SSB-SC - Implementation

Band pass
Upper sideband
filter
c+ c
DSB-SC MEc
Message c(t )  cos (c  m )t
Multiplier 2
m(t)
Band pass Lower sideband
filter
Local oscillator
c- c
c(t) = cos ct MEc
c(t )  cos (c  m )t
2

c(t )  Em cos mt cos ct

MEc MEc
 cos (c  m )t  cos (c  m )t
2 2 1
 Three main systems are employed for the generation of
SSB :

 Filter Method

Phase Cancellation Method

Third Method

All use balanced modulator to suppress the carrier

“When two frequencies are passed together through a nonlinear
resistance, the process of amplitude modulation takes place”-
Justify.

i=bv (1)

i=a+bv (2)

i=a+bv+cv2 +dv3 +higher powers (3)

If two voltages are simultaneously applied to the gate of a FET,

then we can obtain
i=a+b(v1+v2)+c (v1+v2)2 (4)

Let v1  V1 sin t and v2  V2 sin t

 (a  1 / 2cV  1 / 2cV ) bV1 sin t bV2 sin t
2 2
i 1 2
 
(I ) ( II ) ( III )
(1 / 2cV cos 2t  1 / 2cV cos 2 t ) cV1V2 cos(   )t
2 2
 1 2
 
( IV ) (V )
cV1V2 cos(   )t
(VI ) I : dc component,
II : carrier
III: modulating signal
IV: harmonics of the carrier and modulation
V: Lower sideband
VI: Upper sideband
 Balanced Modulator
 A balanced modulator is a circuit that generates a
DSB signal, suppressing the carrier and leaving only
the sum and difference frequencies at the output.
 The output of a balanced modulator can be further
processed by filters or phase-shifting circuitry to
eliminate one of the sidebands, resulting in a SSB
signal.
 Types of balanced modulators include lattice,
1496/1596 IC, and the analog multiplier.
Balanced Modulator
Lattice Modulator
 A popular and widely used balanced modulator is the
diode ring or lattice modulator.
 The lattice modulator consists of an input transformer,
an output transformer and four diodes connected in a
bridge circuit.
 The carrier signal is applied to the center taps of the
input and output transformers.
 The modulating signal is applied to the input
transformer.
 The output appears across the output transformer.
Balanced Modulator

Figure Lattice-type balanced modulator.

 SSB Circuits
Generating SSB Signals: The Filter Method
 The filter method is the simplest and most
widely used method of generating SSB signals.
 The modulating signal is applied to the audio
amplifier.
 The amplifier’s output is fed to one input of a
balanced modulator.
 A crystal oscillator provides the carrier signal
which is also applied to the balanced modulator.
Generating SSB Signals: The Filter Method

 The output of the balanced modulator is a

double-sideband (DSB) signal.

 An SSB signal is produced by passing the

DSB signal through a highly selective
bandpass filter.

 With the filter method, it is necessary to

select either the upper or the lower sideband.
SSB Circuits

Figure: An SSB transmitter using the filter method.

 SSB Circuits
Generating SSB Signals: Phasing Method
 The phasing method of SSB generation uses a
phase-shift technique that causes one of the
sidebands to be canceled out.
 The phasing method uses two balanced
modulators which eliminate the carrier.
 The carrier oscillator is applied to the upper
balanced modulator along with the modulating
signal.
Generating SSB Signals: Phasing Method

 The carrier and modulating signals are both

shifted in phase by 90 degrees and applied to
another balanced modulator.

 Phase-shifting causes one sideband to be

canceled out when the two modulator outputs
are added together.
SSB Circuits

Figure An SSB generator using the phasing method.

SSB Circuits
DSB and SSB Demodulation
 To recover the intelligence in a DSB or SSB signal, the
carrier that was suppressed at the receiver must be
reinserted.
 A product detector is a balanced modulator used in a
receiver to recover the modulating signal.
 Any balanced modulator can be used as a product
detector to demodulate SSB signals.
 SSB Circuits

Figure A balanced modulator used as a product detector to demodulate an SSB signal.

SSB-SC - Waveforms

B = m

USB

B = 2m
Bandwidth B = m

19
 • Phase discrimination (Hartley modulator)

SSB-SC - Implementation cont.

v(t) =Em cos mt cos ct + Em sin mt sin
Em cos ct
Message mt = Em cos (m - c)t LSB
X
m(t) Em cos mt cos ct

Carrier cos ct +

SSB-SC

90o 90o signal
phase shift -
phase shift
sin ct
Em sin mt sin
X ct
Em sin mt v(t) =Em cos mt cos ct - Em sin mt sin
ct
= Em cos (m + c)t USB 20
SSB-SC -
 Advantages:
Hartley Modulator
 No need for bulky and expensive band pass filters
 Easy to switch from a LSB to an USB SSB output

• Disadvantage:
– Requires Hilbert transform of the message signal. Hilbert transform changes
the phase of each +ve frequency component by exactly - 90o.

21
  Synchronous detection

SSB-SC - Detection v(t ) 

MEc
4
cos mt

Low
SSB-SC Multiplier pass
filter Message signal

Local oscillator MEc

y (t )  cos (c  m )t  cos ct
c(t) = cos ct 2
MEc MEc
y (t )  cos (  mt )  cos (2 c   m )t
4 4
Condition:
•Local oscillator has the same information high frequency
frequency and phase as that of the
carrier signal at the transmitter. Low pass filter

m 2c+m 22
  Case 1 - Phase error

SSB-SC - Synch. Detection cont. v(t ) 

MEc
4
cos (m  )t

Low
SSB-SC Multiplier pass
filter Message signal

Local oscillator MEc

y (t )  cos (c  m )t  cos (ct  )
c(t) = cos (ct+) 2
MEc MEc
y (t )  cos ( mt   )  cos (2 c t   m   )
4 4
Condition:
•Local oscillator has the same information high frequency
frequency but different phase as
that of the carrier signal at the Low pass filter
transmitter.
m 2c+m 23
 SSB-SC - Synch. Detection cont.
 Case 1 - Frequency error v(t ) 
MEc
cos (m  )t
4
Low
SSB-SC Multiplier pass
filter Message signal

Local oscillator MEc

y (t )  cos (c  m )t  cos (c  )t
c(t) = cos 2
(c+)t y (t ) 
MEc
cos ( m   )t 
MEc
cos (2 c   m   )t
4 4
Condition:
•Local oscillator has the same information high frequency
phase but different frequency as
that of the carrier signal at the Low pass filter
transmitter.
m + 2c+m +
24
SSB-SC - Power
 The total power (or average power):
2
1  MEc / 2 
PT  SSB SC   
R 2 
( MEc ) 2

8R

• The maximum and peak envelop power

2
( MEc )
PP  SSB SC 
4R
25
SSB-SC - Summary
 Advantages:
 Lower power consumption
 Better management of the frequency spectrum
 Less prone to selective fading
 Lower noise

• Disadvantage:
- Complex detection

• Applications:
- Two way radio communications
- Frequency division multiplexing
- Up conversion in numerous telecommunication systems

26
 • Purpose : to reduce the bandwidth requirement of AM by one-half.
This is achieved by transmitting only the upper sideband or the lower
sidebband of the DSB AM signal.

Single Sideband (SSB)

SSB Frequency M()

baseband

2B 2B 
0

DSB
c c 
0

 SSB () SSB (Upper sideband)

SSB
c c 
0
 SSB Math
1  sgn(  ) 
M  ( )  M ( )U ( )  M ( )   
1
2 M ( )  M ( ) sgn(  )  m  (t )  1
2 m(t)  12 F 1{M ( )}  F 1{sgn(  )}
 2
 1 
F 1{sgn(  )}  
1

j
 m  (t )  12  m(t)  jm(t )    1
m(t)  jmh (t ) 
jt t  t  2


1 1 m( )
wher e mh (t )  m(t )  
t   t   d


mh (t ) is called the Hilbert tr ansform of m(t).

M ()
 1 
Similarly, we can show that m  (t )  12  m(t)  jm(t )    1
m(t)  jmh (t )  M  ()
 t  2

F 1 {sgn()}  MH ()   j M() sgn()

How to generate mh(t) ?

MH ()   jM() sgn( ) H( )  1
M () M() Mh()
H( )  H  - jsgn( )
M() H()

 j for   0
 H(  )
j for   0 2


Transfer function of a Hilbert transformer  
2
SSB Hilbert
• SSB signal can be expressed in terms of m(t) and its Hilbert transform

 SSB USB ()  M  (   c )  M  (   c )

M  (   c )  F - 1 {m  ( t )e jc t }  F - 1 { 21 (m( t )  jm h ( t ))e jc t }
M  (   c )  F - 1 {m  ( t )e  jc t }  F - 1 { 21 (m( t )  jm h ( t ))e  jc t
M  (   c )  M  (   c )  F - 1 { 21 (m( t )  jm h ( t ))e jc t  2
1 (m( t )  jm ( t ))e  jc t }
h

 F -1 21 m(t)( e j t  e j t )  j 21 mh
c c 
( t )( e jc t  e  jc t )
 F - 1 m(t) cos( c t )  m h ( t )sin(  c t )
  SSB USB ()  F - 1 m(t) cos( c t )  m h ( t )sin(  c t )

Similarly, we can show that  SSB LSB ()  F - 1 m(t) cos( c t )  m h ( t )sin(  c t );

In general,  SSB ()  F - 1 m(t) cos( c t )  m h ( t )sin(  c t ) (- for USB,  for LSB )
SSB Generator
 Phase shift method using Hilbert transformer
 Non-causal filter, approximations
x
+
m(t)
cos c ) ~
+  ssb (t )
 
2

Hilbert
Transformer X
 Synchronous, SSB-SC demodulation
SSB Demodulation
 SSB ( t ) cos(c t )  m( t ) cos(c t )  jm h ( t ) sin(c t )cos(n(c t )  21 m( t )(1  cos(c t ))  jm h ( t ) sin(2c t )

A lowpass filter can be used to get 21 m( t ).

SSB+C, envelop detection

 SSB C ( t )  A cos( c t )  m( t ) cos( c t )  m h ( t ) sin(  c t )
An envelope detector can be used to demodulate such SSB signals .
What is the envelope of  SSB C ( t )  ( A  m( t )) cos( c t ))  m h ( t ) sin(  c t )  E( t ) cos( c t  ) ?

 
1

{Recall Acos( )  Bsin(  )  A 2  B 2 2

cos(  ),   tan -1( B
A
))
E(t)  (( A  m( t )) 2  m h2 ( t ))  (( A 2  m 2 ( t ))  m h2 ( t )  2Am( t ))
1 1
2 2

 A1  A 
2m( t ) 
2
m (t) 2
mh ( t )
 A 
 A2
2

 A  m( t ) for A  m(t) , A  m h (t) .

The efficiency of this scheme is very low since A has to be large.
SSB vs. AM
 Since the carrier is not transmitted, there is a reduction by
67% of the transmitted power (-4.7dBm). --In AM
@100% modulation: 2/3 of the power is comprised of the
carrier; with the remaining (1/3) power in both sidebands.
 Because in SSB, only one sideband is transmitted, there is a
further reduction by 50% in transmitted power
 Finally, because only one sideband is received, the
receiver's needed bandwidth is reduced by one half--thus
effectively reducing the required power by the transmitter
another 50%
 (-4.7dBm (+) -3dBm (+) -3dBm = -10.7dBm).
 Relative expensive receiver
SSB Generator
• Selective Filtering using filters with sharp cutoff characteristics. Sharp
cutoff filters are difficult to design. The audio signal spectrum has no
dc component, therefore , the spectrum of the modulated audio signal
has a null around the carrier frequency. This means a less than perfect
filter can do a reasonably good job of filtering the DSB to produce SSB
signals.
• Baseband signal must be bandpass
• Filter design challenges
• No low frequency components
0
c c 
Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
• VSB is a compromise between DSB and SSB. To produce SSB signal from
DSB signal ideal filters should be used to split the spectrum in the
middle so that the bandwidth of bandpass signal is reduced by one half.
In VSB system one sideband and a vestige of other sideband are
transmitted together. The resulting signal has a bandwidth > the
bandwidth of the modulating (baseband)DSB signal but < the DSB signal
bandwidth.

c c 
0
 SSB () SSB (Upper sideband)

c c 
0
 VSB () VSB Spectrum

c c 
Filtering scheme for the generation of VSB modulated wave.
VSB Transceiver
m(t)  VSB () e(t)
 VSB () M()
H i ( ) LPF
Ho()

2cos( c t )
2cos( c t )
Transmitter Receiver

M() is bandlimite d to 2B rad/sec

 VSB ()  [M(   c )  M(   c )]Hi ()
E()  [ VSB (   c )   VSB (   c )]
 [Hi (   c )M(  2 c )  Hi (   c )M()  Hi (   c )M()  Hi (   c )M(  2 c )]
High freq. term High freq. term
 M()  E()Ho ()  Hi (   c )  Hi (   c )M()Ho ()
 [Hi (   c )M(  2 c )  Hi (   c )M(  2 c )]Ho ()
Lowpass filter removes this.
Thus we should have Hi (  c )  Hi (  c )Ho ()  1 for   2B
1
OR Ho () 
Hi (    c )  Hi (    c )
Other Facts about VSB
 Envelope detection of VSB+C
 Analog TV:
 DSB, SSB and VSB
 DSB bandwidth too high
 SSB: baseband has low
frequency component, receiver
cost
 Relax the filter and baseband
requirement with modest
increase
in bandwidth
(a) Idealized magnitude spectrum of
a transmitted TV signal. (b)
Magnitude response of VSB shaping
filter in the receiver.
 Comparison
 Common types & modulated signal
1. AM: sAM (t )  Ac [1  m(t )]cos(2 f ct )
2. DSB: sDSB (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f ct )
3. QAM: sQAM (t )  Ac m1 (t ) cos(2 f c t )  Ac m2 (t ) sin(2 f c t )
4. SSB: sSSB (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) Ac mˆ (t ) sin(2 f ct )
5. VSB: sVSB (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f ct ) Ac m(t ) sin(2 f ct )
 Complex domain representation:
s(t )  Re{g (t )e j 2 fct },
complex envelop: g (t )  ?
 Bandwidth: Bm  B  2 Bm (Bm : message bandwdith)