denmark and Sweden founded the International Representation
for Kingsport, forerunner of the International Canoe Federation. Canoeing
became part of the Olympic Games in the summer of 1936. The main form of
competitive sport was canoe sprint using a sprint canoe. Others include canoe
polo, whitewater canoeing, canoe marathon, ICF canoe marathon, and play
boating.
Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational
activity. In some parts of Europe canoeing refers to both canoeing and
kayaking, with a canoe being called an Open canoe. A few of the recreational
forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing such as canoe sprint
and canoe marathons. Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes,
rivers, oceans, ponds and streams.
The summer Olympics include canoeing competitions. Canoe slalom (previously
known as whitewater slalom) is a competitive sport with the aim to navigate a
decked canoe or kayak through a course of hanging downstream or upstream
gates on river rapids in the fastest time possible. It is one of the two kayak and
canoeing disciplines at the Summer Olympics, and is referred to by the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) as Canoe/Kayak Slalom. The other
Olympic canoeing discipline is canoe sprint.
MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT FOR CANOEING
A PADDLE
This is pretty self-explanatory. But
what isn't is how a different
paddle is needed depending on
whether you’re going white water
kayaking, flat-water kayaking or
canoeing. Lucky for recreational
users, the school or outdoor
activity center would be able to
provide you with the right paddle
for your kayaking or canoeing
trip.
A CANOE OR KAYAK
Once again, if you’re going to a center to
learn, you really don’t have to worry about this
too much. And if you're going with a partner,
do be sure to choose a 2 person canoe.
Generally in Singapore, you have the choice of
a solo canoe and a 2 person canoe. A good
place to start out is the Paddle Lodge at
MacRitchie Reservoir.
A LIFEJACKET OR PERSONAL
FLOATATION DEVICE (PFD)
 A safety essential will ensure should
you capsize, you will find yourself
floating. Even if you panic or are
disorientated, your safety will still be
guaranteed. I cannot stress how
important this is, no matter how good a
swimmer you are.

Yes, it may be annoying to paddle wearing a lifejacket in the sweltering

Singapore heat. But you should always put safety first, even ahead of
comfort. You never know what's going to happen. Should an accident occur
and you lose your kayak, you don't want to be left in open water treading
water for hours till help arrives.
A HELMET
 This is particularly important if you're
kayaking in anything other than calm and
shallow water. Although this does not
describe the sea in Singapore, it’s still
important to know, should you try kayaking
in other countries.

When it comes to white water kayaking, helmets are absolutely

essential as there is a chance you may hit rocks. Once again,
safety isn’t something to cut corners around so make sure you have
a good and sturdy helmet if the situation calls for it.
ATTIRE
You will be out in the hot sun so as
tempted as you will be to wear
something sleeveless, you really don’t
want to get sun burnt so long sleeves
are the way to go. Try to wear a
material that doesn’t soak up water
easily either, you don’t want to be a
walking drenched towel. Think dry fit.
CANOEING NATURE
Canoeing take place in bodies of water, It can be done in
offshore, in the sea, lagoons and river.
CANOEING RULES AND REGULATIONS BASIC RULES
Take an on-water course − whether it’s just for safety
or for skill development, an on-water instruction
course will provide you with all the information you
need for canoeing, kayaking etc.
Cold water safety − Cold water can be
dangerous so one should be aware about
the weather and water conditions before
participating in the sport.
Wear your lifejacket − One should
expect to capsize and swim
occasionally when paddling a canoe or
a kayak or any of its kind. A life jacket
can save your life in this scenario.
Safety Check − The canoes should be
careful about their safety and should
take safety tips before getting into
water.
Practices, ethics and conduct − Learn the key points on how to properly share,
and relish our natural paddling resources.
Rules of the road − you follow the
rules of the road you follow the
rules to be followed on how to share
the waterways. Get to know more
about it through your guide or event
organizer.
KAYAKING Water sports/Activity
KAYAKING

is the use of a kayak for moving across water. It is distinguished from

canoeing by the sitting position of the paddler and the number of blades on
the paddle. A kayak is a low-to-the-water, canoe-like boat in which the
paddler sits facing forward, legs in front, using a double-bladed paddle to
pull front-to-back on one side and then the other in rotation. Most kayaks have
closed decks, although sit-on-top and inflatable kayaks are growing in
popularity as well.
HISTORY OF KAYAKING
were created thousands of years ago by the Inuit, formerly known as Eskimos,
of the northern Arctic regions. They used driftwood and sometimes the skeleton
of whale, to construct the frame of the kayak, and animal skin, particularly seal
skin was used to create the body. The main purpose for creating the kayak,
which literally translates to "hunter's boat" was for hunting and fishing. The
kayak's stealth capabilities allowed for the hunter to sneak up behind animals
on the shoreline and successfully catch their prey.
In the 1740s, Russian explorers led by Vitus Bering came in contact with the
Aleutians, who had taken the basic kayak concept and developed multiple
designs specifically for hunting, transportation, and environmental
conditions. They soon recognized the Aleutians were very skillful at hunting
sea otters by kayak. Because otters were a popular commodity in Europe
and Asia, they would exploit and even kidnap Aleutians and keep them
aboard their ships to work and hunt
By the mid-1800s the kayak became increasingly popular and the Europeans
became interested. German and French men began kayaking for sport. In 1931,
Adolf Anderle was the first person to kayak down the Salzachöfen Gorge,
which is believed to be the birthplace of modern-day white-water kayaking.
Kayak races were introduced in the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936.
In the 1950s, fiberglass kayaks were developed and commonly used, until 1980s
when polyethylene plastic kayaks were introduced. Kayaking progressed as a fringe
sport in the U.S. until the 1970s, when it became a mainstream popular sport. Now,
more than 10 white water kayaking events are featured in the Olympics. While
kayaking represents a key international watersport, few academic studies have (to
date) been conducted on the role kayaking plays in the lives and activities of the
public.
DESIGN OF KAYAKS
Kayaks can also be classified by their design and the materials from which
they are made. Each design has its specific advantage, including performance,
maneuverability, and stability and paddling style. Kayaks can be made of
metal, fiberglass, wood, plastic, fabrics, and inflatable fabrics such as PVC or
rubber, and more recently expensive but feather light carbon fiber. Each
material also has its specific advantage, including strength, durability,
portability, flexibility, resistance to ultraviolet and storage requirements. For
example, wooden kayaks can be created from kits or built by hand. Stitch
and glue, plywood kayaks can be lighter than any other material except skin-
on frame. Inflatable kayaks, made from lightweight fabric, can be deflated
and easily transported and stored, and are considered to be remarkably
tough and durable compared to some hard-sided boats.
MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT FOR KAYAKING
There are many types of kayaks used in flat water and whitewater kayaking.
The sizes and shapes vary drastically depending on what type of water to be
paddled on and also what the paddler would like to do. The second set of
essentials for kayaking is an off-set paddle where the paddle blades are tilted
to help reduce wind resistance while the other blade is being used in the water.
These vary in length and also shape depending on the intended use, height of
the paddler, and the paddler's preference. Kayaks should be equipped with
one or more buoyancy aid (also called flotation) which creates air space that
helps prevent a kayak from sinking when filled with water. A life jacket should
be worn at all times (also called a personal flotation device or PFD.
And a helmet is also often required for most kayaking and is mandatory for
white water kayaking Various other pieces of safety gear include a whistle for
signaling for help; throwing ropes to help rescue other kayakers; and, a diving
knife and appropriate water shoes should used depending upon the risks the
water and terrain pose. Proper clothing such as a dry suit, wetsuit or spray top
also help protect kayakers from cold water or air temperatures.
TYPES OF KAYAKS
"Sit on top" kayaks place the paddler in an open, shallowly-concave deck
above the water level. This style is usually used for non-white water activities
as most find it harder to stay inside the kayak while also preventing them from
"rolling" which allows the user to upright themselves if they flip over. There are
some benefits to sit on tops such as the ability for a "dry hatch" these are a
compartment, that usually runs the length of the kayak, which in addition to
providing more buoyancy allows for the kayaker to store various equipment in.
"Sit on top" kayaks often use "through holes" which allows any water that got in
the boat to make it through the deck and dry hatch to drain. "Cockpit style"
involves sitting with the legs and hips inside the kayak hull with a spray deck or
"spray skirt" that creates a water-resistant seal around the waist.
There is a wide range of "cockpit style" boats which usually allow for more user
control of the boat as they are able to push against the walls of the boat to tip
in order to complete maneuvers. A common variant of "cockpit style" kayaks
are "play boats" these are usually very short kayaks in which the user does
tricks and maneuvers: "Inflatables" are a hybrid of the two previous
configurations; these boats have an open deck, but the paddler sits below the
level of the deck. These boats are often subject to more instability due to the
way the boat sits higher in the water. They are often used in a more commercial
setting, they are often affectionately called "Duckies". "Tandems" are
configured for multiple paddlers, in contrast to the single person designs
featured by most kayaks. Tandems can be used by two or even three paddlers.
ACTIVITY INVOLVED KAYAKS
DIVING MAIN ARTICLE: KAYAK DIVING
Kayak diving is a type of recreational diving where the divers paddle to a
diving site in a kayak carrying all their gear to the place they want to dive. The
range can be up to several kilometers along the coastline from the launching
point to a place where access would be difficult from the shore, although the
sea is sheltered. It is a considerably cheaper alternative to using a powered
boat, as well as combining the experience of sea kayaking at the same time.
Kayak diving gives the diver independence from dive boat operators, while
allowing dives at sites which are too far to comfortably swim, but are
sufficiently sheltered.[
FISHING MAIN ARTICLE: KAYAK FISHING
Kayak fishing is fishing from a kayak. The kayak has long been a means of
transportation and a stealth means of approaching easily spooked fish, such as
cobia and flounder. Kayak fishing has gained popularity in recent times due to
its broad appeal as an environmentally friendly and healthy method of
transportation, as well as its relatively low cost of entry compared to motorized
boats. In addition, kayaks allow greater access by their ability to operate in
shallow water, getting in and out along the shoreline, and having the ability to
get away from the crowds to find a more solitary environment where boats may
not have the ability to do so.
ECOTORISM MAIN ARTICLE: ECOTORISIM
Eco tour guide stands on a kayak, spotting dolphins and manatees around Lido
Key.

Ecotourism based on kayak trips is gaining in popularity. In warm-water

vacation destinations such as Sarasota Keys, guided kayak trips take kayakers
on a tour of the local ecosystem. Kayakers can watch dolphins breach and
manatees eat sea grass, in shallow bay water.
WHITEWATER MAIN ARTILCE: WHITEWATER
KAYAKING
One of the most common uses of kayaks for hobbyists is whitewater kayaking.
Whitewater kayaking is when a kayaker traverses down a series of rapids. The
difficulty of these rapid ranges from Class I to Class VI. The difficulty of rapids
often changes with water level and debris in the river. Debris that inhibits a
kayakers path are often called "strainers" as they "strain" out the kayakers like
a colander. There are often training camps as well as man-made structures to
help train kayakers.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR BASIC KAYAK SAFETY RULES THAT
KAYAKING ALL BOATERS SHOULD FOLLOW
Be aware of weather conditions and water temperature. Prepare for changes
in weather and the possibility of a capsize. If paddling in cold water, a wet
suit or dry suit can keep you warm and comfortable. In warm weather, a long
sleeve shirt can provide sun protection.
Invest in appropriate clothing for your
climate. One advantage of sit-inside kayaks
is that you can shield yourself from some of
the elements, while sit-on-tops leave you
more exposed. Dress for the day.

Beware of off-shore winds that make it

difficult to return to shore.

Always follow the boating rules of the area

you're in.
Most importantly, WEAR YOUR PERSONAL
FLOATATION DEVICE. Coast Guard regulations
require that all kayaks have a lifejacket on board.
Wearing your lifejacket will help keep your head
above water and add insulation to your body,
keeping you warmer in cold water. There are
great PFDs designed specifically for paddlers. Buy
one that fits well, and always wear it while you
paddle.

Tell someone your paddle plan, which includes:

where you are going, what you will be doing, how
long you expect to be gone and how many people
are in your party. Then stick to your plan.
 Paddling in the surf zone or in rivers
can be dangerous. Always wear a
helmet.

Stay hydrated. Always bring plenty

of water and food.

When paddling in a new area, check with the locals regarding currents,
shoreline conditions and weather patterns. Plan an "escape" route - an
alternative place to get off the water should environmental conditions dictate it.
Abiding by these rules will help to make your kayak adventure safer and fun.
KAYAKING RULES AND REGULATIONS BASIC RULES
BEACH CRAFT RULE NO. 1
Is your inflatable or rigid kayak less than 3.5 meters long? If so, you have
what is called a beach craft. You must never go more than 300 meters from
shore (from a point on the coast where any craft or vessel and its crew can
safely anchor or dock and leave again without assistance). A buoyancy aid is
not mandatory but strongly recommended to make it easier to get back into
the boat in the event of a capsize.
SEAGOING VESSEL RULE NO. 2
This applies if you have a rigid kayak or inflatable kayak with at least 2
separate air chambers that is more than 3.50 metres long and is certified as
"seaworthy" by the manufacturer. You can then paddle up to 2 nautical miles
(approx. 3 km) from shore. In this case, you must have the following safety
equipment:
• a life jacket compliant with European standards for each person on board.
• a mooring rope (painter) with karabiner, at least as long as the boat
• a spare paddle
• a way of sealing the cockpit(s), except for sit-on-tops
• a bailer tied to the boat or a bilge pump (except for self-draining boats)
• a tow hook (or equivalent) for towing
• a throw line
• a light signaling device (safety light, glow stick, etc.)
SHELTERED WATER NAVIGATION
RULES RULE NO. 3
Certain bodies of water have specific navigation rules.
- Swimming areas are prohibited unless your kayak is a beach craft;
- In most cases, you should avoid paddling among swimmers;
- It is forbidden to cross the path of port entry and exit channels, signposted
from the coast by cylindrical red buoys on your right, and conical green buoys
on your left;
- Do not to cross the path of vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver
(vessel engaged in a towing operation, sailing vessel, vessel constrained by its
draught, etc.);
- Find out about the protected areas on your route;
- Avoid paddling alone and make sure somebody knows where you are.
- Always take your smartphone with you (in a watertight pouch) so that you
can call for help if you need it (in France, call SNSM in an emergency on 196)
RIGHT OF WAY IN A KAYAK RULE NO. 4
At sea, vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver have priority. In a kayak,
you will therefore only have priority over power-driven vessels, which have
unrestricted maneuverability. You must also keep away from sailing vessels,
which have less maneuverability than you. Right of way on a river
On river and in sheltered water, a kayak is considered a small craft: it must
therefore give way to all craft over 15 m (barge, cruise ship). Again, you will
have to give way to sailing vessels, but a power-driven vessel less than 15 m
long will have to maneuver to stay out of your way. Right of way... between
two kayaks
Priority to whoever is on the right! And if you find yourself face to face, you
should pass on the right of the other user... just imagine you are driving in
Europe!
 END OF REPORT
Prepared by: Rea Regulacion

Members:
May Navarro
Nela Gajo