10 minutes activity:

Group yourselves
1. Describe ICE.
2. Explain the classification of ICE.
3. Describe how a spark ignition engine differs in operation
from a compression ignition engine.
4. Discuss how to get the Piston Displacement and
Compression Ratio
 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES
USeP: We build dreams without limits. BSABE: We build sustainable tomorrow.

Power Trains
(or Transmission or Drive Train)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING / COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND RELATED SCIENCES
Intended Learning Outcomes
• At the end of the lesson, the students must be able
to:
1. Describe belt and pulley drive
2. Explain the characteristics of various belt drive
3. Discuss the different types of belt
4. Compute diameter of pulleys, speed ration, belt speed,
and belt length
Belt and Pulley Drive
• Belt and pulley drive is the most simple
method of transmitting power in
agricultural machines.
• It is widely adopted in driving various
production and postproduction parts of
agricultural machines.
• Cost of transmitting power is very much
lower compared with sprocket and
chain and gear drives.
 Classification of Belt and Pulley Drive
• Flat Belt –It is a flexible material
which are band on two or more
pulleys where power is transmitted
from driver to the driven pulley/
Power transmission primarily
depends on the friction between the
belt and the pulley surfaces.
• V Belt –It is a transmission system
that consists of an endless flexible
belt that transmit power by
contacting and gripping the sheaves
which are keyed to the shaft of a
driving and the driven machine.
Characteristics Flat Belt and Pulley Drive
• Suitable for high speed drives.
• Adaptable to dusty and abrasive
environment.
• Transmit power on a long distance
shaft.
• Longer life, high efficiency, low cost,
and low maintenance.
• Also applicable for short distance
drive by using pivoted or spring
actuated motor bases.
• Requires tension to minimize slip
below 2 percent.
• High bearing load due to high
tension requirement for belt.
• Noisy operation.
Characteristics V-Belt and Sheave Drive
• Suitable for long center distance
drive.
• Ability to transfer heavy tensile
load.
• Usually used to transmit power
between parallel shaft. In some
cases they can also be used for
non-parallel drive.
• Applicable for single or in
multiple sheaves.
• Prone to elongation because of wear and operation, hence
there is a need of mechanism to maintain the proper tension
to take up the belt slacks.
• They rotate with slip and creep condition, therefore, the
angular velocity between the two shaft is neither constant
nor exactly equal to the ratio of the sheave pitch diameter.
Power losses caused by slip and creep ranged from 3 to 5 %
for most belt drives.
• They allow an efficient and easily operated method of
varying the angular velocity ratio by employing spring loaded
adjustable-width sheaves. The diameter of the sheave is a
function of the belt tension.
• In general, v-belt efficiency ranges from 70 to 95 percent.
Well selected belt has an efficiency of 90 to 95 percent.
• Torque load has a larger effect on the efficiency. That is, the
lower the load the lower is the efficiency and excessive high
load also lowers the efficiency.
• Efficiency drops with small pulley size.
Variable Speed Drive
Driven
Pulley
Adjustable
Driver Pulley

Knob

Driven shaft speed can be changed during operation by

adjusting the sheave diameter of the driver shaft.
 Types of Belt

• Flat Belt – It is used to

transmit rotary motion and
power between two shafts
which lie flat on the face of
the corresponding pulley.
• Narrow V Belt – It is a belt
with trapezoidal cross-
section to transmit rotary
motion to parallel shafts.
• Double V- Belt – It is a V-
belt with inverted V on
top making it more
suitable for multiple-
sheave drive
arrangement.
• Cogged Belt – It is a V-
belt with teeth design for
a special kind of sheave
to provide more gripping
action to obtain higher
efficiency hence
minimizing belt slip.
• V-Ribbed Belt – It
combines the features of
a flat belt and a V- belt.It
operated very efficiently
and can run at a very high
speed.
• Variable Speed Belt –
This type of drive is most
common where there is a
large center distance
between shafts or where
drive ratio must go
beyond the commonly
supplieddrive.
 Belt Materials
• Leather – It can carry significant load
up to 500 hp and can provide long
service life. However, they are
costly, they must be cleaned and
dressed. They are also prone to
stretch and shrink. They are normally
limited to low or moderate speed.
• Rubberized fabric or cord - This is a
combination of both fabric and chord
reinforcement provides the strength of
chord reinforcement and the abrasion
resistance of fabric.
• Rubberized Fabric – This kind of belt material is the
least costly of all. For the same with and
thickness this type transmit less power and has a
shorter life than leather.
• Rubberized Chord - This is
only available as endless belt and not designed
to be spliced. It carries 50% more power that
fabric reinforced belt.
• Reinforced Rubber or Plastic – This has a nylon
member covered by rubber or plastic. Its
capacities ranged from fractional horsepower to
100 hp per inch of width. They are capable of
operating at 40,000 fpm.
• Fabric – They are made either of plain or with
chemical or rubberized coatings. They have the
ability to tract uniformly.
 Pulleys and Sheaves

• Pulleys and sheaves are used to transmit

the power from the belt to the shaft.
• They are generally made of cast iron.
However, there are steel pulleys that are
also available and are made in various sizes
and combinations.
• Pulley and sheaves should be carefully
selected to fit the need and requirement
of a drive.
 Pulley and Sheaves

Flat Pulley Sheaves

Suitable for flat belt Suitable for V-belt

drive drive
 Classifications of Flat Pulley
(by Shape of Internal
Peripheral Face) (by Construction)

Solid Split
Crowned Level
Classification of Sheaves according to
the Number of Grooves

Single Grooved Multiple Grooved

 Idlers
Idlers are grooved sheaves or flat pulley which do not serve to
transmit power. Instead they are used to tighten belt when it is
not possible to move either shaft for belt installation and take-up.

(Use for inside idler) (Use for inside or outside idler)

Inside idlers should be located on the slack
side of the drive.
 Classifications of Belt Drive
According to Type of Drive
Open Belt Drive
• Pulley shafts are parallel with each other

• Pulleys have the same direction

• Shorter belt length

• Smaller arc of contact of belt on two pulleys

• Suitable for v-belt and flat belt drives

Cross Belt Drive
• Pulley shafts are parallel with each other
• Pulleys direction are opposite
• Requires longer belt length
• Higher arc of contact of belt on pulleys
• Suitable for flat belt drive or special type of
v-belt
Quarter Turn Drive
• Pulley shafts are perpendicular with each
other
• Requires longer belt than open belt drive
• Relatively higher arc of contact between
belt and pulley
• Suitable for flat belt or special type of v-belt
 Classifications of Belt Drive
According to Number of Pulleys

Drive with Two Pulleys

Drive with More Than

Two Pulleys
 Formula
Pulley Speed and Diameters

N1 D1 = N2 D2

where:
N1 - speed of driver pulley, rpm
D1 - diameter of driver pulley, in
N2 - speed of the driven pulley, rpm
D2 - diameter of driven pulley, in.
Pulley Diameter – outside diameter of pulley
Pulley Speed – number of rotations of pulley per unit time
Determine the speed of a hammer
mill that is driven by an electric
motor at a speed of 1740 rpm. The
motor pulley is 4 inches while the
milling machine pulley is 3 inches.
Assume that there is no slip on the
drive system.
Given: Motor pulley- 4 in.; Motor speed - 1740 rpm
Machine pulley - 3 in.
Required: Machine speed
Solution: N1 D1 = N2 D2
N1 = (1740 rpm x 4 in.) / (3 in.)
= 2320 rpm
 Speed Ratio

Nr = N1 / N2

where: Nr - speed ratio, dmls

N1 - speed of driver pulley, rpm
N2 - speed of driven pulley, rpm

Speed Ratio – It is the ratio of the angular

speed of two pulleys making no allowance for
slip and creep
 Belt Velocity

Vb = 0.262 x D x N

where: Vb - belt velocity, fpm

D - pulley diameter, in

N - pulley speed, rpm

Belt Velocity – It is the linear speed of the belt

 A belt drive is coupled to a 4 inches
driver and 8 inches driven pulleys.
The driven pulley is running at a
speed of 860 rpm. What is speed
ratio of the pulleys and the velocity of
the belt at the driver pulley?
Given: Diameter of driver pulley – 4 in.; Diameter of driven
pulley – 8 in.; and speed of driven pulley – 860 rpm

Required: Speed ratio and belt speed at driver pulley

Solution:
S = N1/N2= 4 in / 8 in. = 0.5
N2 = (860 rpm x 8 in. ) / 4 in.= 1720 rpm
Vb = 0.262 D N = 0.262 x 4 in. x 1720 rpm
= 1802.56 fpm
Belt Length (Open Drive)

L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + [D – d]2 / 4C

where:

L - belt length, in

C - center distance between pulley shaft, in.

D - diameter of large pulley, in.

- diameter of smaller pulley, in.
d

Belt Length – It is the stretched-out length of the belt

Find the length of belt required for a v-belt drive whose
driver pulley diameter is 4 inches and driven pulley diameter
is 12 inches. The center distance between pulley is 36 inches.

D2 = 12 in.
D1 = 4 in.

C = 36 in.

D1 - 4 in; D2 – 12 in; C – 36 in.

Given:
Length of belt
Required:
Solution:
L = 2 C + 1.57 (D1+D2) + (D1-D2)2 /4C
= 2 (36 in) + 1.57 (12 in + 4 in)
+ (12 in – 4 in)2 / 4 (36 in.)
= 72 in. + 25.12 in. + 0.44 in.
= 97.6 in use 98 in
 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES
USeP: We build dreams without limits. BSABE: Building sustainable tomorrow.

End of presentation
A horizontal mixer is designed to
incorporate soil and charcoal for
composting laboratory experiment. The
motor used drives series of belt and pulleys
as follows: D1 = 4 in.; D2 = 12 in.; D3 = 2
in.; D4 = 12 in.; D5 = 2 in.; and D6 = 12 in.
Determine the speed of the shafts in the
transmission drive if the motor runs at a
speed of 1720 rpm.
N4,D6

Given: D1=4 in.; D2=12 in.; D3=2 in; D4=12 in;

D5=2 in,;D6=12 in

N1 = 1720 rpm
Required: Shafts speed D1, N1 D4,N3,D5

D2,N2,D3
Solution:
N2 = D2N2/D1
= 4 in (1720 rpm)/12 in
= 573.3 rpm
N3 = N2D3/D4
= 2 in (573.3 rpm)/12 in
= 95.55 rpm
N4 = D5N3/D6
= 2 in (95.55 rpm)/12 in
= 15.9 rpm