KINEMATICS IN TWO

DIMENSIONS

VECTORS
Vector – a quantity which has direction as
well as magnitude

Examples:
1. velocity
2. displacement
3. force
4. momentum
Scalars – a quantity which specified completely
by giving a number and units. It has
no direction.

Examples:
1. mass
2. time
3. temperature
Addition of Vectors
vectors can be added if they are in the
same directions.

Example:
If a person walks 8 km east on the first day,
and 6 km on the next day, it will be 8km +
6km = 14km east from the point of origin.

If a person walks 8 km east on the first

day, and 6 km west (on reverse direction)
on the second day, it will be 8km - 6km =
2 km east.
Simple arithmetic cannot be used if the two
vectors are not along the same line.

Example:

Suppose a person walks 10.0km east and

then walks 5.0km north.
y (north)

D1 D2
x (east)
 y (north)

D2
270 x (east)
D1

Ѳ =?
resultant displacement =? 11.2 km
use the Pythagorean theorem if the vectors
are perpendicular to each other.
resultant displacement vector, DR, is the sum of
the vectors ( D1 and D2 ). That is,

DR = D1 + D2

Vectors that are not along the straight line is that

the magnitude of the resultant vector is not equal
to the sum of the magnitudes of the two separate
vectors, but is smaller than their sum:

DR < D1 + D2
Example:
DR = 11.2km, whereas D1 + D2 is equal to
15km.
DR = 11.2km

because we have vector equation and

11.2km is only part of resultant vector, its
magnitude
We could rewrite this as:

DR = D1 + D2 = 11.2km, 270 N of E

Rules for graphically adding two vectors

together
1. On the diagram, draw one of the vectors -
call it D1 – to scale
2. Draw the second vector, D2, to scale,
placing its tail at the tip of the first vector
and being sure its direction is correct.
3. The arrow drawn from the tail of the first
vector to the tip of the second vector
represents the sum, or resultant, of the two
vectors.

The length of the resultant vector represents its

magnitude.
The length of the resultant can be measured
with a ruler and compared to the scale. Angles
can be measured with a protractor. This
method is known as the tail-to-tip method of
adding vectors.
Question: if the vectors are added in reverse
order, can we get the same resultant?

Yes. For example, a displacement of 5.0km

north, to which added to a displacement of
10.0km east, yields a resultant of 11.2km and
angle Ѳ = 270. That is,

v1 + v2 = v2 + v1
The tail to tip method of adding vectors can be
extended to three or more vectors. The resultant
is drawn from the tail of the first vector to the tip
of the last one added.

Example: the resultant of the three vectors:

vR = v1 + v2 + v3

v1
v1 v2 v3 = v2
vR
v3
Second way to add two vectors is the
parallelogram method. It is fully equivalent to the
tail-to-tip method.

the two vectors are drawn starting from a

common origin, and a parallelogram is
constructed using these two vectors as adjacent
sides. The resultant is the diagonal drawn from
the common origin.
 Example:
vR
+ =
v1 v2
v2

It is common error to v1
v1
draw the sum vector as
the diagonal running vR
= v2
between the tips of the = v2
two vectors. It does not v1
represents the sum of v1
the two vectors.
 Subtraction of Vectors, and
Multiplication

v -v

The negative of a vector is a vector

having the same length but opposite
direction.
Note: No vector is ever negative in the sense of
its magnitude: the magnitude of every
vector is positive. Rather, a minus sign
tells us its direction.

The difference between two vectors, v2 – v1 is

defined as:

v2 – v1 = v2 + (– v1)
the difference between two vectors is equal to
the sum of the first plus the negative of the
second.

v2 v1 v2 - v1
- = +
- v1
=v – v1
2 v2
Sample Problems
Example 1:
 A car is driven 60km west and then
30km south. What is the
displacement of the car from the
point of origin (magnitude and
direction)? Draw a diagram.
west

south
Example 2:
A car travels 20.0 km due north and then 35.0 km in
a direction 600 west of north, find the magnitude
and direction of a single vector that gives the net
effect of the car’s trip. This vector is called the car’s
resultant displacement.
Answer 48 km, 390 west of north
draw first a diagram for the problem

35km
600

VR
2okm
Example 3:
A rural mail carrier leaves the post office and drives
22.0km in a northerly direction. She then drives in
a direction 600 south of east for 47km. What is her
displacement from the post office?

D1 600
D2
 D1x = 0 and D1y = 22km

D1 D2x = + (47km) ( cos 600) = 23.5km

D2x
600
D2y = - (47km) ( sin 600) = - 40.7 km
D2

D2y

Dx = D1x + D2x = 0km + 23.5km

Dy = D1y + D2y = 22km + (-40.7km) = -18.7km
resultant vector, therefore:
D   Dy
2 2
Dx

 (23.5km) 2  (18.7km) 2
 30.0km

tan θ = Dy / Dx
= -18.7km / 23.5 km
= -0.796
θ = 38.50 below the x axis
or 30km directed at 38.50 in a southeasterly direction
Example 4:
an airplane trip involves three legs, with two
stopovers. The first leg is due east for 620km; the
second leg is southeast (450) for 440km; and the
third leg is at 530 south of west, for 550km. What is
the plane’s total displacement?
draw first a diagram for the problem

D1

450
D2

DR 530

D3
calculate the components:
D1
D1x = +D1cos 00 = D1 = 620km
D1y = +D1sin 00 = 0km
D2
D2x = +D2cos 450 = 311km
D2y = -D2sin 450 = -311km
D3
D3x = -D3cos 530 = -331km
D3y = -D3sin 530 = -439km
Add the components:
Dx = D1x + D2x + D3x
Dx = 620km + 311km - 331 km = 600km

Dy = D1y + D2y + D3y

Dy = 0km – 311km – 439km = -750km
Get the magnitude and direction
DR = √Dx2 + Dy2 = 960km
Dy -750km
tan θ = = = -1. 25 θ = -510
Dx 600km
the total displacement has magnitude 960km and
points 510 south of east
Example 5:
A hiker begins a trip by first walking 25.0 km southeast
from her base camp. On the second day she walks 40.0 km
in a direction 60.00 north of east, at which point she
discovers a forest ranger’s tower. (a) Determine the
components of the hiker’s displacements in the first and
second days. (b) Determine the components of the hiker’s
total displacement for the trip. (c) Find the magnitude and
direction of the displacement from base camp.
(a) Vx = 20 km, Vy = 34.6 km
(b) Vx = 37.7 km, Vy = 16.9
(c) VR = 41.3km, Θ = 24.10
Example 6:
A cruise ship leaving port, travels 50.0 km 450 north of west and then
70.0 km at a heading 30.00 north of east. Find (a) the ship’s
displacement vector and (b) the displacement vector’s magnitude
and direction.

(a) Rx = 25.3 km, Ry = 70.4 km

(b) 74.8 km, 70.20 north of east
free- body diagram
Free-body diagrams are diagrams used to show
the relative magnitude and direction of all forces
acting upon an object in a given situation
An isolated view of a part of the body or the
whole body acted upon external and internal
forces.
Net force is the vector sum of all the forces
acting on the object.
DYNAMICS: NEWTON’S LAW OF
MOTION

We will deal with the question of why

objects move as they do. What makes
an object at rest begin to move? What
causes an object to accelerate or
decelerate ? What is involved when an
object moves in a circle.
Force : as any kind of a push or pull on an
object.

we say that an object falls because of the

force of gravity.

in an object is at rest, to start it moving

requires force – that is, a force is needed to
accelerate an object from zero velocity to a
nonzero velocity.
for an object already moving, if you want to
change its velocity – either in direction or in
magnitude – force is required. Therefore, to
accelerate an object, force is required.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Every object continues in its rest, or of
uniform velocity in a straight line, as long as
no net force acts on it.
the tendency of an object to maintain its
state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line is called inertia.
Newton’s First Law of motion is called Law
of Inertia
Inertia and Mass
 Inertia is the tendency of a body to
maintain its state of rest or uniform
motion in a straight line
 Mass is the measure of inertia of a body
 The bigger the mass (amount of inertia)
of the object, the harder it is to change
its state of motion or rest
Example:
A school bus comes to a sudden stop and all
of the backpacks on the floor start to slide
forward. What force causes them to do that?

It isn’t force that does it. The backpacks

continue their state of motion, maintaining
their velocity ( friction may slow them
down), as the velocity of the bus decreases.
Reference frame
 Reference frame is the point
wherein we refer the motion of
another object
Newton’s law does not hold on every
reference frame
Non-inertial reference frames are the
frames wherein the 1st law doesn’t hold
Ex. Man on rollerblades inside a moving
train
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
 The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it and is
inversely proportional to its mass. The
direction of acceleration is same as the
direction of the net force.
a=Fnet / m or Fnet= ma
SI unit for force is Newton(N) or Kg m/s2
practical applications:
 You pushed a box having a mass of
50kg. How much force did you exert if
its acceleration was 5m/s2 ?

Sol’n:
F=ma=(50kg)(5m/s2)=250kg m/s2 or 250N
Example 1
 How heavy is an object if you need
200N of force to make it accelerate
10m/s2?

Sol’n:
m= F/a = 200kg m/s2 / 10m/s2 =
20kg
Example 2

 A man is taking a nap near the

swimming pool. You pushed him with
750N of force that caused him to slide
with an acceleration of 10m/s2. How
much is the man’s mass?

Sol’n:
m= F/a = 750N / 10m/s2 = 75 Kg
Example 3
 Estimate the net force needed to
accelerate (a) a 1000kg car at ½ g; (b) a
200g apple at the same rate.
Sol’n:
(a) F=ma=(1000kg)(5m/s2)=5000kg m/s2
or 5000N
(b) F=ma=(0.200kg)(5m/s2)=1kg m/s2 or
1N
Example 4
 What average net force is required to
bring a 1500kg car to rest from a speed
of 100km/h within a distance of 55m?
Given:
v0 = 100km/h = 28m/s
v=0
x = 55m
a=?
f=?
(assume acceleration is constant)
 v2 = v02 + 2a ( x - x0 )

v2 - v02
a=
2 ( x - x0 )

0 – (28m/s)2
a= = - 7.1 m/s2
2 ( 55m)

∑ F = ma = (1500kg) (-7.1m/s2) = -1.1 x 104 N

Example 5
 A friend has given you a special gift, a box of
mass 10.0kg. The box is resting on the smooth
(frictionless) horizontal surface of a table. (a)
determine the weight of the box and the normal
force exerted on it by the table. (b) now your
friend pushes down on the box with a force of
40.0N. Again determine the normal force
exerted on the box by the table. (c) if your
friend pulls upward on the box with a force of
40.0N, what now is the normal force exerted on
the box by the table?
Solution
the box is at rest, so the net force on the box in each
case is zero ( Newton’s second Law ). The weight of
the box equals mg in all three cases.

(a) the weight of the box is mg = (10kg)(9.8m/s2) =

98N, and this force acted downward. The only other
force is the normal force exerted upward on it by the
table. FN

w
 we choose the upward direction as the positive y
direction: then the net force ∑Fy on the box is;

∑Fy = FN - mg
the box is at rest, so the net force on it must be zero
( Newton’s second law, ∑Fy = maY, and aY = 0 )

∑Fy = FN – mg = 0

and we have in this case

FN = mg
the normal force on the box, exerted by the table is 98N
upward and has the magnitude equal to the box’s weight.
(b) there are three forces acting on the box

FN

40N

the net force is ∑Fy = FN – mg – 40.0N, and is equal to

zero since the box remains at rest. Thus, since a = 0,
Newton’s second law gives
∑Fy = FN – mg – 40.0N = 0

FN = mg + 40.0N = 98N + 40N = 138.0N

(c) the box’s weight is still 98N and acts downward.

40N

FN

∑Fy = FN – mg + 40.0N = 0

FN = mg - 40.0N

FN = 98.0 – 40.0 = 58.0N

Example 6
 Suppose a friend asks to examine the 10.0kg
box you were given. She then pulls the box by
the attached cord, along the smooth surface of
the table. The magnitude of the force exerted
by the person is FP = 40.0N and is exerted at a
30.00 angle. Calculate (a) the acceleration of the
box, and (b) the magnitude of the upward force
FN exerted by the table on the box. Assume that
friction can be neglected.
 FP = 40.0N

FN
300

FN
300

w
the force pull of 40.0N has the components;

FPX = (40.0N)(cos 30.00) = 34.6N

FPY = (40.0N)(sin 30.00) = 20.0N

the FN and mg have zero components in the horizontal

direction, thus the horizontal component of the net force
is FPX

(a) applying Newton’s second law, FPX = max to solve

for acceleration
ax = FPX / m
 FPX 34.6N
ax = = = 3.46m/s2
m 10.0kg

the acceleration of the box is 3.46m/s2 to the right.

(b) find the normal force, FN to the vertical (y) direction

with upward as positive;

∑Fy = maY
FN – mg + FPY = maY
FN – mg + FPY = 0 , since acceleration in y = 0
FN = mg - FPY
FN = 98.0N -20.0N = 78.0N
Example 7
An airboat with mass 3.50 x 102 kg, including passengers,
has an engine that produces a net horizontal force of 7.70
x 102N, after accounting for forces of resistance. (a) Find
the acceleration of the airboat. (b) Starting from rest, how
long does it take the airboat to reach a speed of 12.0 m/s?
(c) After reaching this speed, the pilot turns off the engine
and drifts to a stop over a distance of 50.0 m. Find the
resistance force, assuming it’s constant.

a = 2.2 m/s2 t = 5.45s Fresist = -504N

 (a) find acceleration of the airboat;

FPX 7.70 x 102 N

ax = = = 2.2 m/s2
m 3.5 x 102 kg

(b) find the time necessary to reach a speed of 12.0 m/s.

; v= v0 + at
v- v0 (12m/s)
t= =
a 2.2 m/s2

t = 5.45s
 (c) Find the resistance force after the engine is turned off.
Find the net acceleration due to resistance forces:
;
v2= v02 + 2ax

v2- v02 0 - (12m/s)2

a= =
2x 2 (50m)
a = - 1.44 m/s2

Fnet = ma =(3.50 x 102) (1.44 m/s2 )

Fresist = -504N
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
 Whenever an object exerts a force
on a second object, the second
exerts an equal and opposite force
on the first
 Every action has an equal and
opposite reaction
Example 9
A box starting from rest from the top of a
frictionless plane which is 3m long and
inclined 300 with the horizontal. (a) find the
velocity of the box as it reaches the foot of the
plane (b) how long does it take the box to
reach the bottom of the plane?
solution
a. Since there is no motion perpendicular to the
plane, the net force along this direction is 0,
or N – W cos 300. Hence the resultant of the
three forces is,
W sin 300 = ½ W

300

300
 and FX = maX
FX = Wsinθ = ma
Wsinθ = mgsinθ
aX = gsinθ
Since the acceleration is constant,
v2 = v02 + 2ax
v2 = 0 + 2 (4.9m/s2) (3 m)
v = 5.4 m/s
b. Average velocity = ½ (v0 + vf ) = 2.7 m/s
and displacement = vt, or time = displacement
( average velocity)
t = 3m/ 2.7m/s = 1.1 s
Example 10
1. An elevator weighing 9800N is supported by a
steel cable. (a) Find the tension in the cable at
rest, when the elevator is moving up at a
uniform speed of 1m/s, and when it is
descending at a constant speed of 3m/s. (b)
Find the tension in the cable when the elevator
is accelerated upward at 5m/s2. (c) Find the
tension in the cable when it is descending with
an acceleration of 5m/s2.
Solution:
t
t
t

w a= a=
a=0
t – w = ma w – t = ma
w t–w=0
w

(a) (b) (c)

the elevator having only two external forces
acting in each case, the tension T and the
weight W.
a. if the elevator is at rest, or moving, with
uniform speed, the acceleration is 0. hence,
the net force F = T-W = 0, or T = W = 9800
N in the three cases.
b. since the acceleration is upward, there
must be a net force upward, T must be greater
than W. From F=ma, we get
 T – W = ma or T = W + ma
= 9800 N + 9800/9.8 (kg) (5m/s2)
= 9800 N + 5000N
or T = 14 800N
c. The acceleration is now downward, so the
net force is also downward. This means that
the weight W is greater than the tension T,

W – T = ma or T = W- ma
= 9800 N – 5000N
= 4800N
Example 11
(a) A car of mass m is on an icy driveway inclined at an
angle 200. Determine the acceleration of the car,
assuming that the incline is frictionless. (b) If the length
of the driveway is 25.0 m and the car starts from rest at
the top, how long does it take to travel to the bottom?
(c) What is the car’s speed at the bottom?

θ
Solution:
(a) Find the acceleration
F = max since acceleration is in the x axis

Fx = max
g sinθ = ax
ax = (9.8m/s2) (sin200)
ax = 3.35 m/s2
(b) Find the time taken for the car to reach the bottom.

x= vot + ½at2
x= 0 + ½at2
t= √2x/a
t= √2(25m)/ 3.35m/s2
t= 3.86s
(c) Find the speed of the car at the bottom of the driveway.
v = vo + at
v = (3.35 m/s2)(3.86s) = 12.9 m/s
 Concurrent

Coplanar Parallel

Force Nonconcurrent
System Concurrent
Noncoplanar Parallel
Nonconcurrent

69
Force System – any arrangement
where two or more forces act on a
body or group of related bodies.

Types of Force System

Concurrent force system – a set of
forces applied to a body in which the
lines of action pass through a common
point
 Components of a Force
 A force may be Y
resolved into any
pair of
components FY
F
 Most convenient
to use rectangular
components.

X
FX

72
 Components of a Force
• If angle is Y
measured from
the horizontal:
FY
FX = F cos θX F

FY = F sin θX
FY
θ X = tan 1 θh θx
FX
X
F = FX 2 + FY2 FX

73
 Components of a Force
• If angle is Y
measured from
the vertical:
FY
FX = F sin θY F

FY = F cos θY θY

1 FY
θ X = tan
FX
X
F = FX 2 + FY2 FX

74
 Components of a Force
• If angle is measured using slopes:
Y
x
FX = F
x2 + y 2
FY
F
y
FY = F
x2 + y2 y
1 FY x
θ X = tan
FX X
FX
F = FX 2 + FY2
75
Components of a Force
 Sign Convention Y

F F
FX : - FX : +
FY : + FY : +
X
FX : - FX : +
FY : - FY : -
F F

76
 Resultant
 Net effect of forces P

on a rigid body
 Its value determines
motion of the body
R

77
Resultant of Concurrent Forces

 Graphical Y

 Analytical

78
 Resultant of Concurrent Forces

∑X
Y
RX =
• Analytical
RY = ∑Y

2 2
R= ∑X + ∑Y
X
θx
tan θX =
∑ Y
R ∑X

79
 Equilibrium of Concurrent Coplanar
Force Systems

Example 1:
Determine the
magnitude and angle θ
of F1 so that particle P is
in equilibrium.

1/18/2020
equilibrium– the absence of change in
a body state.
 Equilibrium of Concurrent Coplanar
Force Systems
Example 1:
Determine the magnitude and angle θ of F1 so that particle P is
in equilibrium.
Solution:
a.  Fx =  FcosƟ = 0

0 = 300(5/13) – F1cosƟ + 450cos20o

F1cosƟ = 300(5/13) + 450cos20o = 538.25 (1)
a.  Fy =  FsinƟ = 0
0 = 300(12/13) – F1sinƟ - 450sin20o
F1sinƟ = 300(12/13) - 450sin20o = 123.01 (2)
(2)  (1) gives:
tanƟ = 0.228 Ɵ = 12.87o

F1cos12.87o = 538.25 F1 = 552.12N

1/18/2020
Conditions of Equilibrium
of a Particle
 It is at rest if originally at rest
 Has a constant velocity if originally in
motion
 To maintain equilibrium:
F = 0 Fx = 0 and Fy = 0
F = ma
But F = 0  ma = 0  a = 0
 V = k (constant)
 Likewise, M = F.d = 0

1/18/2020
 Resultant of Concurrent Forces
Determine the resultant of the given concurrent forces.
Given/Illus.: (see Fig.)
Y
Required: R
Solution:
145 N

70° 170 N
X

4
7 263 N
35°
218 N

150 N

84
 Resultant of Concurrent Forces
 7 

RX  170 145 cos 70 218 sin 35  263
o o

RX = ∑X Y  4 2
 7 2 

R X = 223.715 N →
 4 
∑
R YSol’n:
= Y RY  145 sin 70 218
o
cos 35 150 263
145 N
o

R = 322.804 N = 322.804 N ↓  65 
Y
2 2
R= ∑X + ∑Y R = 223.7152 + 322.8042
70°
R = 392.748 N 170 N
X

1RY 1 322.804
θ X = tan θ X = tan 4
RX 223.715 7 263 N
θ X = 55.277  218 N 35°
θX
150 N

85
parallel force system – one in which
the action lines of all the forces are
parallel.
 Find the resultant of all the Parallel Force System
130 lb
loads applied to the bar LN. 80 lb 100 lb
60 lb 70 lb
4 4 3 6
L ’ ’ ’ ’ N
1. R = ΣF = F1 + F2 + … + Fn
R = ΣF = - 60 - 80 + 100 + 70 - 130
R = - 100 lb or R = 100 lb dL

n
2. M R   F d 
L
1
-100 [dL]= - 60[0] – 80[4] + 100[8] + 70[11] – 130[17]
dL= 9.600 ft

87
 4000N 3000N 2000N

1 2 1 1 1

RA RB
2450N

Find RA and RB

RA = 4380N and RB = 7070N

non concurrent force system– a more
general force system which is neither
concurrent nor parallel force system
Resultant of Non-Concurrent
Forces
Y
 Graphical

R
 Non-Concurrent Force System
 Analytical RX = ∑X
RY = ∑Y
y
2 2
R= ∑X + ∑Y
tan θX =
∑ Y
∑X
n
M OR   F [d ]
x
O 1
 Non-Concurrent Force System
750 lb
Given: Force System shown
Required: 1 41 ’
Resultant
Analysis: 60o
Force System is Non-Concurrent 1’
2

Formulae:
n 1250 lb
2 2
R= ∑X + ∑Y M OR   F [d ] 250 lb
RX = ∑X 1
RY = ∑Y
tan θX =
∑ Y
∑X
Solution:
 Non-Concurrent Force System
375
750 lb
1. Magnitude 30o 649.5
y
a.
RX = ∑X 1 41 ’

= 750 cos30o + 250 = 899.5

60o x
b.
RY = ∑Y 1’
2 θh = 44.3o

= 750 sin30o - 1250 = -875

1250 lb
Then,
∑X  ∑Y
2 2
R 2. Direction
250 lb

R  (899.5) 2  (875) 2 tan  h 

∑ Y
∑X
R = 1255 lb θh
875
Solution:  h  tan 1 = 44.3o
899.5
 2
MOMENT IN R

 The moment of a force about a point provides a

measure of the tendency for rotation (sometimes
called a torque).
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 2
MOMENT IN R

 The magnitude of the

moment is
F
MO = F[d]
 d is the perpendicular
distance from point O to
the line of action of the
force.
 The direction of MO is
either clockwise or
counter-clockwise
depending on the
tendency for rotation.
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Reading Quiz

1. What is the moment of the 10-N force

about point A (MA)?
F = 10 N

A) 10 N·m B) 30 N·m
C) 13 N·m D) (10/3) N·m
d=3m
E) 7 N·m
•A

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 Moment of a Force

Reading Quiz
2. What is the
effect (in N-m)
of the 30-N
force on the lug
nut?

A) 30[0.5] B) 30[0.4]

C) 30[0.3] D) 30[0.25]

E) 30[0.1]

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