DENTIN

• a calcified tissue of the body and, along with

enamel, cementum, and pulp, is one of the four
major components of teeth.
• It is usually covered by enamel on the crown and
cementum on the root and surrounds the entire
pulp.
• Yellow in appearance, it greatly affects the color
of a tooth due to the translucency of enamel
TYPES OF DENTIN
•can be classified according to the structure
or form of the dentin
1. peritubular dentin
2. intertubular dentin
TYPES OF DENTIN

•can be classified according to the position

around the pulp
1. mantle dentin
2. circumpulpal dentin
TYPES OF DENTIN

•can be classified according to the date of

formation:
1. primary dentin
2. secondary dentin
3. tertiary dentin
Odontoblast cell
•has a process called odontoblastic process
runs inside the dentinal tubule for short
distance around the pulp then the remaining
dentinal tubule is filled with dentinal fluid
DENTIN
•Mineralization process of dentin starts as
globules and these globules will start to
increase in size and become mineralized by
deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite
crystals.
• Then these globules will unite together to
produce the homogenous dentin.
DENTINAL TUBULES
• microscopic channels which radiate
outward through the dentine from the pulp
to the exterior cementum or enamel border
According To The Structure Or Form Of
The Dentin
•Intertubular Dentin
•refers to the dentin between the dentinal
tubules
•Intratubular Or Peritubular Dentin
•dentin that forms the wall of each tubule
CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
THE POSITION AROUND THE PULP

MANTLE DENTIN
•outermost layer, and can be identified by
the presence of various characteristics;
collagen fibers here are found
perpendicular to the enamel-dentin
junction
 CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
THE POSITION AROUND THE PULP
•Circumpulpal dentin
•forms the majority of the dentin and is
generally constant in structure
• secreted after the mantle dentin by the
odontoblasts
CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
THE DATE OF FORMATION
•PRIMARY DENTIN
•With straight tubules is laid down before
the completion of the apical foramen
•All the dentin produced before the root
completion is called primary dentin,
including the mantle and the circumpulpal
dentin
CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE DATE OF
FORMATION
•SECONDARY DENTIN
• Characterized by a slower rate of deposition
and an abrupt change in the direction of the
dentinal tubules.
• The dentinal tubules of secondary dentin are
less curved than the tubules of primary dentin.
• All the dentin produced after the root
completion is the secondary dentin.
CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE DATE
OF FORMATION
•TERTIARY DENTIN
•A.K.A. reparative, reactive, irritation dentin
•Is laid down in response to an irritation or
damage to the overlying dentin and/ or
enamel
 LINES IN DENTIN
• OWEN LINES
• Occasional prominent growth lines or bands in the
dentin of a tooth.
• They reflect a major interruption in the deposition
of dentin due to a metabolic disruption during
odontogenesis.
• LINES OF VON EBNER
• represent cyclic activity of the odontoblasts during
dentin formation.
STRUCTURES:
•INTERGLOBULAR DENTIN
• Less-calcified areas of dentin that appear as
irregularly shaped crescents
• separating the mantle dentin and the circumpulpal
dentin
•TOMES’ GRANULAR LAYER
a thin layer of dentin adjacent to the cementum,
appearing granular in ground sections; the granules are
transverse sections of highly coiled dentinal tubules
STRUCTURES:

•Dead Tracts
Empty tubules Due to dead
odontoblast,or odontoblast retracts
before intratubular dentine occludes
tubule
PULP
• a soft mesenchymal connective tissue that occupies pulp
cavity in the central part of the teeth
• CORONAL PULP
• It is the pulp occupying the pulp chamber of the crown of
the tooth
• RADICULAR PULP
• It is the pulp occupying the pulp canals of the root of the
tooth
PULP HORNS
• are protrusions of the pulp that extend up into the cusps
of the tooth
• PULP CHAMBER
is that portion of the pulp cavity contained in the
crown or body of the tooth
• APICAL FORAMEN
small opening at the root apex
• ACCESSORY CANAL
Formed due to premature loss of HERS or when
developing root encounters a blood vessel
HISTOLOGICAL ZONES OF PULP
•1. The Odontoblastic Zone
•2. Cell Free Zone
•3. Cell Rich Zone
•4. Pulp Core
CELLS OF THE PULP
•Odontoblasts
•Fibroblasts
•undifferentiated cells
•defense cells
NERVE PLEXUS OF RASCHKOW

•sensory nerve fibers that originate from

inferior and superior alveolar nerves
innervate the odontoblastic layer of the pulp
cavity
PULP OF DECIDUOUS TEETH
• Overall dimensions smaller, pulp chambers larger,
root canals narrower and follow a tortuous
course, pulp horns at a higher level, especially
mesial horns of primary molars, resorption starts
soon after root completion, root resorption and
dentin deposition changes size shape and
number of root canals
REGRESSIVE CHANGES
• 1. Cell Changes
• during the time of teeth development the
pulps of the teeth are highly cellular ,
extensively vascular, and the cells show high
mitotic rate
• 2. Fibrosis
by aging, the pulp shows accumulation of
diffuse fibrillar components especially in the
coronal part
3. Neurovascular changes
- with aging the blood vessels as will as the
nerves undergo reduction in number and size . the
blood vessels undergo arteriosclerosis, resulting in
diminished blood supply to the pulp cells
4. Reduction in pulp size
- this occur due to continuous deposition of
secondary dentin through the life span of the tooth ,
and may eventually leads to pulp obliteration
5. Dystrophic calcification and pulp denticles
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

•1. Anatomic considerations

•2. Factors to be considered during
endodontic treatment
•3. Effect of Operative Procedures
•4. Effect of dental materials on pulp
CEMENTUM
•the mineralized connective tissue resembling
bone, that covers the roots of teeth and
serves to anchor gingival and periodontal
fibers
CEMENTOBLAST
a biological cell that forms from the follicular cells around the root
of a tooth, and whose biological function is cementogenesis, which is
the formation of cementum

CEMENTOCYTE
are cementoblasts enclosed in a self-generated matrix. Following
matrix mineralization, cementoblasts lose their secretory ability and
become cementocytes
CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTUM
• By location:
Radicular cementum
• The cementum that is found on the root
surface.
Coronal cementum
• The cementum that forms on the enamel
covering the crown
CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTUM

•By cellularity:
•Cellular cementum
• Cementum containing cementocytes in
lacunae within the cementum matrix.
•Acellular cementum
•Cementum without any cells in its matrix
CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTUM
• By the presence of collagen fibrils in the matrix:
• Fibrillar cementum
• Cementum with a matrix that contains well-
defined fibrils of type I collagen.
• Afibrillar cementum
• Cementum that has a matrix devoid of
detectable type I collagen fibrils. Instead, the
matrix tends to have a fine, granular
consistency.
CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTUM
• By the origin of the matrix fibers
• Extrinsic fiber cementum
• Cementum that contains primarily extrinsic fibers
• Intrinsic fiber cementum
• Cementum that contains primarily intrinsic fibers
• Mixed fiber cementum
• Cementum that contains a mixture of extrinsic and
intrinsic fiber cementum
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

•PERIDONTIUM
•Peri – around; odont- tooth = around
the tooth
•the specialized tissues that both
surround and support the teeth,
maintaining them in the maxillary and
mandibular bones
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
• Synonyms: Desmodont, Gomphosis,
Pericementum, Dental periosteum, Alveolodental
ligament, Periodontal membrane
• occupies the periodontal space, which is located
between the cementum and the periodontal
surface of alveolar bone and extends coronally to
the most apical part of the lamina propria of the
gingiva
Cells:
• 1. Synthetic cells – osteoblast, fibroblast,
cementoblast
• 2. Resorptive cells- osteoclast, fibroblast,
cementoclast
• 3. Progenitor cells- undifferentiated
mesenchymal cells
• 4. Epithelial rest of Malassez
• 5. Defense cells – macrophages, mast cells,
eosinophils
Extracellular substances:
1. Fibers:
A. The accessory fibers
B. The oxytalan ( elastic ) fibers
C. The principal fibers
- Alveolar crest fibers
- Horizontal fibers
- Oblique fibers
- Apical fibers
- Interradicular fibers
Extracellular substances

2. Ground substance:
•Glycosaminoglycans
•Glycoprotein
GINGIVA
• A masticatory mucosa that lies over the
mandible and maxilla inside the mouth
GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM
• comprise the epithelial tissue that covers the
external surface of the gingiva as well as the
epithelium lining the gingival sulcus and the
junctional epithelium
 GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM
3 sections:
• 1. Oral Epithelium
- lines the vestibular and oral surfaces of the gingiva
- consists of:
1. stratum basale
2. stratum spinosum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum corneum
• 2. Sulcular Epithelium
- lines the gingival sulcus
• 3. Junctional Epithelium
- epithelium that attach the gingiva to the tooth surface
LAMINA PROPRIA
-the connective tissue of the gingiva
MARGINAL GINGIVA (FREEGINGIVA)
-part of the oral mucosa that surrounds the necks of the
teeth and forms the free margin of the gingival tissues
INTERDENTAL GINGIVA
-occupies the gingival embrasure which is the
interproximal space beneath the area of tooth contact
ATTACHED GINGIVA
- It is the continuation of the free gingival and extends
up to the alveolar mucosa
 CELLS
• KERATINOCYTES
• - Keratin producing cells which comprises most of the
total population
• MERKEL CELLS
• - These are present in the deep layers and act as tactile
propioceptive cells
• LANGERHANS CELLS
• - Modifies macrophages which help in producing antigens
• MELANOCYTES
• - The cells which give the darkish color of gingiva in some
individuals
GINIGVAL FIBERS:

1. Collagen
2. Reticulin
3. Oxytalan
4. Elastic
PRINCIPAL GROUP OF FIBERS
1. Dentogingival
2. Alveologingival
3. Dentoperiosteal
4. Circular
5. Transeptal
SECONDARY GROUP OF FIBERS

1. Periosteo gingival fibers

2. Interpapillary
3. Transgingival
4. Intercircular
5. Intergingival
6. Semicircular
 DENTOGINGIVAL UNIT
• - the anatomic complex and functional unit formed by the gingival
margin, the sulcus, the junctional epithelium, and the connective
tissue attachment
GINGIVAL SULCUS
• - is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding
gingival tissue
MEISSNER TYPE TACTILE CORPUSCLES
• - touch receptor
KRAUSE TYPE OF END BULB
• - temperature receptor
FINE FIBERS IN THE PAPILLA
• - pain receptor
 ALVEOLAR BONE
• PERIOSTEUM
• - the tissue that covers the outer surface of bone
• - 2 layers
• - 1. outer (fibrous) layer- rich in blood vessels
• - 2. inner layer - composed of osteoblasts surrounded by
osteoprogenitor cells
• ENDOSTEUM
• - tissue that lines the internal bone cavities
 COMPONENTS OF BONE
1. Cellular
A. OSTEOBLAST
- Plump, cuboidal, mononuclear cell that synthesize collagenous and
non collagenous bone matrix proteins
B. OSTEOCYTE
- entrapped osteoblast within the matrix
C. BONE LINING CELL
- quiescent flat-shaped osteoblasts that cover the bone surfaces, where
neither bone resorption nor bone formation occurs
D. OSTEOCLAST
- terminally differentiated multinucleated cells which originate from
mononuclear cells of the hematopoietic stem cell lineage, under the influence of
several factors
 COMPONENTS OF BONE
2. Matrix Component
a. inorganic components
- Calcium and phosphate, along with hydroxyl, carbonate,
Citrate -mineral salts are in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals
b. Organic 33%
- Collagen type I(90%)
-Non-collagenous bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin
osteonectin, osteopontin, proteoglycans, growth factors serum
protein Inorganic 67%
OSTEOGENESIS/ OSSIFICATION
- the process of bone formation
- three types of bone formation
- 1. Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral bone formation
3. Sutural bone formation
ALVEOLAR PROCESS
• is defined as the parts of the maxilla and
mandible that form and support the tooth
sockets
• ALVEOLAR CREST
• is the most cervical rim of the alveolar bone
proper.
THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING

- 1. An external plate of cortical bone

formed by haversian bone and compacted bone lamellae.
2. the alveolar bone proper
the inner socket wall of thin, compact bone
3. Cancellous trabeculae
located between the alveolar bone proper and the plates
of cortical bone
SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE
- It is that bone which surrounds the alveolar bone
proper and support the alveolus.
- consists of
1.Cortical plates
- thinner in in maxilla, thicker in mandible
2. Spongy bone
- Fills the space between cortical plate and
alveolar bone proper consists heavy trabeculae
and bone marrow space types
ALVEOLAR SOCKET
- Also called Dental alveolus
- are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of
teeth are held in the alveolar process with the
periodontal ligament
ORAL MUCOSA
- Oral Mucous Membrane
- The moist lining of the oral cavity
- The function of oral mucosa is protection,
sensation and secretion
- It is continuous with the skin outside the oral
cavity and differs from it in appearance and
structure
ORAL EPITHELIUM
• forms the surface of the oral mucosa that forms a
barrier between the oral environment and the
deeper tissues
SUBMUCOSA
• Lies below the lamina propria and serves as an
attachment between lamina propria and bone or
skeletal muscle
2 Functional types of Oral Mucosa
1. Lining mucosa
- covers all soft tissue of the oral cavity except
the gingiva, hard palate and the dorsal surface of
the tongue
2. Masticatory mucosa
- covers the gingiva and hard palate
 Lining mucosa
LIP
- covered by lining mucosa
VERMILION BORDER
- The junction between the skin and mucous membrane
VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE TONGUE
- the lining mucosa here contains both lamina propria and submucosa. The
submucosa merges with the muscle bundles of the ventral surface of the tongue
CHEEK
- the underlying submucosa contains fat cells and small mixed salivary glands
FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
-The mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth is thin and loosely
attached to the underlying structures
Masticatory mucosa
GINGIVA
-has keratinized or parakeratinzed epithelium with
no submucosal layer It develops from the union of oral
epithelium and reduced enamel epithelium of the
developing tooth
HARD PALATE
-The surface of the hard palate that is visible in the
mouth is covered by masticatory mucosa
TONGUE
-Specialized mucosa covers the dorsal surface of
the body of the tongue
- The epithelium is modified, keratinized, stratified
covered with
papillae, which can be seen by naked eye
 The different papillae found on the dorsal
surface of the tongue are:
1. Filliform papillae
- pointed extensions of the keratinized epithelial cells; the most
numerous papillae of the tongue andare not associated with
taste buds
2. Fungiform papillae
- fewer than the filliform papillae and are scattered over the
dorsal surface of the tongue
- rounded elevations above the surface of the tongue
3. Circumvallate papillae
- located at the junction of the anterior two thirds (body)
and
posterior one thirds (base) of the tongue
- lined with taste buds and also openings of serous glands
4. Foliate papillae
- located in the furrows along the posterior sides of the
tongue
- They may be lined with taste buds
- They are not prominent in human beings
 TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT/TMJ
- Three phases in the development of the TMJ were identified:
blastematic stage (weeks 7-8 of development), cavitation stage
(weeks 9-11 of development) and maturation stage (after week 12
of development).
- also known as cranio mandibular joint
- ginglymoarthrodial joint, a term that is derived from ginglymus,
meaning a hinge joint, allowing motion only backward and forward
in one plane, and arthrodia, meaning a joint of which permits a
gliding motion of the surfaces.
 Components of the joint
-Articular surface of the temporal bone
-consist of three parts:
- Mandibular or glenoid fossa, Articular eminence, Preglenoid
plane
-The Condyle
-cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
-Articular disc/ Meniscus
-oval plate whose periphery fused with the capsular ligament
-Ligaments
ARTICULAR DISC
-Most important anatomic structure of the TMJ.
-A biconcave fibrocartilaginous structure located
between the mandibular condyle and the
temporal bone component of the joint
ARTICULAR CAPSULE
- A thin sleeve of tissue completely surrounding
the joint.
- Extends from the circumference of the cranial
articular surface to the neck of the mandible
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
• Covers all intra-articular surfaces except the
pressure bearing fibro- cartilage
SYNOVIAL FLUID
• It is clear, straw-colored viscous fluid.
• It diffuses out from the rich capillary network of
the synovial membrane