AFRO-LATIN

AMERICAN AND
POPULAR MUSIC
QUARTER II
AFROBEAT
- It is a term used
to describe the
fusion of West
African with black
American music.
 APALA
- It is a musical genre from
Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style
to wake up the worshippers
after fasting during the Muslim
holy feast of Ramadan.
Percussion instrumentation
includes the rattle (sekere),
thumb piano (agidigbo), bell
(agogo), and two or three
talking drums.
 AXE
- It is a popular
musical genre from
Salvador, Bahia,
and Brazil. It fuses
the Afro-Caribbean
styles of the
marcha, reggae,
and calypso.
 JIT
- It is a hard and fast
percussive Zimbabwean
dance music played on
drums with guitar
accompaniment,
influenced by mbira-based
guitar styles.
 JIVE
- is a popular form of
South African music
featuring a lively and
uninhibited variation
of the jitterbug, a
form of swing dance.
 JUJU
- It is a popular music style from
Nigeria that relies on the
traditional Yoruba rhythms, where
the instruments in Juju are more
Western in origin. A drum kit,
keyboard, pedal steel guitar, and
accordion are used along with the
traditional dun-dun (talking drum
or squeeze drum).
KWASSA KWASSA
- It is a dance
style that begun
in Zaire in the
late 1980s,
popularized by
Kanda Bongo
Man.
MARABI
- It is a South African
three-chord township
music of the 1930s-
1960s which evolved into
African jazz. It makes
use of a keyboard style
that combines American
jazz, ragtime, and blues
with African roots.
 LATIN AMERICAN
MUSIC INFLUENCED
BY AFRICAN MUSIC
REGGAE
- It is a Jamaican musical
style that was strongly
influenced by the island’s
traditional mento music, as
well as by calypso, African
music, American jazz, and
rhythm and blues. One of
reggae’s most distinctive
qualities is its offbeat rhythm
and staccato chords.
 SALSA
- It comprises various
musical genres
including the Cuban
son montuno,
guaracha, chacha,
mambo, and bolero.
SAMBA
- It is a Brazilian music genre
and dance style. Its roots can
be trace to Africa via the West
African slave trade and African
religious traditions particularly
in Angola and the Congo.
Samba is the basic underlying
rhythm that typifies most
Brazilian music. It has a lively
and rhythmical beat with three
steps to every bar, making a
samba feel like a timed dance.
 SOCA
- It is also known as the
"soul of calypso." It
originated as a fusion of
calypso with Indian rhythms,
thus combining the musical
traditions of the two major
ethnic groups of Trinidad
and Tobago.
WERE
- This is Muslim music
performed often as a
wake-up call for early
breakfast and prayers
during Ramadan
celebrations.
 ZOUK
-It is a fast, carnival-like
rhythmic music, from the
Creole slang word for ‘party,’
originating in the Caribbean
Islands of Guadalupe and
Martinique and popularized
in the 1980’s.
VOCAL FORMS
OF AFRICAN
MUSIC
MARACATU
- It surfaced in the African state of
Pernambuco, combining the strong
rhythms of African percussion
instruments with Portuguese melodies.
- "nacoes" (nations) were the
Maracatu groups who paraded with a
drumming ensemble numbering up to
100, accompanied by a singer, chorus,
and a coterie of dancers.
uses mostly percussion instruments
such as the alfaia, tarol and caixa-de-
guerra, gongue, agbe, and miniero.
BLUES
-Is a musical form of the late 19th century that had deep roots in
African-American communities.
-The notes of blues create an expressive and soulful sound.
-The Blues can communicate various emotions more effectively
than other musical forms.
EXAMPLES:
-Early Mornin'
-A House is Not a Home
-Billie's Blues HELLO
PERFORMERS OF
BLUES
-Ray Charles
-James Brown
-Cab Calloway
-Aretha Franklin
-John Hooker
-B.B King
-Bo Diddley
-Erykah Badu
-Eric Clapton
-Steve Winwood
-Charlie Musselwhite
-Blues Traveler
-Jimmie Vaughan
-Jeff Baxter
SOUL
• Soul music was a popular genre of the 1950s and 1960s. It originated
in the United States, and combined elements of African-American gospel
music, rhythm and blues and often jazz.
• Other characteristics include "call and response between the soloist
and the chorus, and an especially intense and powerful vocal sound.
• Soul music continued to be popular into the 1970s.
• Some important innovators whose recordings in the 1950’s
contributed to the emergence of soul music include Clyde McPhatter,
Hank Ballard, and Etta James, Ray Charles, Little Richard, Otis
Redding and James Brown were equally influential. Brown is also
known as the “Godfather of Soul,” while Sam Cooke and Jack Wilson
are often acknowledged as “soul forefathers.”
SPIRITUAL
- The term spiritual, normally associated with a deeply religious person,
refers here to a Negro spiritual, a song form by African migrants to
America who became enslaved by its white communities. This musical
form became their outlet to vent their loneliness and anger, and is a
result of the interaction of music and religion from Africa with that of
America. The texts are mainly religious, sometimes taken from psalms of
Biblical passages, while the music utilizes deep bass voices. The vocal
inflections, Negro accents, and dramatic dynamic changes add to the
musical interest and effectiveness of the performance. Examples of
spiritual music are the following: We are Climbing Jacob’s Ladder, Rock
My Soul, When the Saints Go Marching In, and Peace Be Still.
CALL AND RESPONSE
- It is a succession of two distinct musical phrases usually
rendered by different musicians, where the second phrase acts
as a direct commentary on or response to the first. Much like
the question and answer sequence in human communication, it
also forms a strong resemblance to the verse-chorus form in
many vocal compositions. Examples of call and response songs
are the following: Mannish Boy, one of the signature songs by
Muddy Waters; and School Day - Ring, Ring Goes the Bell by
Chuck Berry; and Call Me Maybe by Carly Rae Jepsen.
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS
OF AFRICA
• African music includes all the major
instrumental genres of western music,
including strings, winds, and percussion,
along with a tremendous variety of
specific African musical instruments for
solo or ensemble playing.
A. Idiophones
These are percussion instruments that are either
struck with a mallet or against one another.
 BALAFON
- is a West African xylophone. It is a
pitched percussion instrument with bars
made from logs or bamboo. The
xylophone is originally an Asian
instrument that follows the structure of
a piano. It came from Madagascar
Africa, then to the Americas and Europe.
- Believed to have been developed
independently of the Southern African
and South American instrument now
called the marimba

Other Names: balafo, bala, balaphone.

 RATTLES
- These are made of seashells, tin,
basketry, animal hoofs, horn, wood,
metal bells, cocoons, palm kernels, or
tortoise shells. These rattling vessels
may range from single to several
objects that are either joined or
suspended in such a way as they hit
each other.

- produces a sound when shaken

- widely used in Cha Cha and Jazz.

- similar to Maracas (Latin Music)

 AGOGÔ
(BELL)
- It is a single bell or multiple bells that had its
origins in traditional Yoruba music and also in the
samba baterias (percussion) ensembles. The
agogo may be called “the oldest samba instrument
based on West African Yoruba single or double
bells.” It has the highest pitch of any of the bateria
instruments.

- It is used in the ceremonial music of religions in

Yorubaland as well as in their new world practice,
which is based on beliefs such as Candomblé
brought by slaves from Africa.
 SLIT GONG
(ATINGTING
-
KON)
These are slit gongs used to communicate
between villages. They were carved out of wood
to resemble ancestors and had a “slit opening”
at the bottom. In certain cases, their sound could
carry for miles through the forest and even
across water to neighboring islands. A series of
gong “languages” were composed of beats and
pauses, making it possible to send highly specific
messages.

- Found primarily on Ambrym, Malekula, and

neighboring islands, they are carved from the
trunks of breadfruit trees.
SLIT DRUM
- It is a hollow percussion
instrument. In spite of the
name, it is not a true drum but
an idiophone, usually carved or
constructed from bamboo or
wood into a box with one or
more slits in the top. Most slit
drums have one slit, though two
and three slits (cut into the
shape of an "H") occur.
 DJEMBE
/ JEMBE
- It is a rope-tuned skin-covered goblet
drum played with bare hands,
originally from West Africa. According
to the Bambara people in Mali, the
name of the djembe comes from the
saying "Anke djé, anke bé" which
translates to "everyone gather
together in peace" and defines the
drum's purpose.
 SHEKERE
(FROM YORUBA
ṢẸ̀KẸ̀RẸ̀)
- It is a West African percussion
instrument consisting of a dried gourd
with beads or cowries woven into a net
covering the gourd. The instrument is
common in West African and Latin
American folkloric traditions as well as
some of the popular music styles. In
performance it is shaken and/or hit
against the hands.
 RASP /
SCRAPER
- It is a hand percussion
instrument whose sound is
produced by scraping the
notches on a piece of wood
(sometimes elaborately carved)
with a stick, creating a series of
rattling effects.
B. Membranophones
These are instruments , usually drums, which
have vibrating animal membranes.
 BODY
PERCUSSION
- African people frequently use their
bodies as musical instruments,
aside from using their superb
voices.
- It creates action and movement that
combines dance and music.
- The wearing of bells, or rattles on
different parts of their bodies
usually enhances the total effect.
 TALKING
DRUM
- This is used to send messages, like
announcements of births, marriages,
deaths, sporting events, initiations,
wars, and even gossips or jokes.

- It is also believed that these can carry

direct messages to the spirits after the
death of a loved one.

- Learning to play messages on this

drum is extremely difficult, resulting to
its decreasing popularity.
C. Lamellaphones
One of the most popular African percussion instruments,
which is a set of plucked keys mounted on a sound
keyboard.
MBIRA (THUMB
PIANO / FINGER
XYLOPHONE)
- - It is from Zimbabwe and is used all
throughout the continent.

- It consists of a wooden board, with

attached metal tines of graduated sizes.

- It is used in ceremonial functions, like

weddings and funerals, in honor of
significant people, and religious
purposes, like calling on spirits and
seeking them for advice.
D. Chordophones
Are instruments which produces sounds from the
vibration of strings. These include bows, harps,
lutes, zithers, and lyres of of various sizes.
 MUSICAL
BOW
- It is the ancestor of all string
instruments. It is the oldest and one of
the most widely-used string instruments
of Africa. It consists of a single string
attached to each end of a curved stick,
similar to a bow and arrow. The string is
either plucked or struck with another
stick, producing a percussive yet delicate
sound. The earth bow, the mouth bow,
and the resonator-bow are the principal
types of musical bows.
 LUTE
- It originated from the Arabic states,
is shaped like the modern guitar and
played in similar fashion. It has a
resonating body, a neck, and one or
more strings which stretch across the
length of its body and The player
tunes the strings by tightening or
loosening the pegs at the top of the
lute’s neck.

West African plucked lutes include

the konting, khalam, and the nkoni
neck.
 ZITHER
- It is a stringed instrument
with varying sizes and
shapes whose strings are
stretched along its body.
Among the types of African
zither are the raft or Inanga
zither from Burundi, the
tubular or Valiha zither from
Malagasy, and the harp or
Mvet zither from Cameroon.
 KORA
- It is Africa’s most sophisticated
harp, while also having features
similar to lute. It’s body is made
from gourd or calaba. A support
for the bridge is set across the
opening and covered with a skin
thatis held in place with studs. The
leather rings around the neck are
used to tighten the 21 string that
give the instrument a range of
over three octaves. The kora is
held upright and played with the
fingers.
 ZEZE
- It is an African fiddle played
with a bow, a small wooden
stick, or plucked with the
fingers. It has one or two
strings, made of steel or bicycle
brake wire. It is from Sub-
Saharan Africa. It is also known
by the namestzetze and
dzendze, izeze and
endingidi;and on Madagascar is
called lokanga (or lokango)
voatavo.
D. Aerophones
These are instruments that produce sound primarily by
trapping or enclosing a body or column of air and causing it
to vibrate. The air vibrates without the use of string or
membranes ,and without the vibration of the instrument itself
- thus adding to the quality of sound produced.
 FLUTE
- These are widely used
throughout Africa . They
are usually fashioned
from a single tube closed
at one end and blown,
while either vertically or
side-blown.
HORN AND
TRUMPET
- are founded almost everywhere
in Africa.
- Commonly made from elephant
tusks and animal horns
- They vary in range and size from
the small signal whistle of the
southern cattle herders to the
large ivory horns of the
tribal chiefs of the interior.
 REED
PIPES
- Made from hollow guinea corn or
sorghum stems. It is a vibration of this
reed that cause the air within the hollow
instrument to create the sound.

- There are also cone-shaped doubled-

reed instruments similar to the one or
Shawn .

- Most familiar is the right rhaita or rhaita,

an obeo-like double reed instrument from
Northwest Africa.
 WHISTLES
- are found throughout the
continent and may be made of
wood or other materials.
Short pieces of horn serve as
whistle. Clay can be molded
into whistle of many shape and
form and then baked.
- Pottery whistle are
sometimes shaped in the forms of
a head, similar to the Aztec whistle
of Central America and Mexico.
 TRUMPETS
- These are made of wood, animals horns,
elephant tusks, and gourds,
ornamented with snake or crocodile skin
or the hide of zebras leopard, and other
animals.

- Mostly ceremonial in nature ,often used

to announce the arrival of departure of
important guest.

- In religion and witchcraft, some tribes

believe in the magical powers of trumpet
to frighten away evil spirits cure disease,
and protect warrior and hunters from
harm.
 AFRICAN MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS FROM
THE ENVIRONMENT
• Made from natural elements like wood, metal, animal, skin and horns, as well as
improvised ones like tin cans and bottles.
• Mainly used to provide rhythmic sounds, which are the most defining element of
African music.

INSTRUMENTS
• Drums were made of clay, metal, tortoise shells, or gourds.
• Xylophones were made of lumber or bamboo, while flutes can be constructed
wherever reeds or bamboo grow.
• Animal horns were used as trumpets while animal hides, lizard skins, and snake
skins can function as decorations as well as provide the membranes for drum heads.
• Laces made of hides and skins were used for the strings of harps, fiddles, and
lutes.
• Bamboo was used to form the tongues of thumb pianos, the frames of stringed
instruments, and stamping tubes. Strips of bamboo are even clashed together
rhythmically.
• Gourds, seeds, stones, shells, palm leaves, and the hard-shelled
fruit of the calabash tree were made into rattles.
• Ancient Africans made musical instruments from human skulls
decorated with human hair while singers use their body movements
to accompany their singing.
• Modern Africans make use of recycled waste materials such as
strips of roofing metal, empty oil drums, and tin cans. These people,
bursting with rhythm, make music with everything and anything.
The product of three major influences
– Indigenous, Spanish-Portuguese, and African.
• Sometimes called Latin music.
• Andean region - Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and
Venezuela
• Central America – Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, and Panama
• Caribbean – Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti,
Martinique, and Puerto Rico
• Brazil
Because of the inter-racial cross breeding and
migration, the above named countries were also
somewhat commonly populated by five major ancestral
groups as follows :
• a. Indian descendants of the original native Americans who were the
inhabitants of the region before the arrival of Christopher Columbus
• b. African descendants from Western and Central Africa
• c. European descendants mainly from Spain and Portugal but also
including the French, Dutch, Italian, and British
• d. Asian descendants from China, Japan, India, and Indonesia/Java
• e. Mixed descendants from the above-named groups
INFLUENCES ON
LATIN AMERICAN
MUSIC
INDIGENOUS LATIN-
AMERICAN MUSIC
• Before the arrival of the Spanish, Portuguese, and other
European colonizers, the natives were found to be using local
drum and percussion instruments such as the guiro, maracas,
and turtle shells. Wind instruments like the zampoña and
quena were traditionally made out of aquatic canes.
• The indigenous music of Latin America
was largely functional in nature, being
used for religious worship and
ceremonies. The use of instruments as
well as singing and dancing, served to
implore the gods for a good harvest and
victory in battle, to guard against
sickness and natural disasters and of
course to provide recreation.
 TURTLE
QUENA SHELL

MARACAS ZAMPOÑA GUIRO

AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN
MUSIC
• The African influence on Latin American music is most pronounced in its
rich and varied rhythmic patterns produced by the drums and various
percussion instruments. Complex layering of rhythmic patterns was a
favorite device, where fast paced tempos add to the rhythmic density.
Vocal music was often deep-chested while instrumental music greatly
relied on resonant drums and sympathetic buzzers to produce rich
sounds and occasional loud volume levels to reflect their intensity.
EURO-LATIN AMERICAN
MUSIC
• The different regions of Latin America adopted various characteristics from their
European colonizers. Melodies of the Renaissance period were used in Southern
Chile and the Colombian Pacific coasts, while step-wise melodies were preferred
in the heavily Hispanic and Moorish-influenced areas of Venezuela and Colombia.
Alternating dual meters, such as and , known as “sesquialtera” found in Chile and
adopted in Cuba and Puerto Rico, were immortalized in the song, “I Wanna Be in
America,” from Leonard Bernstein’s Broadway hit West Side Story. Other European
influences were manifested in the texture of Euro-Latin American music, from
unaccompanied vocal solos to those accompanied by stringed instruments.
MIXED AMERICAN MUSIC
• The diversity of races and cultures from the Native Americans,
Afro-Latin Americans, and Euro-Latin Americans account for the
rich combinations of musical element. Includes: Melodic Patterns
Harmonic Combinations Rhythmic Complexities Wide range of
colors and dynamics Various Structural Formats The musical
fusion of Latin America combining native instruments with
European counterpart and musical theories was further enriched
by the instruments bought by the African Slaves.
 POPULAR LATIN
AMERICAN MUSIC
 SAMBA
- It is a dance form of
African origin which
evolved into an African-
Brazilian favorite in the
working class and slum
districts of Rio de Janeiro.
- It was meant to be
executed for singing,
dancing, and parading in
the Rio Carnival.
 SON
- It is a fusion of the popular music or
canciones (songs) of Spain and African
rumba rhythms of Bantu origin. It is
usually played with the tres (guitar),
contrabass, bongos, maracas and claves
(two wooden sticks that are hit together).
Although the son is seldom heard today,
its most important legacy is the influence
on present day Latin American music,
particularly as the forerunner of the
salsa.
 SALSA
- It is a popular form of social dance
originating in Cuba and before from United
States of America U.S.A regions of New York
and Puerto Rico and Cuban folk dances. The
movements of Salsa are a combination of the
Afro-Cuban dances Son, cha-cha-cha,
Mambo, Rumba, bomba and the Danzón. In
many styles of salsa dancing, as a dancer
shifts their weight by stepping, the upper body
remains level and nearly unaffected by the
weight changes. Weight shifts cause the hips
to move. Arm and shoulder movements are
also incorporated.
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS OF
LATIN AMERICA
AZTEC AND MAYAN
INSTRUMENTS
TLAPITZALLI
- It is a flute variety
from the Aztec culture
made of clay with
decorations of abstract
designs or images of
their deities.
TEPONAZTLI
- It is a Mexican slit drum
hollowed out and carved from a
piece of hardwood. It is then
decorated with designs in relief
or carved to represent human
figures or animals used to be in
both religious and recreational
purposes.
HUEHUETI
- It is an upright tubular drum
used by the Aztecs and other
ancient civilizations. It is
made of wood opened at the
bottom and standing on three
legs cut from the base. Its top
membrane of stretched
animal skin is beaten by the
hand or a wooden mallet.
CONCHA
- It is a wind
instrument usually
made from the
shell of a large
sea snail.
RASP
- It is a hand
percussion
instrument whose
sound is produced
by scrapping a
stick
WHISTLES
- These are instruments
that are made of natural
elements such as bone
from animals. It can
produce a wide variety
of notes by varying the
airflow and pressure
INCAN MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS
OCARINA
- It is an ancient vessel flute
made of clay or ceramic with
four to 12 finger holes and a
mouthpiece that projects from
the body.
ZAMPOÑAS
- or panpipes, are ancient
instruments from the Andes
Mountain of South America.
They typically feature
bamboo tubes of different
lengths tied together either in
pairs or more to produce
graduated pitch of sound.
 ANDEAN MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS
The Andean highlands made use of several varieties of
flutes and string instruments that include the following:
 SIKU
- It is originally from the Aymara of
Perú and Bolivia. It is traditionally
found all across the Andes, and is the
main instrument used in a musical
genre known as sikuri.
- The pipes are made from bamboo
tubes, but have also been made from
condor feathers, bone, and many
other materials. Different types of
bamboo are used to change the
quality of the sound.
- The player must alternate rows with
every note in order to play a complete
scale.
WOODEN TARKAS
- These are vertical duct flutes with a mouthpiece similar to that of
a recorder, used during the rainy season.
QUENAS
These are vertical cane flutes with an end-notched made from
fragile bamboo. They are used during the dry season.
CHARANGO
This is a ten-stringed Andean guitar from Bolivia. It is the size of a
ukelele and a smaller version of the mandolin, imitating the early
guitar and lute brought by the Spaniards. It produces bright
sounds and is often used in serenades in Southern Peru.
MARIACHI
The Mariachi is an extremely popular band in Mexico whose original ensemble consisted
of violins, guitars, harp, and an enormous guitarron (acoustic bass guitar). Trumpets
were later added, replacing the harp. Mariachi music is extremely passionate and
romantic with their blended harmonies and characterized by catchy rhythms. Its
musicians are distinctly adorned with wide-brimmed hats and silver buttons.
VOCAL AND DANCE
FORMS OF LATIN
AMERICAN MUSIC
• Latin American instruments are extremely useful in adding life,
color, and variety to their many vocal and dance forms which have
captured the world’s attention and affectionate adoption. In the
Philippines, many of these characteristics have been taken in,
particularly in the Brazilian bossa nova, cha cha, rumba, and the
Argentine tango. Other dance forms became locally popular
especially in the 1960’s and 1970’s until the arrival of disco and
rock music. However, the original Latin dance forms have been
experiencing constant revivals of their popularity especially in
“ballroom dancing” as the trendier modern styles also fade almost
as quickly as they come.
 CUMBIA
• originated in Panama and Colombia
• A popular African courtship dance with
European & African instrumentation and
characteristics.
• Rhythmic meters:
Colombia: 2/4 meters
Panama: 2/4, 4/4, and 6/8 meters
Mexico: 2/2 meters
• Tabora (bass drum), claves (hard, thick
sticks that sets the beat), guitar,
accordion, clarinet, modern flute, and
caja (a type of snare drum) are the
instruments used.
 TANGO
• tango - "African Dance" or from Spanish
word taner which means "to play" (an
instrument)
• Argentinian and Uruguayan urban popular
song related to Cuban contradanza,
habanera, and Cuban tango.
• remains a 20th century expressive
nationalistic Argentinian music.
• During the 1890's, the working class of
Buenos Aires, Argentina came across a new
kind of rhythm known as the tango, whose
choreographic steps followed the dance trend
of the Viennese Waltz and the polka involving
close contact between the male and female
dancers.
 CHACHA
• The cha-cha-chá,
informally called cha-cha,
is a dance of Cuban
origin. It is danced to the
music of the same name
introduced by Cuban
composer and violinist
Enrique Jorrin in the early
1950s. This rhythm was
developed from the
danzón-mambo.
 RUMBA
- The term rumba may refer to a variety of unrelated music styles. Originally,
"rumba" was used as a synonym for "party" in northern Cuba, and by the late 19th
century it was used to denote the complex of secular music styles known as Cuban
rumba. Since the early 20th century the term has been used in different countries to
refer to distinct styles of music and dance, most of which are only tangentially
related to the original Cuban rumba, if at all.

- In the first third of the 20th century, "rumba" entered the Spanish flamenco world
as a fast-paced palo (style) inspired in the Cuban guaracha, and which gave rise to
other forms of urban music now known as "rumba".

- Throughout Latin America, "rumba" acquired different connotations, mostly

referring to Cubanized, danceable, local styles, such as Colombian rumba criolla
(creole rumba). At the same time, "rumba" began to be used a catch-all term for
Afro-Cuban music in most African countries, later giving rise to re-Africanized
Cuban-based styles such as Congolese rumba.
 BOSSA
NOVA
• Bossa nova is a style of Brazilian
music, which was developed and
popularized in the 1950s and 1960s
and is today one of the best-known
Brazilian music styles abroad. The
phrase bossa nova means literally
"new trend" or "new wave" . A lyrical
fusion of samba and jazz, bossa nova
acquired a large following in the
1960s, initially among young
musicians and college students.
REGGAE
- It is a form of pop music
that originated in Jamaica,
combining elements of
calypso and rhythm and
blues (see blues) with a
strongly accentuated
offbeat. Bob Marley was
the first internationally
known reggae musician.
 FOXTROT
• The foxtrot is a 20th century social dance that
originated after 1910 in the USA. It was executed as a
one step, two step and syncopated rhythmic pattern.
The tempo varied from 30 to 40 bars per minute and
had a simple duple meter with regular 4-bar phrases.
There was no fixed step pattern, instead borrowing
from other dance forms and having a simple
forward/backward sequence. The foxtrot gave rise to
other dances such as the black bottom, Charleston,
and shimmy.
• It is a smooth, progressive dance characterized by
long, continuous flowing movements across the dance
floor.
• The dance is similar in its look to waltz, although the
rhythm is in a 4/4 time signature instead of 3/4.
Developed in the 1910s, the foxtrot reached its height
of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today.
 PASO
DOBLE
• The paso doble (meaning “double step”) is a
theatrical Spanish dance used by the Spaniards in
bullfights, where the music was played as the
matador enters (paseo) and during passes just
before the kill (faena). The dance is arrogant and
dignified with a duple meter, march-like character,
where the dancer takes strong steps forward with
the heels accompanied by artistic hand
movements, foot stomping, sharp and quick
movements, with the head and chest held high.

• It is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by

infantry troops. Its speed allowed troops to give
120 steps per minute (double the average of a
regular unit, hence its name).
DANKIE